^2 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1^  IM   12.2 

2f  lift    ■" 
2.0 


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14.0 


1-25  IIU  «i.6 

II     ^^=        II  ^^=      III  =^=s 

M 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872.4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Instltut  Canadian  de  microreproductlons  historiques 


:\ 


> 


T«chnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha 
toth 


Tha  instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  ehackad  balow. 


nColourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~n   Covars  damagad/ 


D 


n 


D 


n 


Couvartura  andommagia 

Covars  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  palliculAa 

Covar  titia  miaaing/ 

La  titra  de  couvartura  manqua 


I — I   Colourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gAographiquaa  an  coulaur 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I — I   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  my  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RallA  avac  d'autraa  documants 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  shadows  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  re  liura  sarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatorsion  la  long  da  la  marge  intiriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia.  thaes 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutiaa 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaiasant  dans  la  taxta. 
mala,  lorsqua  cala  itait  possibia,  cas  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  M  film^as. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantairas: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  its  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  details 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  raproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normala  da  fiimaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pagaa/ 
Pagaa 


D 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAas 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pagaa  reatauriaa  at/ou  palliculias 

Pagaa  diacoiourad.  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  dAcolortes.  tachaties  ou  piquAes 


|~~|   Pagaa  damagad/ 

[~n   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

Fy]   Pagaa  diacoiourad.  stained  or  foxed/ 


Tha 
posa 
oft^ 
film! 


Orig 
bagi 
thai 
sion. 
otha 
firat 
sion, 
or  ill 


r~y\   Pagaa  detached/ 
UlJ   Pagaa  d^tachias 

I     I   Showthrough/ 
1^   Transparence 

0   Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quaiit*  in«gala  de  I'imi 


in^gala  de  I'impression 

I  supplementary  matarii 
Comprand  du  material  supplAmantaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Saula  Mition  diaponibia 


pn   Includaa  supplementary  matarial/ 
r~n    Only  edition  available/ 


Tha 
shall 
TINI 
whir 

Map 
diffe 
entii 
begi 
righi 
requ 
metl 


Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiallement 
obscurcias  par  un  fauillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  4tA  filmtas  A  nouveau  da  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-deaaous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


aox 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  hare  has  been  reproduced  thankn 
to  the  generosity  of: 

UnivanHy  of  SMkatchmvin 
Saakatoon 


L'exemplaire  f  llntA  f  ut  reproduit  grice  i  la 
ginArositA  de: 

Univmity  of  SaskatehrnvMi 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quslity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suhrantes  ont  4t4  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  i'exempleire  film*,  et  en 
conformM  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprlm4e  sent  filmto  en  commen^ent 
per  le  premier  plat  et  en  termlnant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'lllustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  sutres  exemplaires 
origlnaux  sent  fllmta  en  commen^ant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'lllustration  et  en  termlnant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  certes,  pisnches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rMuctlon  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllchA,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bes,  en  prenent  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diegremmes  suivants 
lliustrent  la  mAthodo. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■#. 


GEOGRAPHY  MADE  feASr; 

-,  .  Beil^an  ABRXDGniBMToftlie 


AMElnCAI^f  ^EOtJRAPHY. 


90  »  T  A  I  K  I  H  0,  .«^ 

Aftronomicftl  GiBo^raphy^-J^Kfcovery^nd «  GemnI 

Dcfcription  of  ^a|cric«— General  View  of  the  United  States-* 
Particalar  AcoBdots  of  th%Thicteeii  ITnited  States  of  America^ 
in  regard  to  tbehr  Boandaifcsy  ttxtent*  Rivers,  I^keSf  M^n« 
tains,  frodnaSon^Pppulation,  ChaFa^ler^  Goverwaeot^  Tnde» 
JManiif«aurea»  Coclctttiet,  ilifto>]r,&6.        .4        -  * 


^ 


,      TO  WHICH   %%  AOnSDi^ 

A  Geographiqd  Account  of  the  EqM^piMi'Bettlefflentt 
in  America,!  tad  of  £nrope,  Afia  and  Africa* 

f-     ■'    ■    .     .:  y    "v^'v  ■      - '■'■'■  ■;/  ■-»    -"'.■■ 
dhiftrated  WltK^Bi«HT 'litftt  l^Af  S  «nd  CUTS. 


Calculated  particolfi^  for  dtielTAi  and  Impro«eaiei(t  of  acMooi^' 
ia  tlw  Umitxj»  i^ATlM.T      , 


JUL. 


mr  JEDtDI  AH   MORSE,  a.  k, 

Minlftct  of  tlie  Congregation  in  Ch  A«t|(aT«wK(|ieiir  lloixol 


f.l 


^'ifc.n   ■!  I  i^riiigifcrt  ifcii»iphy<, , 


ed  Ky  the  Af^TnoB. 


,-  V.   *  . 


Thcktfisnotato 
ccrnlMtchJn  c^i 

Ainoflg  thofeSt\iidtt#i»1 
Peopl%^ere  are  ft 
Giiii^rHY^ 


-*r^ 


AoAwbii 


#:i    *  i|%mtAj 


foil 


«^.^-^--3i^»i^^  <W*^':' 


HTHOMAS 


MOCCX^i. 


r.  V  J 


^' 


m^ 


p*+-i 


-1S»,»4.' 


';5V. 


V/fT' 


C  Ct.  Jtt  i$i 


iT''kii'i^.Ttiij(i:.S,^i-UO  ^-..-    T 


'■Hf'f 


i>^ 


A-niii'^i-':  (CI 


'fim  &-1 


W 


ipt> 


w- 


«r  #■ 


.....  V- 


*i? 


:t  ;-« 


.-*;* 


«s 


^^-s^wtrsa*" 


:#■.■  '^i 


4 


.*•  ?« *'■ 


•^ 


m.*W, 


;f«r« 


H   , 


WMS 


^^  *tO     THE 

YovNo  MASTERS  and  MISSES 

Throogiiout  the  Vnitid  Stavis» 

Tlim  toUomlng 

•.  ■  *^'  " 

I  B IW  &ir  VX  N  t  Jt  O  0  U  G  T 1 0  N 

;^:'^|^VSKrVLf||Od^«irTSETA:ifr'«v  r 

I E  N^CE  iT*^ G EaGH a F H  t^ 

Compiled  p9«tic«6b^1|l'llMf^  ini(p 

KTyk  • 


'.Si     vf 


-'■»?  t*^' 

.%.<! 


^' 


9;Kr;Micatt9> 


^.i,-!' 4n 


For  iheSleirly  liiriKirlslBift 
Jncmy  Thiol  tluke  AtU  make  dMtetrti^  i>*Pl9> 


,  I 


*" 


*  M     " 


<  ,1  -'■ 


D I  ftECT I aRS^  t^  m  B  O^I^I  N  O  £ R 

i  THE  Mhip.yrilie>WoH#% 

t  The  SoUc  Syftem  fiicint  Me  sft 


% 


i**- 


^!v-' 


■'    -^^%^'--^'.*'^- 


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V^ 


■»  .  » 


.j-m 


« 


■;;fl.  !^"s*  : 


v;' 


»  . 


ADVBIITISBMEKT. 


Nt  'na&6i0Xiwelrmdd  \dft  out  h  ftsjfi^eUti 
fitmyioimiig  'niMli to  iHtOiH & tiSfrMi huitilkiigt 
of  their  own  country,  and"'^  Ui  taHonsimmp,  dlMtH 
^fl/nkti'Amtrum;  Jfyike/hedom^omrikmoiUrh^ 
Hck  honottrrtmdpwUitko^iiii  m  not  wl/imflto  mjf  JNft 
ok/s  ^utOH.^  *f^  <^^^  "i*'^  '*  ivhMeoor  rtmk  U 
ilue^kfonniLToii^^ 

'^MMMf'^nNRMMil^l  mt^O^OI^tfOU9jft'40I^HItOtit'^OOmllfi' 

JMM,  ^r<M^  miiniaid.  ^  itav^iff:the  Jmml 

"ijf^anfrinc^u^  and  j^^^iiM^4ilfiM|^^^^^^ 

^^ honour,    ffappHjf^ikin  ifnti^^^MUer  ^it^d 

't*ii$tf&  capacities  qfyoutk^  an^  tnon  mptiktcaptivoU  llctr 

Jikmcti  more  than  witk  any  othetf  fatisjta  thatpirMn^t 

curiojityy  which  is  Hii pr^ditlkhmti^/^^ 

fultkind.    It  is  to  Uttmk^  thd  iiiii^)04^i 

has  hitherto  kenfoiitiu%  ktgUadih  M^ttlL'    ~ 

iRfi  univerfal^haiotktHiliuthietieraefi^inHd  ik>iMt^.: 

.   Geography  of  Europe  and  Afia^  than  mA  thdt^,  theif 

ownjtate  and  cot^ry.    The  want  tf^ldt^t^  'ho^iron^i^i 

fubje&i  has  been  the  camje,  m$  hope  the/elk  m/i^^^4hia 

Jhameful  defeS in  our  education,^  Till  wi^iiAafewy^i^ 

toe  haoe/eldom  pretended  to  write,  and  haftU)f  40  think  for 

ourjdves*    We  have  humhfy  received  from  Greai  Britatn^ 

$ur  lansf  our  manners,  our  books  and  our  modes  qfth^* 


A  s 


iHi 


t' 


"R 


■i. 


■*.* 


■■■■4 


*>! 


^•1 


vi  ■  ,#     ■         ■- 

qfi^odi  m  itft^M^Mtki  aut^m*ymail(>  tf-Mtkfiittiii 
w^mfim  fie  thai  iJ^  ^'im^it^'^itH^ 
Mi'M  mjuiMtaiie  with  their  MM  ctimiiyf  "md  «»  «l# 

Hm^ViUimr^viAi^  in  thatfbfmi^jfirudM 
tjidtBoa,  ipgh'ltpMliJIJtiheii^HMs  to  aaOnitJhmd^ 
^rbpi  ttf€  wii^*  repniaiiM  to  ihmfehesi  «iu(«ira  %/^ 
ftbttfstoihmrcoiuUfyk 


>• 


T'hMt  tkt  l0ims^  of  the  Author  mi^  k  a  hmeft  to  dk 
.y^^h  of  tHt^cmntrjf  whkh  he  loots^mid  which  h$htufiAf> 


■'4' 


..4h> 


n 


j^ijun-jV, 


A;. 


!ii 


.  td'-< ''■?'•  • 


# 


■  r  ■ 


^^■^V-«- 


•♦♦"■■■■ 


•'^^■^ 


CONTENTSi^ 


I...M 


'^..     i 


.VI 


'*4 


m 


'■s:t  ;■■ 


I 


NTRODUCTION  -  -  ^-. 

Tlie  Cometo—The  Solar  Syflem  •,    ,.  M  »i. 

The Ib^ Start  -;  j      ^   ''''*>«illtt 

TW  Atiaa0^nvWin£  Ac.    •  ^    ^ 

■  !.*•.■  :v^^^<3v« '.Of-©'-||.  A  F   M/y^^-i  >'* 
gjWlftrwtioiiqCQMpiii^  -,      V.     t^ 

pifcoveryof  Amaica  -  •   -  »a 

^•MrarMbS&orAiwirkc  i  ?•    ^  st 

GflBanri[}Sd^^tiOTo£  tha  United  SiiiM.  |l» 

-         ••'       -•     ^    •■■-# 

>  I'       •  ^^ 


f 


npRit 
MaflachuMtti 
Province  of  MbIq 
Ithodetrtaiid^^ 

ik    r 
New^" 
ViHfiirfhf 
Pennfylvania 
Delaware 
It^uylaiid  . 
Virginia 
Kentucky 
North  droWtui 
South  Cairolina 
Georgia     •     '-'   -•         -•    , .',     .j.-.  -     ,*».til 

.Vermont  -  .  ,    \-  «« 

BRITISH     AMfRiCA.  v 

Not*-$cotUi'.,:^|'    ■    -      -■■■  M- '"'■-■  ■:3±^"    ^Ite^^^I^ 

Baft  &n4  Weft  Florida  « 

Ixniifiaiui  # 

19e«r  Mexico  and  California.    - 
WSi  Mexico  or  Hew  Spai» 


'Jj 


I  .-^. 
^^^ 


# 


-gi.. 


wit*                              '     ,             •    #              *  •             ,-«  «             /.                 »^                        J> 

tSTerfiFinna                 •  -                 ;  ax; 

*ChUJ                 ^-    -       .  •                  '  •<♦ 

Sar  .  -*.•  -  ■      ;§ 

Aului»----AmMonfai          *  .•  <»                .4^ 


WdTlndUIflaiidl 

£     U      R     O     P     £• 

#  rranod  .•    - 

Italy  »  .    - 

Hungary  «  «• 

Oermany  **  '    • 

She Ntthedanot       ^  a**^      : 
olland     I  .  •  •     . 

Pdland  -  *t  " 

#|»g*  •   -       ;    •  *v   ^i^.a-M. 

<  ^ftatmtaih  and twland 
S^lir^^can  Iflanda,  Arc.  •       ^ 


4lNiU.".  • 


itk 


•7» 
•7J 

•71 

877 

•71 

.ftfi 

at» 

•»5 

A       S       I  'A.        ^ 

■'     -  4  '  .     -           i'        30k 

►.                  •••  •       .  «        •     i04 

V    •  i-           ■- ^  ■  -              ■■■•..  3«i( 

.  ^^'^^wa"..."  -  .  •                 .306 

•  •        ■           30^ 

Ifl«»  -        -:  -.      ..  «3I»9' 

5^*v ■   ^ :' ./  '        ^     '  .   ""jit 

Rftmai^         .-  >        .      w  31  j 

bftbeBsderalConftiCutioa  »       ,  31^ 

.  ienftt*IWI(gfcj;'nM- •  ■.  ■  -     i,i>r'ii.*r'>  h.-wr ?■■■-. ■•-■.-i.^.illi* 
IwlteofHoufissandlnlMbitaotBy  Ac*  ]ao 

m^f0H  <Pikulatioos  -  •  3ai 

^M^h-M^ :    .  ■  ^       *  INTRODUCTIC^. ;  . 


rs- 


':/-^f 


INTRODUCTION. 


i   > 


Of  ASTROlfOMlCAL  GEOGHAFHlr* 

' .  ■  .»' 

A    COMPLETE  kii0vladpe  of  C«r^»  CM^ 

/\  be  obtained  %riUiOQt  lome  aoquabttuiee  «M 

Aftreaomy.    Thu  C^utadiiMi»  thekefiMie,  wV^ 

iptrodiioed  vnOk  a  flioft  accoiMnti^f  Miit  IjfiMMt. 


'  ♦»■  '"-^ 


AftroficMhy  treat* of  1^9 lM|wcnlyJM«M»  mir^'\ 
Mn%  their  iBotioiii»  timet,  dilwacea  and  wleOMitPi 
The  regularity  and  beauty  of  thde,  and  iAm/Vmmk 
iuiONkr  in  whtdi  they  move,  (hew  tl|i^MSrC«iNir 
«nd  Pr^rver  pc^fl(iM  Ht&mf  ^itAsm^^fvmM* 


■.m 


I  Ajbtmoaiy  wu  Erl^  attended  ti|  I 
liMi  ine  beautiful  olaint  of  Egypt  tnd 
cinplafyment '  led  th^   to  \»lit6inplaftr 
While  dieiir  flock*,  in  the  0enct  ot  tk 
MSy^M  fyi*^  %«?fe»  the  jpengled 
yply  invite,  the  ttteMxmm^m  ^ 
'obferva^onof  the  heavenly  bolte 
■infementh  and  «t  the  fiiine  time  affifted 
flKag  in  the  night.    Ailar  guidadthe 
ii^  manger  iwlwre  our  Uefled  Savioor  «ra*  hStL 


m 


19 


ASTRONOMICAL  GEOGVi/^Y. 

the,  aid  oF  a  lively  imaginatioiii  they  diftribillA^I^ 
ftHltiifto  a  iiumb«rof  tbllfti>J!ttlWor^Oitt(;^K^ 
whicb  they  gave  the  names  of  the  anipiaU  which  they 
reprierented.    ^«*»     '  * 
Of  the  Planets  Ji    The  fun  is  the  center  of  the  mo-^ 

wartdertng  ftan,  whoTe  aiameters,  diftancesand  pfifr! 
o^MS«l .  revolutions  are  exhibtted  in  the  fSoUo^lii 
TiaLE.     ■    '  *       '--^  _ 


It  y 


Spa  and  Plan- 


'«JS 


Sun  © 
Mercury  ^ 
Venus  § 
Earth      0 

It*     ^4 

ter  y 
um  f> 
tfchel. 


■Diamei^ 
mEiiig.inil. 


890,000 
^,000 

7.970 
4»40o 

78,000 
jfi^oooji 


Diftancs  from 


Jlnottal  feriodi 
MondtlieSuo. 


36,841,468 
68,891,486 

95»»73>ooo 
145,014,148 

907,956,130 


iQOO|0OO 


y.   d,    hv 
o    87  23 

0  224  17 < 

1  00 

t>  31^4  i# 
29  »74    O' 

^    ft*   J? 


^S^fttm  piaiifet»iiMBtioiM^  ^#&lej»«i«  cadlii 

'  uuyfkmttt'i  fat  be6dm  thMs  thevs  we  is*  orimr 

les  caXied  jkandaryplanetSf  moons-QxftOdtites^  wbich^ 

|-«i«^:|«i«l^  itnihd  Iti^f  pimMtieft^  fl«Mi»  ##ft  «i  «a(h 

^^n#« j^  4mm  tiiiM  «N  i»i«i«4  Ml0li^^ 

'    tlleiMfth htfione  ffetrfKte,  vife  theMMHi  yim^ifik  4 
M^mm  te  wvokiliofi  m  a9<l<  i«  K  44  -it*  41  ^ 
aipmceof  idbout  60  femidiamsters  of  the  earth,  or  \ 
'tiitao  niilei,  and  is  carried  with  %e  «tf¥f|  t#n#  | 
tmteiftiyetn     -  -     '  .       "■    '^*f 

ipiicr  hts  four  moons,  Ssrtum  hatiivc^.«r^^j^ 
'^affisd  with  a  bioiid  ring,  ^      " 

noticm  <^  the  ^mary  pl«t«^  .Ttrbipi 
p|i$tiitfTONiJDF  ti'Mt  lJnefatei^tt(tlHu'^1| 
lnar|l«8|^iCilled  th^ffAKuo/ino^uw.  Be^^ 
%ibt^dn,Hiey  rtvolve  round  flwir  ovm  axh  tehlrtjni 
16  «aft,  ioid  this  is  called  tfaefr  Mumi  iMfir* 


^■ 


i^A. 


bdmUhb 
Fhich  thqr 


i»al  ferioda  1' 

dt&Sua.l 

d. 

h- 

87 

«3 

224 

17. 

0 

0 

331 
Si's 

174 

-,ft* 

irtMlld 


er»  whtch- 

earth*  or  | 


ffCSSSB 


l'i'*'",i'  ^ 


pa 


Th.e  Solar  SjfieiiL. 


Tke 


i-}« 


'■"i'"?'l 


|k» 


^r^lUlUfP^ir 


^SlE:'fJ>'«l 


(  : 


y   - 


■■^^.      .   |§- 


•ri'i 


^^''m. 


•-^'■n-rrr'i 


^^^i^Oi^i 


^STRONO^IOAIk  GEOGhAPHY.       if, 

The  lately  difcoViif«d  pl0et  Her/chel,  was  firflt  o^- 
(erv6d  in  1782,  b]r  that  celebrated  aftranomer  WHUam 
Herichel,  L.L.D«r.R^.  In  Great  Britain  it  UcaUei 
^torgiiim.  Sidus ;  ^ut  in  France  and  America  it  ha*  ob- 
tained, theaaiicraf  ^&r/£A«4  in  Honbur  to  its.  iearaed 
4ifcoverqr^i^ .  * 

CoiK^f  J.3  Thk  comets^re  iaf|^  opaque  bodies,  which  ] 
move  in  very  eliptical  orbits  and  in  all  poflible  direct  ' 
tioas.  Some  revoVveftxim  weft  to  eft(U-4ome  from  ^fft 
to  well«-oth£|;s  frcMn  fouth  to  north,  or  from  nolO^ta . 
fotttb.    Some  have  conj<;ftured  that  the  comets  wire  , 
intended  by  the- All  Wife  Cieaior,^to  cooaeft  ririli;i|||| 
and  that  each  of  their  jbversl  orbitiincrudes  tne  TIej^,. 
and  one  of  the  fixed  lUrs.    the  figures  of  the  com^  ,^  - 
are  very  d^rent.    Some  of  them  emit  beam&  00  alt ! 
{^4es^  like  hair,  and  art  failed  haigr  cpmeita,     Qt 
hiave  a  long,  fiery^  tran({»rei|t  tJulipno^^^ng  |r^^ 
pdurt  !Mrhich  is  oppofite  U|  ^  fiiQ*    l!hetr  mMt^t^ 
atfo  aie  different.    Some  appear  im>  bjjggfn:  thaii  ilptrtL 
of  the  firft  xnMWtu^i^^hen  larger  thao  the  i|B0Qa« , 
They  ai«  ih|MBu1)MH        bodies^  and  very  denfe  i : 
for  nme<»C  tfieS'4iiwetr  iiireft  appraach  to  Uie  ltii^[ 
were  heated,  accoi^diog  to  Sir  Ifaac  Newton's  calcDJb"/ 
tion,  sooo  tinesliotter  than  red  hot  iron ;  a  d<sgree^of 
heat  which  would  vitri^«,  or  diffipate  any  naiki  ■ 
JgiowBtous. 

The  number  of  comets  bclongnig  to  our  fyfte|^  jl!^ 
not  ceitainfy  known.  Twenty  one  have  bedi  lilttiii 
dP  thefe,  the  periods  of  three  only  have  been  alcett|aa^i 
M  with  accuracy.  One  appeared  in  the  years  1  ^'^ 
1 607, 168a  and  1 758 ;  its  period  is  75  years.    Am 

wasK|BU|f  ^a  and  i6ox,  and  is  u»in  ex^, ... 

^79of  il^  fieSoid  being  129  years.  Tne  third  apfiKlcr* 
4|a  laftifl'  tl6^  wl^bli  period  being,  575  yeamrcmot 
h9  expeded  to  return  until  the  year  aa^h 

Ofihi  Solar  Svfim.'}    The  feven  planeu,  with  their 
,Mn  ikt^tlifcs  ana  the  comets,  coniUtute.  the  SoUr,  or  at 

r    V  k  . 


#• 


Iw- 


•»lt 


AStUbNOM 


k  itibmetioiiBS  called,  ^l^ipiitiiiii  fyiftctn,  in  tiQO- 
oor  of  CDpenitcui,  a  nat^y^  bf  P0lail4,  whb  idopM 
t^  Fyt&agorean  opif^dh  ot  Ibe  heaveAly  bodl«^  ati4 
pObBfliacI  it  t0  the  world  ill  HtH^*  Tbi«  it  rxiw  tuH- 
if^tttty ^^i^rotred  it ilt^trae  fyfttmi.    Uh»  teceived 

Kat  in^ibvffmentt  from  Gallileo,  Sir  IfaacKewtOfit 
t^Gmfi  and  otfaer  phUofophen  in  aimoft  cvei^r 


* 


s?'?  »■' 


NfK 


^.Aejxtd  ^art,2   The  (blar  lyAem  it  furrOortde^^ 
^mp^  fixed  ifatrt  s  fi«  ^c^  bebnife  thty  at  all  tim^'f 
j^tfCTy^  tlilr  iGinw  iStuatiogi  m  xt^rd  to  ^acjb  othcjr;'*  - 
law  ftti^  wiiiiii  viewid  %itli  the  heft  ideieope^       ? 
1^1^  flo  larger Mi|  po^  whicb  provet  that  th#" 
if«i^antiiniiQi^a#mne^  from  i|t.    Although  theft* 

ii  :thwllem'^«tt  the (m ;  amt'^m 

lil^r'l^y^^doif  ioi^ '  A.te#ldwS^ 
lii^t  |M|^^^or^dii^^  ' 

^  Im^  ijf^  atOffiSielPpfra^ibi^tl 
tio^  reifll  litlii  ^0(^boo'VMl^'^^lilit»''^i^y^ 

tadtealsp  more^lMi«]iitffii% iNiiti  thefixl^  T 

' %  than  we  i»  in  making  a  V0)i|e  tPt 

if  ail  the.fi^#  fian  were  now  IhmJsk, 
.  tKiy  wbldi  ttp^e  tH^i^ 
•leveial  montht  yet.  to  ^come."  li  i 
^hii^i^Siefbr%  thai  they  Oiould  boxnn#  Uieir 
fid#dieitii%  at  di9  the  piaiieti. 

<"  ^  ntnnber  of  ,^rt  viiiUe  to  the  m^eyKye  at  a 

ii9i4ie  loiter immifpherr;  and -liyuiehd^^  . 

«lp^,  a^^m&land  more  have  bfien  dilpoverpd  kff>  #|1^ 
lie  who)^  SMmber  of  (Urt  ate  iqdconed  t| 
"^kt^^ti  m^^pu^M^  f^  the  phMtttir  ' 


•.^v 


.¥." 


►*>■•''  r 


dopM- 
»}  and 

ceived. 
cvtff 


nftsit' 


lie  tty^:. 


s.-    " 


visSiJi 


i^^' 


>  c"  ■  v  ^  i;   ■  ri<7  \: 


».*t 


A*   ,  l3j 


e«; 


■  tfe 


1«.  <;4., 


>»if*'^ 


Pt# 


/«^!#S|^^i^&^-  ^t> 


y     -^^^p^^^t: 


W' 


,'- 


it 


P 


I 


*#— 


J9<JUl.^>v>^MI# 


•."J 


'ff^^ri  ' 


Jir 


# 


riu 


if 


Yate  the<ky,  indfehnl 


iw!  merely  t(0.4eco«^ 
'iieauiiful  canopy  for 


%hU  earth,  woold  derogiCb  fmSh  the  wifdom  ^f  tho 
Creator*    Aftronomers  tlierefore,  with  much  teitTotiy 
liave  jt^nfi^ered  the  ii^ciod  ftaVs  as  To  many  funt,  at- 
'tended  with  a  number  of  rei^olvirig  planets,  ivhich 
•  l^y  iUuttunatey  Mrarm  atld/chenifh.    Ilj^l^be  true* 
'Oiere  are  at  many  fyllems  «s  there  are  nXed  ftarv 
J^hefe  may  aMb  revolve  round  one  common  center^ 
tDrming  one  tmminfe  fyftem  of  {yftems.    AH  ^^ 
^rftems,  we  may  conceive, ''are  lilted  'with  inhabiMitft 
lited  to  their  refpe^ve  climes ;  andmre  fomany^^* 
ICrs,  on  Vti^ich  the  Great  Creator  and  Governout'  of 
)e  Univerfe,  difplays  his  inlfinitt  sower,  wifdmn  •nd 
,^ne{s.    Such  a  view  of  the  ftam 
111  the  mind  of  every  beholder)  yffm  iutktimC)  magMfi* 
^cmtandgIorioiuidt^spT,tl«e^Mre^A  .1 

HE  %rth/  though 
fuc}^  its  dixm^er. 
miles  lb 


motion  it 
s  year,  U 
>^ay|  andj 
'diamietei 
orbit^  tS' 

197,987.^4! 


^ 


th« 


^mWrm  to  6>uth. 
jfchis 
ic«  in- the 
VVa^ety  of  the  letlons. 
t  j^  t»^  t^hich  il  moves, 

^    ,,»uHy  motion  ii 
Ji2i7'mires,  Wlterlfl^  times  gre^iteir' 
|Cannon  baH,  which^  dlbving  about  ei^t  m 
iinute,  t/ould  be  as  years  and  228  days 
jFom  this  i^rth  to  the  fun. 
^^^  ^'^'yfe^  ^5/>i^  >^*lcis  in  circumference^litip  b^ 
Jts  rot|t>^lft'^^  ^^^'  9"^  *"  ^4  hours  from  wjall  to 
'  ca'uflMmtipual  fucceflidh  of  day  and  l^t» 

fan  a^mm  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies|t«iii 
.  oln  the  e^qtatoV  ifciearHed  1 040  mile|  m  ati  bouTy 
tttd  thofe  who  Uvi»  in  other  parts  of  the  eaiUBi  art  car- 
ried a  diiiancele^  in  proportion  to  thei^dHtancefroat 
«»pci[uttoi\  ; 


% 


.\^^± 


'm 


qf^tH 


%  »i  %- 


% 


"■»'Vj,'*€'' 


nfilmtion'  tha™ii 


i 


Thi^tlhe  earth,  or 
if  evident :  Fir/ty  ^^r^^v^- 
fbape  is  l>e{l  ^acfagted  to  mottoiu  Secondk,  Fropi  ijgpt 
ap{MBaraince  of  its  (hadowr.  in,  cclijpliBS  of  the  m^Yr*!; 
^yhich  is  always  bounded  lijfft'isllrcular  Une«  Thtraly,. 
From  analogy  ;  all  the  other  planeti^  being  g^bbularv 
and  Fourt^t,*  from  its  haying  been  circumnavigateil; 
feveral  timtf*** 

As  many  find  it  difficult  to  conceive  how  peopie 
^an  (^nd  on  th^  oppolite  fide  of  the  globe  without/ 
ial^g  off,    their   concjeplioii  niay    be   affiHed  by, 

fuppofing  5, 


^1? 


•  MegftlaH  Tailed  fnm  SffvUlr  in  Spain,  under  tSe  aufi-ices  off 
Charles  V,  lo'h  of  Aucuff,  15(9 ;  and  having  difcoverert  the  Ma<| 
guilanlc  Streirghtl  in  Soi)th  Am 'rka,  he  crofTied  the  P^ci/ick  On' 
cf  an,  and  arrived  at  ihirf^iiipBine  i Aands,  where  he  was  poifoned*i 
Hit  ihip  retarned  tr  f  ajr/af  toe  Cape  of  Good  liope,  Sth  Scd« 
tem|cn  1522.    ■      ■■■":'•■'■     ,';,$.,.._  ■     -^-l 

^i^Wrancis  Drah  f)d||d  fti«Mgiyinouth,  j  gth  Decemher,  1 577 }  . 
rntefc^  ifae  Pacififlt  Ocf  an,  anffHiertngrdtind  America,  returned 
¥'?y<WRy>l»  hIjS*o«  )|ie.wai4  man  of  great  geqerofivjf.    The* 
bborjhMilehhe  tbok,  and'evfn  the  wedges  of  gold  c^ven  him  )» 
l^^mii  for  his  prcfentlift^nipiiii  xHi«(l,:£e  divide^iik^juft  propMr< 
ti«m*|  jfharee  with  the  Common  far 
.  7b<mas  Cf^eimk(9\lei  fronFj 
itlof  Augul|i5f6i  paflls.l  thr( 
toolt  man^  fflOii  •priaer  along  tl 

nearCa]if4^rn;a^dflt:irei  hinifetfnf  the  St.A^.Jft1<li^uko'fl|ff,, 
^ithfi^cftrgp  3f  immenfe  value*    H<% completeii thellb^rooafiga 


iia»li  ih!p»  tli^ 

rf  Magerian't 

li  ao4dPcrtt  f  ah< 


echV 

4efflit^i  Jaotef  tte  Hermu^ii^ct&ye\y  failed  round  tb^ 

'//m  failed  in  Sej»tem*>er,i7*40;  doubled  Ciipe  Horn  in  |i 
%fv>'afoa }  loft  mtoft  oF  hit  men  by  the  fciu'vjp,  andwtenr 
remaining  fl)ip,the  CenturJon,  crojled  th^  neajcPacidcib' 

a  9p9ttim 


on 
ia 


<*nly 

Ocean)  ^hich  is  lOycdo  miles  over  ;  to6l: 
her  paliage  fi-oro  Acapulco  to  Manilla,  and 
liine.  1744. 

BjTDSs  BovganwlUt  a  Fienchman,  IVaKitt 
Avetyxireumuavigkted  the  globe,  between 
1769/  i 

,  Ca^fdin  Ctck  in  the^tif  Sn4eaT«ur^  fail< 
aSth  of  Auglbil^  176S,  jiffd  after  a  nM»$|a] 
tPurhed.  the  ijyft  of^tipe,  ijju  He;4|<^"^'  ^^  a  lecoftd  voj<^e, 
.the  i^rh  of  fSbriiaihy,  1776}  'made  nt^y  {mpoirtant  dlfcmerit^iV 
tinU  wras'kilkd'bn  tli'e  ifland  ot  Owhyheeby  ih^  narifeli,^he  i^ajt 
of  Fcbruarv,  1779.  Hii.  'liips  urdsr  the  ci>n:inaa49}  <i|Wi  Gi«^^ 
f  ctUKJiec  U*e  i6th  of  Oftybcr,  17^9.        ,       ^  ■ '    ^^    "4^ 


alleon^. 
home 


jjjfmouth 
voyagr,i|' 


#> 


■■•4. 


fi^^ofing  ^l  t|i«r  vat4i^||||f|es  on  the  earth's  fur^ 
face  were  of  ivSnf  and  r  very  lar^.  magnet  wet« 

.placed  at  the  center,  then  all  bodies  beingfatrivft- 
cd  towards  the  ceil|j|ri|pf  the  magnet, 'they  could 
not  fall  uiF,  ,whu;h  way  toever  the  earth  Hiould  ^m. 
iJaw  the  at(ra61:ion  of  (gravitation  pperHei  on  ail  ho^f 

*  ics  a  that  of  ma^netifm  doei  on  iron  -^iigr.  ,     - 

It  is  now  ten  o'.clock  in  the  morning,,  and  we  now 

think  we  are  Handing  u{)ri[|^tonjLhe  upper  part,  qil^tlie 

.  earth,'     "V^e  Qiall,  thinh  .imp  (ami  af .  ten  o  doc^  ItV* 

evifhing*  wKen  tjl>e  eartl^  (hall  have  turned  half  noiind, 

bccai^e  w|^fliaU  then  perceiye  no  difFereoce  of  pof- 

'Mft,i  w^  ^t|  theii be  ea;a(^y  in'  tlie. poiition  of 

tifidfe  peifops  w}io  hc^Wi^i^  ^pn  t^e,  opifc^fite  ii<^f^f 

llweai^th.  I  Sitice  they  ai^as^^ngly  attraifted  to- 

':^^s  the  cinli^rbr  the,ea|!t^^  as  wc^are,  they  cl^n^be 

'in  no  more  danger  of  filing  dpwio^waupdf  than  ^^w 

<ft  prefent  of  fallii^  upwa^  \  .  :# 


'^ 


m.. 


t|i|^d  water  lit  xeprffobtid"^, 

,  ^^jf '»*^iiyai*.?^!E»4vfitiiitioQv< >■:  ^..^.^■<Mii  .. ..;, ' 

:  Msmmm^  :Tbe:akispf.^eart|i^ 
aginary  l'^|)aFjn2fron|^  I  north  i^  * 

^^eiiteri  fnpuui^  ^||i|i|^ed.  the  pol^a* 
Cirftes-J  In  Qr4et  mi^^rnirm^.the;  maa^ 
on  the  ^l^j^f ,  w<?  ^uppRe  ii  cif cum^i;iMc  ^^  ^^ 
imaginar]^  Wclea,  each  of  which  i&{uppolb4,ip 
yidedintj 

lecond 
whoK 
divides' 

ih^mmK  .  .     ,       

C^let  Jlli^nl  «e  globe  inttf  un<^|p  pari^'  Ifer 


ecjual  parts,  called  degrees*  «Nfei|eyi< 
Nnto  ^o  mjfiMtes,  each  minullintqij 
^fecond' into  60  thirds,'  &c.  '-'^'J^j. 
|ai&ng  through  the  center  pf  tlie|^^|tJNy«.» 
?o  dqUkl  parts,  is  cafld  m  j^mw^. 
fix  :  !|^e  eq|iatpvt|i^  nier|^^' 
}^tkvind  two  rcoliicej^.^ 


^^^M i%]^ks,  and  the  two  polar  ctKle#* 


hh 


116  ART  I  r !  6lAi    aLC^i  E.     "^ 

MpMttr.']  The  £^(Mlbc»  .or"  Eauinoaial,  €itbiiR<« 
paflTet  the  e«r|h|  fton.  e«(i  to  weft,  \in«i  divklet  it  ^nt» 
the,  neithcni  ailid  fouthem  hemi^heres.  From  thU 
Vne  lAtitude  it  counted  (oiwiivdreacli  pole. 

MeridioM^  This  circle  itropreicntcd on il^  globe- 
|)y  a  brafs  nnfti  It  croflTci  the  equator  at  right  angleit.* 
pafliDg  throuui  thepolei  of  the  earth,  and  the  zenith 
and  nadir,  and  dividea  the  ^lobe  into  the  eallem  an4 
veftera  hfcmi&herei.  Therie  is  an  indefinite  number 
of  mc^ridians,  for  any  iwo  |ioints  or  places  On  thb  g^b^ 
^hich  are  not  dif^eftiy  north  Or  fouth  of^each  Otheiv 
Slave  different  meridians.  At  the  meridi^ri!  paflb  from^ 

Sule  to  pole,  throu|^  the  tiadlr,'  it  is  evident  that  When 
t  fun  coiii^  td  this  Kne  it  h  nooii^  mAftotti  Uio 
<word  meridkit  of  Hoon,.  It  is  called  thttidiam.  Ceb|« 
yabheils  atfume  a  merldtafi  for  the  fiift^  fliroft  whtilSe- 
lmi|llpcte  is  cotitit^d  eaft  <6r  i^eft. 

^..  Ae  liicHdienof  London  is  ufied  by  tho  Enalift,. 
Ifa|it  of  Paris  by  theFvench^  and  that,  of  Philadelphia 
^  ^  At)a(e)rkaias« 

JS^2^.1  meeliptl<^}g1^^ 
§aki  a^ars'to  Move^rounil  die  einh  once  a  yeafS  fl 
it  Mmcd:  the  ecliptiek»  befeuife  no  tflij^^iiit  fun  6fi 
xioon  can  h^ippen,  except  when  the  m0<^  Isin  or  nein 
tfae>||iReof  tn^'^rcle.  UittitiNks  aii  Irt^le  with  the 
ccpisilpr  of  K3  d.  00  m.  and  theiH>^ftt8  of  their  interfed« 
^^ttte  tailed  eooinoaial  points^  becaufe  when  the 
iliriiis  In  eithcfr  of^thofe  pointy  ^e  days  and  nights  a£^ 
of «^al  kngth  in  all  paits  of  tth«  gl6be$  riz,  tin  ffieh 


..jjj,. 


m#|f  Match  and  on  the  sift  of 


,  thelSi^ 


»* 

of  whieh  is  catted  the  vertuil,  and  the' 

OI|lltBOX* 

Hhe  ecKpti^l  is  divided  into  twelve 
taintng3o  degrees^    The  rign|are<;oiiij 
toelll,  begiNAntng  a^  the  v<bfnate|titfib«. 
ing  are  th^^iibes  and  chaia^rs  of  die  fignt,«ttiil  dio 
ipMoths  inWhich  the  fiin  epterathcnu  ^>,  J 


i^y.^ 


:*: 


■'ik  ■'-'';.■  - 


k  .# 


,,i^P 


A1^1>I#IC|A|.   OiOBfe.        ^ 


JrflllaDfMSflr 

'"   en 


1  Ariet 
a  Taurus 

3  Gemini 

4  Ca.^cer 
6  Leo 

6  Virgo  ' 

7  Libra 

8  Scorpio 

9  Sagittarius 


<r 

Match      '^ 

5» 

Mjy 

S3 

Tunc 

iV*« 

»» 

Aujjiift     ' 

A'. 

SeptimtMei^ 
NovcmWi^ 

,yf 

D<«cm!>?ur': 

ilie  Ram 

ThfBuU 

TheTi 

ThcCrat 

The  Lion 

The  Virgin    , 

The  Scales^ 

The  l^corpion 

The  Archjcr 
lo  Capricdrnus  The'Cc^t   . 
aiAauarlus       The  Water  Qcarcr-  ;s     January 
.12  Pifcea  TheTiOicA  H     reorwry  ': 

.  Zodiack,"]  The  zodiack  i»  cotnpreliended  bctMr^ci|^ 
two  ciydes  drawn  parallel  to  the«ecliptkk^  at  the<iiil- 
ance  of  eight  di^rees'  oh  each  %le  orit,  .  r  < .  «v ' 

Horizon,]  Ijie  horizon  i&repiefeDtedi^y- a.  biHUift 
wooden  circle  dividing  the  globe  into  upperandUMi|v«r 
iietnifpheres.  The  /^n/ii^i^  horizon' is  Ihtt  n^ich 
liounds  our  profpeO: ;  the  rational  horizon  »  at  kve& 
circle,  whofe  planepafles  through  tjbe  center  or  tiils 
eaith,  sdivid«i||(«t>  iiUllupper  and  k>t^er  hemifpheres* 
It  irdivided  into  four  quaHers^  and  the  four  qusirlslp> 
ing  points,  yjz.  eafl,  wcjft,  norths  and  fouth,  ai«  eaUii 
cardinal  pMnis,  The.  poles  of  the  horizon.  aie«tfaf«za« 
nith  and  m^ir ;  the  former  direfily  over  ourlvtida^^nKi 
jthe  latter dtre6ily under. ouvfcetv' ,;  -       :.    :  ;r   .  -4*  ^ 

Colura,]  Thefe  circles  divide  the  glebe  iflt<^>9fiB)ur 
equal  parts. :  They  both  pa^fthroiiKh  Uns  north  and 
fouth  poles.  One  of  them^  called  ttUecj^tiMl^alco* 
lure,  paflTes  Ihrpugh  the  ecfuino^ital  tpainfii»iAr2cs^u«d 
Lihfa,  ai^' di^i*  other,  called  the  folftptiat  coiMre^-^pisBb^ 
through  t^^rfftitial  points.  Cancer  aiul  Capricoirni  ;» 
,  Tropkitam  The  tropicka  are  two  cjulei^^  paralbl  m 
the  equatcmif  the  diftance  6fjis  d^'glrm.  onreaehjMe 
ibf  4t.  'The  nam&is  derived  ifrom  the  Greek  word 
Tjtvtf^to  turni  hectMSi  when  the  ftxn  arrives  at  the 
no||d^rh  tropick  he  turns  to  the  fdudriva^»  and  wh(^ 
lielilkesai^  the  touched  tir^pitk,  he  turns  to  the 
^M^  ■•  -        Ba'-^--   *        -  nwtbward.  ^  ■ 


Wy 


fr 


iS^ 


/Si 


•$$,  ^  jixrir  let  At  cta^i. 

northinid*  When  tht  fiin  it  in  the  troptdi  of  Cipn- 
com,  Hvhich  it  on  the  i»ft  of  Decenberr  we  have  thv 
Ihorteft  daf  i  and  when  he  it  in  the  tropieli  of  Can^r 
whiekli  on  (\^  sf  ft  of  Juih^  we  have  the  lonccft  day» 

Folar  Cmks,'\  The  two^jpolar  circlet  MLip  ddbibed 
found  the  gbbe  at  the  diftanee<of  a^'d.  go  ni.  from* 
Oach  pole.  The  northern  it  caUed  the  ArOiek  cirder 
theftrntheni  the  AnHarOicL 

2ra<f.]  There  a<e  five  zones.  The  timid  xctu  it 
Malted  by  the  two  tropickt^  andit  tbehotti^ftv  becaufo- 
tbe  fun  it  alwayt  vertical  to  fomepart  of  it.  The  two* 
tempenUt  xotu*  are  Hmiiediiy  the  twpickt  and  the- 
polar  circlet;  in  thefeaonet  the  air  it  temperate.  Tho* 
two  frigid  zone/ extend  from  each  pcdarciide  toeacll< 
|Mde,  ana  in  thele  aone»  the  air  it  eatremely  coU.  * 

dinMltr.}  By  »  number  of  other  civclety  draw» 
jNnallel  to  iho^etfMU^,  the  fflobe  it  divided  into  cli»> 
wutiUf  AeUmeteiiatrttdioftheearth'tfiirfiKecom- 
piebemtod  between  thee(|ualorandapaTancLoflatitude» 
•r  between  tWo  paraUelt  of  latitude,  of  fiieh  a.  breadiib 
that  the  length  of  the  day^  on  one  fide  of  the  Icaft  be 
Iwdf  an  hour  longer  oa  ihorter  than  on  the  other* 
There  aie  30>cUautet  ooeach'Me  of  >be  equator,'ls 
^be  firft  04  of  winch  the  day  inereaAsi^  L«y  half  hourly 
lui^Mn  the  othea  fin,,  by^  monlhtb 

JMtudt.l  The  latitude  of  »  place  i»itt  diftancL- 
ftoflu  the  equator  north  or  (both.  The  greateft  lati^ 
tude  it  at  Uie  pokt^ which  are  90  dcgreetdiftant  frohi- 
Ibee^tor. 

Zongittuki,"}'  Thrkmfitudkofapleoeit-tfaediftanoe- 
•fitt  meridian  ffom  the  meridian  of  ibme  other  places 
and  it  ik.  cafurecf  on  the  equator  either  eaft  or  weiU. 
A  degree  of  longitude-on  the  equator  ia  60  geograph- 
ieal  miles,  but  ^e  length  efa'degree  of  |^git£le  d>- 
aiinifliet  at  1^  approach  eiAer  pole  iflmepolety. 
longitude  it  noniilg,  or,  the  e^ter  bcing%ppoted  to 
proceed  front  its  preient  fituatibn  ba  the  polet||«v3ll 
gradually  coftti^a  till  it  beeomet  a  mathemaiicf  I  point* 
'  In  the  latiHade  of  Sjrrjuinah,  ardc»ree  of  lonfij^ide  ia 
about  5a  |;eogn«pM«:al  milet ;  lit  Phibdc^l 
^  1^  and  »  wfi'^ ,  i3ov^  ^ 


.^.' 


ARTtlrtClAL    OLi^MiL 


JIIU  AlmMkmT  1 .  »  alniolBherc,  ori 
foutuSa  tbijMubt,  u ab^ut  i^mua  i»h«iS|Bt.   It  ia  Dm    * 
medutaicinbuRd }  br  i«frMUn|llMifayaofU|ht,  ab- 
jpOb  tra  rrmWicd  vifiblet  «vh^Bhr%ril^^1ltt»inwiiuiai 
^ouldQOtlMfeeir. 

WuubJ]  Wind  ia  air  put  in  motbny.and  it  is  caUod: 
a  breeac,  »  galei  or  ai  ftoroi,  according  to  the  ifpidily: 
of  its  motion.  The  trade  winds,  in  the  Atlanticll  um 
Pacifick  oeeaiiiat  blow  .  n  lanllvfrcNn  north  eaftands 
Ibutheafttowardii*' :  ;»  '  >n«m  about  ^3,  degreea* 
•f  latitude  not tl^ndiiuih, 

Tida,']  The  >  '.-ih'  1  and  i!bwing.of  the  fea,  is  caul^ 
ed  by  the ;.J i^.'Aion  oi:  tht;  ftin  and  moon».  but  chiefly 
%y  tnat  o;  '.'.■■  latter  r  fhe  |>ovrer  of  the  moon  in  thia- 
caifft,  being  10  dxat  of  tbu  fun,  as  5  to  r.v  The  moon  'm 
•ne  revolution  round  the  earth,  produces  two  tides,. 
und  their  motion  follows  thft ^parent  motion  ofth^ 
moon,  viz»fromeaft  to  weih 

Cloudsi']  Clouds  ate  colle^ons  of  vapours,.  cxhal» 
td  froov  the  earth  by  the  attniAion  of  tht  fun  or  oihe» 
vaufisa.   .■  .  ^„ 

EcUpfiii*']    An  eclipfe  is  a  ^tat  or  partial  privaticMr  '^'^ 
of  the  light  Q§  the  ftm  or  moon..     When  tne  moon* 
paffes  between  the  earth  and  the  fun,  the  latter  ia% 
clipfed,  and  when  the  earth  paflba  between  the  tfimik 
and  Um,  the  formed  ia  cdipicd.. 


'*. 


S* 


•.'J  ■ 


GEOGRAmYr 


-     '■  i'- 


•.."t-- 


q|:E   O  G  R  A  P  H  Y. 


'^Q^-S€>V7^f900«<e«»<J«— * ' 


EOGRAPHY  is  a  fcience  defcrlbing  the  lurface 
of  the  earth  as  divided  into  land  and  water. 
Geography  is  either  «mtfery2i/,  as  it  relatrs  to  the 
atth  in  general ;  or parti^larf  ^m  it  relates  to  any  fin- 
glejjart.  .       ' 

^  The  "globe  of  the  earth  is  made  up  of  lah^  and  watery 
and  is  therefore  CdW^  terraqueous,  Aboutonc  fourth 
of  thf  furface  of  the  globe  is  land  i  tlii  other  thieo 
fourths  arc  water.  * 

The  common  divifions  of  the  land  and  water  are  affoUoios  f 

The  divifions  of  land  a»c,  The  divifiops  of  water  are, 

I.  Into  Continents.'^    A  I.  Into  Oceans.']  An  a- 

]|ontinent  is  a  large  tra6l  of  cean  is  a  vail  colle£lion  of 

faitd,  comprehending  fev-  water,  not  entirely  fepa- 

etal  count!  ies   and  king-  rated  by  land,  and  divides 

doijns*     Thefe.  countries,  one    continent  from  the 

&e.  are  contiguous  to  each  other.    There   are  three 


other,  and  arejiot  entirely 
feparatcd  by  water.  There 
ar«  but  two  continents, 
the  eafiern  and  toefiern. 
The  eadern  cotitinent  Is 
dijwled  into  Europe,  Afia 
and  Africa;  the  wefl;ern 


are 

great  oceans.  'X)^t  Atlan-r 
itc^  lying  between  Amcri.- 
ca  and  Europe,  three  thou* 
fand  miles  wide.  The 
Pacifickj  lying  between  A* 
(ia  and  America,  ten  thou- 
fand  miles  over.   The  /«- 


into ^orth  and  South  A*  dian  Ocean,  lyin^  l»etween 

merica.  Africa  and  the  Eaft  Indies, 

./^  three  thoufand  miles  wide. 

II.  IJlandsr\  Art'liland  II.  Lak^s.']  A  Jake  if  a 

Ts  \  tra£l  of  land  ^effitirely  hr^e  collcflign  o^s^rln 

iurroiwled 


■^•" 


GEOGRAPHY. 


& 


iirrouiiM  by  wat^r;  at 
l^hodc  Idand^  MifetnioUi^ 

l^w   Zeatajid^  Borne«| 


III.  PeninfiJai.']  A  pc- 
niafula  is  almoft  an  iftj^ncl} 
or  a  tnGt  of  latidfurrbund* 
cd  by  watei^  excepting  at 
one  narrow  ii6ck ;  as  Bof- 
ton,  the  Mbrea,  Ci;iml*aF- 
taryandArabiSic 


IV.  .Jf^ii/b.]  An 
ifthmus  ji  a  nai-JOW  lieck 
of  land  joitiiiig  a  petiimala 
to  the  main  land  ;  afr  the 
ifthmus  of  Darien,  which 
joins  N^orth  and  Sottth  A- 
xnerica;  andth6ifthn)usof 
Scuz,  which  unites  Alia 
and  Africa. 

V.  Prcmonittries,']  -tiA 
promontory  is  a  mountain 
or  hill  extendinglmo  the 
fea,  the  extremity  of  iwhich 
is  called  a  cl^..  A  poine 
of  flat  larrd^proje6ling  for 
into  the  fea  is  likewife 
called  a  cape  ;  as  Cs^ 
Ann,  Cape  Cod^^  (;4po 
Hattecai. 


vu 


tl^  heart  of  a.  country  fur-     ^ 
rounded  by  knd.    Mift  ^ 
of  th«m«  )aowever,  h^«  a 
river  iifuing  from  lh< 
which  falls  into  the  oceai 
w  Lake  Ontario,  Lake 
rie,  Acf    A  imall  cirflie 
tton  of  water,  furfouiv 
to  above,  is  called  a  pond^ 

IIL  Stas.']  A  fea  or 
gulf  is  a  part  of  the  ocean, 
liurrounded  by  land  ex- 
cepting »  narrow  pa^» 
tahed  a  ftraity  by  which  it 
commumcaitii'<wtth  tfie  o^ 
ceitki.  as  th(B  Mediterfa- 
nefttl,  Batdtk  afid  Red 
Seas  ;  and  the  gulfs  of 
Mexico,  St,.La»«Jeace  azidt 
Venice, 

IV.  Shaiis,^  A  ftrailfi 
a  narrow  jpaffiige  6ut  W; 


I 


ohe  fea  int6  anodier;  a» 
the  ftfaifs  of  GibMttm 
joining  the  Meditorr^em 
to  the  Atlantick  ;'  th» 
Satraits  of  Babelmandel^ 
^hich  unite  thb  Red  Sc» 
with  the  Indiaii  Oodan. 

V.  Biap,l  A  ^y  ii  a 
part  of  the  iea  running  up 
nito  the  main  land,  ieom«^ 
monly  between  two  capes;: 
as  Ma&chu(etts  Bay,  be-^r 
tween  Cape  Ann  and  Ciip»  ''' 
Ctfd ;  Ddawans  Bay,  m« 
tween  Ca^  Mayand  Capof^ 
Henl^lli^     Chefapeck  % 
Bay,bHpCape  Charlc* 
aiia  CMUtnity.. 

^-  VU 


%. 


-.  * 


m 


is       DrSt:OVERYy  AMERICA. 

VI.    Mountains,   im,  -    Vll  i^ym.]*A  river  w 

At*  need  no  defcription.    •  coQCideraibte  flre^tn  cf 

^  watet^ifruingfromoricdr 

more  fjpringi,  and  gliding 
*.  ,       into    the    fca»     A    fqs^U 

Area m  is  called  a  rivulet 
or  brook. 

■Maps,']  A  map  is  a  plain  figure  repreienting  the 

.  furface  of  the  eirrtlir  or  a  part  pi  it,  accorditigto  the 

laWi  of  perfpe£live.    On  the  map  of  any  tra^  of 

'  country,  are  delineated  its  mitintains,  rivers',  lal;  cs, 

towns,  &c.  in  their  proper  magnitudes  and  Atuations. 

The  top  of  a  miip  is  al\y|iys  northi  the  botfofn  fQuth, 

the  right  fideeaft,  and  the  left  fide  weft,    mm  the 

top  tio  the^ttom  are  drawn  meridians,  or  linfs  of  loo- 

'  gilude;  and%Dm  fide,  to  fide  the  parallels  df  latitude. 

SCPVERY  ^AMERICA. 

i>ir;if^Hevedb^iln?r4y,  anfLviiot  without  (bme  seafon, 
.ihjiit'An^e^a  wsis  known  ^bjt]ie  ancients.  Of  tlvis, 
''^yqit'et^^  Hplory  allfbr^i  no  c<;rtaun  eviidtehce.  Wliit- 
5|eVe^^U|6^;Qries  maiy  have  been  made  in  thi$  wejlern 
-  V#l<ir.oy\^;!^idoc  Cwinneth,  the  Cart halgtniahs  a^d 
,  Q<|>ei^s,,  are  loft  to  ms^nkind.  "the  eaftern  contiius^t 
was^  tl^  oiily  (thf-atcr  of  hiftory  from  the  creatioii  df 
'  this  wori4  to  the  year  of  our  Lord  1492. 
^  Ch^Mtopher  Columbus,  a  native  of  Genoa,  h^s 

defi^rvedly  .the  honour  of  falling  fir^  difcover^  A- 
merica,     From  a  long  an<rclo»c  application  to  the 
'  ftu<iy  of  gpogrip^yand  nayigatioii,  to  wbich  his  ge- 
'  nius  wasnitui^Iy  inclinedi  C^lumbuft  h|i^  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  the  true  figure  of  the  eart|i  much  fupe-  I 
riour  to  the  gleneral  notions  of  the  a]^fii  whicb  he  ^| 
lived.     In-order  that, the  terraqueous  globe  might  be 
.^'properly  balanced, ^nd^^^be  Unds^and  feas nropcuticn- 


cd  tdeach  ot 
*    comfhcnt  w 

*fb  believe  thj 
-i    Baft  Indie,  -^ 


e.  was  led  to  oonceive  that  aaptlier 
flary^  Qther  itafuns  induced,  him 
cQiitihent  was  ccmncQfidji'iith  tI!Eft 


DISCQVJLRV  ^AMERICA.       19 

As  learly  as  the  y«af  1474ft;,  he  comfliunicated  his  • 
ingenious  theory  to  l^aul,  a  phyHcian  of  Florence^  « 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  cofi|i(^rajphy.  Me- 
warmly  approved  it,  Aiggc^d  fevrral  fiitts  in  ton*  < 
firmation  of' itf  and  cncoiHaged  Colunfbuf  ijs.  an  un^-^ 
dcrtaking  fo  laiidablc,  and  which  promifed  fo  much' 
benefit  to  the  world.'  .        ,J  *  ., 

Having' fully  fatisfied  himfelf  with  itfpeA  '^O-.ltW 
truth  ^F  his  iylitm,  he  became  impatient  to  reduce.ifc' 
to  pra^iee.    The  firii  ftep  towards  this,  was  to  fedtire 
the  patronage  of  fume  of  die  European  powers*  '^  Ax"  > 
cordingly  belaid  his flheme before  thefenate  of  GKe^ 
noa,  making  bis  native  country  the  firft  tender  of  his 
fervices,    lltey  rejdSled  his  propofal^as  t|ie  dream  of 
a  chimerical  proje&or.  '  He  next  appIiedH||^John  II« 
king  of  i^ortugal,  a  monaixh  of  an.  enterprmng  genius, 
and  no  incompetent  judge  of  naval  affaigt.     The  king 
lillened  to  liim  in  the  moft  gracious  manner^  arui  re*i^> 
iejrred  the  connderation  of  his  plan  X,o  a  number::  p^ 
eminent  cofmographcTSi^whora  he  wjis  accufidztied  to 
confuU^ti' 'matters  of  Was  kind*    Theie  itiett, ^^ftidai^'  • 
mean  and  intereiled  view  s,  ftatted  inn||iiiesstblef 'ci^t 
jc8:iom,  and'afked  many  captious  que^bns,  pii*wp:«' 
pofc  to  betray  Columbus  into  a  full  exi^anatfono£nfr^. 
lyflem.     Having  done  Uiis,  theyadvitied  the  kiti^iipfr 
dilbatch  a  veflel,  fecreily,  in  order  to  attempt  the^h»> 
potcd  djfcovery,  by  following  exaftly  the  ctfurfe. which  ^ 
Columbus  had  pointed  out.    John;  forgetting  on  this 
occaRon  the  fentiments  becoming  a  monarchy  mBanly 
adopted  their  perfidiouMSOunf'el.  « 

Upon  difcovering  this  difhQnourable  tran(a£lbi|n| 
Columbus,  with  a^.indignztion  naturaltoa  nobli^ted- 
ingenuous  tnind,  qtiittcd  th#  kingdomf  and  landA:d  in 
Spain  in  14!%.     '    4*  ' 

Here  h«  prmnted  his  fcheiiie,  in  perfon,  to  Fci^i* 
nandand  Ifahella^  who  at  that  thne  governed  the  unitfd 
kingdoms  i)fCafiile  and  Arra^n.  J,  They.ii^udiciouf-   ? 
ly  fubmiited  it  to  thiilcxamination  o^uijikiU'ur judges 
who,  ignorant  of  the  prirtciples  odf^hkl^Columbua^. 
fowidcit^i*  theory,   i^jofted  it  i»s  0^^A,  unpn  the^ 
credit  oHrmax'm  und^r  which  the  uAMBrpriufig,  in 
i      •  :    ■  ■  '    -       -^      ,       ^    ■  ^-^ii^cry " 


•% 


*im^ 


^ip^" 


S^' 


% 


¥>:<:■ 


m 


# 


14       DISCOVERY  ^AMBarCA» 

every  ag^  flkeher  theiBfclvet»  «  Thaf  it  is  prcftirti)> 
•«  tuoot  in  any  peiibn,  to  fiippofe  that  he  alone  poT^ 
<*  le^es  knowledge*  fuperiouf  to  all  the  reft  ofmta- 
<«ldndunttei*";  They  «naintainecl»  likewife,  that  i!^ 
.there  wen|  really  any  fuch  countries  as  Columbus  pn;> 
ttiuieci)  they  would  nofliave  remained  lo  long  con* 
i^cxkd'i  nor  would  the  wifdom  and  fagacity  of  tormelr 

3 ^s  have  left  the  glory  of  this  difcovery  to  an  obfcure 
enoele  pilot.  ♦ 

Meanwhile^  Galttoibus,  who  had  experienced  the 
uncertain  iffue  ofapplieaticns  to  kings,  had  taken  tho- 
'precaution  of  fending  into  England  bis  brother  Bar- 
tholomew>  to  whom  he  had  fully  communicated  hi« 
ideas^  to  negociate  the  matter  with  Henry  VII.  On 
iu\  voyage^  England,  he  fcH  into  the  hands  of  pi-* 
rates,  who  ftripped  him  of  every  thing,  and  detained 
him  a  prifonepiikveral  years.  At  length  he  made  his 
tfcapO)  and  arrived  at  London  in  ektre^e  indigence^ 
where  h^mplOyed  himlelf  fome  time  i^  felling  maps^ 
With  his  gaitis  he  pnrohafed  a  decent  drefs;  and  ill 

don  pre^nted  to  the  king  ;^  propoials  Which  Kia 
;her  had^truflled  to  his  management.  Notwit^* 
Handing  Henty 's  excellive  caution  and  parftmony,  hO 
Teceived  the  propofals  of  Ct^umbuf  with  more  ^pM 
piobiation  than  any  monarch  to  wboni  they  had  beeh 
|»efentedk  *  «  '* 

.  After  feveral  unfuccefsful  applications  to  other  Eu^ 
ropean  powers  of  lefs  note,. he  was  induced,  by  the  in^ 
treaty^ndkinterpoiltiojiofPertei,  a  man  of/zonfidera)- 
ble  learning,  and  of  fome  cl^it  with  queen  Ifabellay 
toippfy  again  to  the  court  of  Spain.  This  ap^Iica*> 
t|on,  after. mtith  warm'  debate  and  ^veral  mortifying 
tepulles,  proved  fuccefafisl ;  not,  however,,  without 
the  mofi  vigorous  and  perfeveriiig  eXertllns  of  Qv^- 
tanilla  and  Santangel,  "two  vigilant  and  dticerntng 
patrons  of  CoIumBu*,  whofe  meritorious  zeal  in  pro- 
moting thjs  grand  defign,  entitles  their  names  to  an 
honourable  P^ce  in  hiftory.  m  was>  however,  to 
^uecn  Ifat^^llaf.the  muniBfC^nt  patronc(>  of  his  nol>le  I 
«id  eeoerous  de()|ns,  that  Colufnbu#vimmate|y  owed  *' 


faisfutcefsk 


-# 


#■ 


Having 


t 


^ 


Hivmg  Jhui.c^ined  Owfffift^  m 

Yor  twilve  nnMit^Si  jmd  iiiniiJlhed  with  ninety  m<Mi» 
The  whole  e^hfe  Al  noc«^eeea  /4000.  <^t|ib 
lijiMdiwi^^un^ttS  wai  9ppotnti^  edmifalf 

On^e^VAuguft,  ^4^,  he  left  Spain  tnjtfw 
prcfenise  of  a  ci^wd  of  fpemtor^  iyl|o. united  tneir 
(applications  to-  Heaven  for  h^t  fticjicers.  He  ^eer^ 
dirdiM^  Jot- the  Canary  IJflands,  where  he  ani^  an^ 
it(itte0»1a»  wdl  <as  he,  coi^y  hia  ^rajey  and  ill  ajf^ponit« 
'edfieet*  Hence^^hejailefli  September  $th«  a  due^weibi  .\ 
lerncourfe  into,  an  unilpown  ocean* 

Cpluinbtis  now  found. «  t|ii:»u(knd  i^fi^r^ib«n  hi^ 
!fhips  to  encounter)  which  de«u»d«d  all  |^  juagi^l^^ 
fortitude  and  JkMttU  til  fufuiount*  He^llpl'  the  dilp» 
iculties,4inav6id»bl(i  Depm  the  nature  9f]iia,<^derl*k«  * 
ing,  he  hadtb  linig^  with  thofe  w|tl|h  at^e  from 
the  jgnoranoe^hd  tutoidity  of  the  P<^le  unfekr  liit 
(Command.  Oii  the  l^4th of  jSMeptemoet  W  fpui.a^ep* 
iihed  i»  find  thift  ihe  in^^etidc  i^^te  iti  iHcar  ^6^1^ 
pafs,  did  notpoiiif  ejiai^yf  to  th6  polir  (^ir,  bat  >^iiidl 
toward  i£e  unift  i^ind  ais  tbey  prQ<^ed|||^is  va^|mi| 
increi^BC^  iPbiBlnMr  phonomenoh  nlid  Ihe  h*H 
pamonav  of  iOolunito  with,  letiEQur.  '  Nature  ifftlf 
leimedito  Jiav^elUlUbed  a  cbatige ;  and  the  only  gi&l« 
they  had  leit,  to  iKittit .  tbem  to  a  Sijfiq  Jretreatftom 
an  unboundediana'  tracUe(k.oc^»n»  was  «t>out  .to.ffiil 
them.  ColumbiiB*  wfth  no  If^s^uicWis  th^  t^ge- 
nuity,  afl^Q^-a  gowlon  J6r  thia  appeiiibeej  ;^^» 
ibough  Jt  IdlEiot  fati^5i|ltnrelf,  ieemed^fo  pl^ufiM^ 
to  them,  that  ii^  difP^Ufid,  th«itt.fears,  oi?  file9Qj^tt||tr 
■murmuiti' ■':■  *^^,||?:r    ',         „    ,'     "*'   ■•^:-^^'- 

The,(^iJlB|^  atSR^A 
tbt^  d^UfB^jFcomMahd,  t^yctal  times  mutifiiqd^ 
threatened  b^l^^o/tbrow  thcitjidm^al  ovei^^r4^ 
repeatedly  infilled  on  hishTet^b:i>iCii>     C^ol.^)UhiwV)>H 
thefe  trying  ecca6on^dirplaj/M  jtft|r|it*ci^  M^-* 

nUon,  pmfence^fo^JBpgfiiJdt^ian^^li^neT^ 
I  were  4^e(&ry  *"—  -  ^--3*-  --— -^j  .     l.  i.r       >*,  yi. 

tthe.m(^^|e|fe; 


^- 


?*■*#;■ 


4.i.'2 


^  pei^  er^ag^d  m;  ai, . 
lo  th^  woiW  idi^hy  evep^ 


■f'.': 


■* 


"it-    V 


« 


MW 


''r; 


«6       piSCOVERY  efJ^kKfCh. 

it  waa  on  the  1 1  tK  of  66^obcr;  i  ^t/at  iusn  6'i^l)c1t 
In  the  evening,  that  Columbus,  from  the  fofeeaftIi^dlef« 

iirie4  alight.  AttwOi 9'clockj||pi!ct  morning,  Roderick 
ITriana  ^ifcovered  land.  Tne  joyful  tiding!  were 
quickly  communicated  to  the  other  mips.  The  mom- 
ff^  light  confirmed  the  report ;  and  the  feveral  crews 
immediately  began  Te  Deuvtt  as  a  hymn  of  thankfgiv- 

r  tng.  to  God,  and  mingled  their  praifes  with  Jsara  •£ 
joy,  and  tranfports  of  congratulation,  ^^mb^is, 
richly  drefled,  <with  a  drawn  fword  in  his  hand,  #a8 
the  firft  European  who  fet  |ppt  in  the  Neto  World 
which  he  had  difcovered.  The  ifland  6a  which  he 
thus  firft  landed,  he  cabled  St.  Salvador.  It  is  one, of  j 
that  large  I  cluAer  of  Iflandsjcnown  by  the  name  of 
the  i.ucaya,  or  Bahama  Ifles.  He  afterwards  touched 
at  ieveraf  of  ihe  iflands  in  the  fameclu{ier,*etiquiring 
evwry  wher<i  for  gold,  which  he  thought  was  the  only 
jol{|e6l  of  cbmmerice  worth  his  attention.  In  fteering 
fouthwird  he  difcoveped  the  iflsltodd  of  Cuba  and  Hi^- 

"  barutola,  abounding  in  all  the  neceflaries  of  life,  and  in«J 
lllhited  by  a  humane  and  hofpitable  people.  ] 

^Oh  his  nflurn  he  was  overtaken  witflhi  dortn,  which 

"  had  nearly  proved  fatal  to  his  fhips  and  the?ricrewi«| 
>At  acrifif  wheti  all  was  given  up  for  loft,  Columbuil 
had  prefenc«  of  mind  enough  to  retire  into  fits  eabinj 
hid  to  write  upon  parchment  a  Ihort  account  of  hisi 
vc^age.    This  he  wrapped  in  ah  oiled  clothji  which 
rn^Lpfed  in  a  cake  of  wax,  putit  into  a  ti^t  caflc,  andl 
thiiw  it  into  the  fea,  in  li^s  that  fome  flo-tunate  ac^ 
^ent  might  preferve  a  depbfft  of  fo  ini^h  imj^rtanicfl 
H  the  world.    He  arrived  at  I^^psiQ  S(»ift,  whcncd 
he  had  failed^  the  year?  be  fore,  jwr^he  i^tn  of  MarchJ 
1 400.    He  Was  welcomed  with  all  At  aaclamationil 

J  which  the  populace  a  •  ever  ready  t^li|l6w  on^]grcal| 
Jifid  glorious  charaSei . ;  and  the  court^receiVed  hi 
"with  mMik$  of  the  greatent  re^jpe^. 

In  September  of%i$  yea||^493)  Coliimbus  faifd 
upon  hi^  fecond  voyage  to  i^eri^a ;  durinjE  the  per 
Iprmanc^  ^pf  Vhich,  W  dircbi||red .  the  iflands  fl' 
Jbominica,  Mingalante,  Gaudaloiipe^  NN|^errat,  An 
itiua,  Porto  Rico  and  j4ipaka*;Hd  ttturiiedtd  Sp 


» 


.  In  i4^  he  fiuled  %  t^ixd  time  for  AmeHcJi ;  ami 
•n  the  ijpt  of  Auguft  difopvered  the  CoNTiKliNt. 
He  then  coafled  a^ong  yireftwar<l»  liiakin^'othcr  4i^ 
Goyeries  fot  aoo  leag«||||^  to  C«pc  Tela,  fibm  v/hlal 
he  eroded  over  to  Hi(panioIa^  where  he  was  Jfeizcid  ^ 
anew  SpaniOi  Govemour,  and  km  home  in  chaini* 

In  1502  Columbus  made  his  fourth  voyage  td  iPf-^ 
panlola  ;  thence  he  went  over  to  the  Q>httn«cit-r» 
di^ov^^  the  bajr  pF  Honduras ;  thence  farted  aktii^ 
t||B  main  fliore  eafterly  aoo  leagues,  to  Cape  Graciaa 
aPios,  Yeragua^  Porto  Bello  and  the  Gulrbf  Dariw. 

The  jealous  and  avaricious  SpartardSv,nO|i«eiaie- 
diately  recciving\horegc4denadvanta|ea  which  they 
had  promifed,  and  loft  to  the  fedihgs  of  humanitji^atKl 
gratitude,  fviffered  their  cfteem  aind  admiration  of  Co- 
lumbus to  degenerate  into  ignoble  enyy.       . 

The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  made  wretched  ly  the 
cruel  perfeciitions  of  his  enemies.  .Queen  IpMlla, 
his  friend  anct  patconefs,  was  no  lonntr  alive  to  i|proKt 
him  relief.  He  fou^t  redrefs  from  Ferdinandf  hut  in 
vain.  Diffi^ftisd  with  the  ingratitude  of  a  monancbt  * 
whom  bf^  ^i^  ^md  with  fo  much  fidelity  and  fuc- 
cefs,  e^^hau&dw^^  hardships,  and  hmken  with  th« 
infirmities  which  thefe  brought  upon  him,  Coli^nbui 
ended  his  a£live  and  ufeful  life  at  Vallbdolidft  on  the 
80th  of  May,  1506,  in  the  59th  year  .of  his  age*  Her 
died  with  a  compofure  of  mind  fuited  to  thttfagnm- 
nimity  which  diftinguifhed  his  charafter,  and  wi  hi 
ientimei^is  of  piety  ^coming  thafilipreme  refpeft  for 
religioiff ^which  he  manifeftM  in  every  occurn»ee  of 
his^lj^.  Ke  was  grave  though  courteous  in  bit  de* 
portm^,  circU|d[pea  in  his  words  and  alUons^  iner 
proachableJn  hUmorals,  and  exemplary  m  a))  the  du^ 
lie^  of  hisjpiigion.  The  court  of  Spain  were  fo  jutt"* 
to  hi$  mMibty,  notwithfbnding  'their  ingratitude  tO|f^ 
wards  him  during  his  life,  that  they  buried  him  mag- 
niHcently  in  the  Cathedral  of  Sevpe,  and  creeled  9 
tomb  over  him  wlHthis  inifripttoni.  y»     ' 

CoLVN^^s  hasgtiien  a  Niw  WoRLi> 

To  the  KTmco  QMS  of  Castixb  and  t..i  o  Mr.  / 


* 


■dsf 


# 


(Sv. 


A 


'i 


0  Dtfetii#f<^ 

jMpi.^Mtfi^  advetiMtor; t«  Annrica ;  and  tutvtnf^ 
WS^m^.^tom^'o^^  <lraw« 

^ikilM^hiilbry  c(f  lyisvojoM^  he  pubM|eiii*f 
llU  mM,    It  drtcdaied  ifpidlv^  and  Mprni#;. 
hfttofi,    tn  Ids  ifarrative  he  had  iniitm|t||P 
;Ibry  of  hayttfg^^4i%Dv^«ddi(e  cmmiv^# 
ifl  ini^  / ^«w  Wii^d^  Mhmigtd^^  ra  hifi.    This  was  ii> 
Wf  h^nevedtiifiui  tU  ecmntry  began  t^bff  caHed  alitor 
fll  jfiihe  ef  itt  fiippiofed  ftrft  <iif«0vf rer^  Ttm  Mmt^ 
^imm^tiptiifit  (STmznkind  faspetptrnt^d  the er» 
4))^%^.^f^^i>^*^^^u'''^^^  confeitt  of  all  n** 
^imA^  (ieW;^ii»riieir  oftbejidbe  it  eaBed  AutricA, 
ipe  of  Americvt  hjis  fupphfnt^  that  of  Coltmi'^ 
^^I^K^MsM^Kifvtfar^  lefetb  fegtet  an  adbflnj^fticci^ 
i^^T«  tiMng  been,  fanftioned  oy  fiiQe<ithey'can  tifiv«>* 
Ull^'  '  -  ■■      •     ' 

■    "       mm    I    ii"    I    ■     .    ''if  iH-fi 

RAXDESCStF  T 1 Q  K 
</   AMERICA. 

4MirfAx«wA^     I    |^»,of«h*di&oireryoi 

i^$^  fticemft  aceomit  Ms  jull  hetfi'gvren^  ^xfewhi 

{i^Cajpe  Hbfhy  the  Anntherii  t%%ttmUy  oC  tMIT 

sift  hl'^liiafiftfo  59d.  Jbttth^  10  the  nordi  pipff  1 

fptelvh  betifrttfi  the  40th  ^itttt  eaiv  ^nr  ' 

#|^llt^  cotitth^k  lies  between  (he  ?Mmk  Oe^ai 
;i|l^^  ureft^  and  the  Atlantiek  on  the  eaft.  It  is  faki 
f^  lihiti^ift  u|)waiii  of  yuooo,Q(^c[ttare  oiiTes. 

C^maie,SUtdmPrcdnaions.'J  |pifc!;^rd  toeaebof 
^te,  America  ^  a|l  the  \»rie(ies  which  the  earth 
affords.  It  mtretcWs  throu^)ilinofl^lie  wj[>ckwJdtb 
hiikk  &ve  zone^Rnd  feels  the h^at and  cc^i^f jwo 

■^*      ,        •  •      I* 


%v 


»: 


BjUtAirTlOlf  ff  AMtRldil.      Ji| . 

fbnmert  aiid  |wo  winters  in  «veiy  ycar»    MoftoF  • 
the  animal  and  vegetable  prdclu^liOns  which  the  ea(V'^ 
em  continent  affor^||ue  found  here ;  and  matay  iffk 
•re^culiar  to  AiiiiWRa,  •  -  ,    ^» 

ii^n .]    This  continent  it  watered  by  ibme  of  the 
.  largeft  riven  in  the  world.    The  principal  of  tjflfe^- 
ire  Rio  de  la  Plata,  the  Amazoln  anaOronokftin  Soujth 
Amq|ka.— The  Mil&fippi  and  St.  Lawrence  in  Norths 

f(neii|li.  .^ 

Gulfs*']  The  Gulf  or  Bay  of  Mexicot  lying  in  tl^ 
jform  of  a  bafon  between  North  and  South  America^, 
and  opening  to  the  eafti,  ii  conjp6lured  by  iomei  to> 
have  been  rormerly  land;  and  that  the  conftant  at* 
ttition  of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  has  yrOfn  it 
to  its  prefenf  form.  The  water  in  the  G ulf  o£  Me«» 
ico,  is  laid  to  be  many  yards  higher,  than  on  the 
em  fide  of  the  continent  in  the  Pacifick  Ocean^ 
Gulf  Stream,!.  The  Gulf  Stream^  is*  a  rem| 
Current  in  the  Ocean,.of  a  circular  form,-begint 
the  coaft  of  Africa^ ^  the-  climales  where  tlu», 
wjnds  blow  wcfteiiy,  thence  runniM^acrofs  iih#At- 
bintick,anct between  the  iflands  of  pttbst  and.$OuUi 
America  into  the?^Bay  ofrMe3Hco,.freiih  which ^it£ixis 
a  paifage  between  Cape  l^lorlda  and  the  Bahama  If- 
Unds,  and  runsnoitii  ea||^ly  along  the  Anieiica^d 
coafl:  to  Newfoundland  ;  thenee  to  the  jp^pean* 
coafl:,  and  along,  the  toafl:  fouiherly  till  it,  m|(^  t^ 
tr^ade  winds.-  Itis  abou(  7^5  miles  fror»  tint,  ihorct|)f 
tlie  fdifflern  ftatel..  The  diftahce  increafes  as  yq^ 
prapeeqr  northward^  l^e  width  of  the  flream  i» 
lahmiit^pt  AOCTj^es,  ^yidentng  toward  tlie.northf|nd< 
.  ibi  cofflBon  ra||piy  three  mjles  an  hour.*— A  no^l||||- 
^ft:  ^nd  jj^rrows  the  ftreapn,  renders  it  more  rapi^l 
and  dii^  it  nearer  the  coail ;  northweft  and  Wc$^ 


hW< 


Vrinds  have  a  contrary  effe^. 


0axien»- 
'  'ght 

4>f  ChimborazOi^  the  moft  eieH^ated  pbint  in  this  vfft- 
itliJi^O^^^^  20,286  fe^  above  ^ipoo  feet 

lifj^rihan.ady  othet  mountain  ji^he  koowB  world* 


# 


.'^■ 


# 


v. 


.!«lil* 


%     . 


•s. 


»» ; 


m 


MtotaniftDiy  nlgll'lBOiitilMni* '  ^Rijft|B0R'C0HMBtiMi^ 

ntt^fci  tinnaikr  a  luEwef  M  ttvMBSf'fitattr  tIii(iioa%'  MVwt  t^ 

vfobablf  l9ie  iune  An|0y  intemiptrd  tr  tltfftMf  «ff 
MexicDb  Itlisstecn^onieftiiMdthitfhKr^ 
ifli^f  were  formerly  united  with  each 
ihimtd  a  part  «f  the  consent,  connefiing  North  ii 
Sooth  America.  Tliiirpreftlit;tdl49intealltiitti«iii 
-ftippbaid  to  YtK¥e  helm  occafioned  ^  the  <f«de  witid* 
Mh'ML  kno%rti1!hat  they  prodooe aftltmt  arMl  con^ 
thiin^  curicnt  from  eaft  to  weft,  whi6h  V^^^^l 
-  |K|ailift  the  conttneilt  for  a.  long  cotirfe  of  years,  moft 
» furpnxinjpdterattons,  and  may  have  produceA 
effe&as  hat  been  fiippofcd*  ^ 

of  JitkoHtmOsJl  It  has- been  fuppolMNIial 
I  aric  i«o  mittkMM  ot  infhj&itiitts  ia  Aiheriea,  Ifr 
lieivted,  howe^,  -that  this  aaeomifiB  escagger^ted 
1^  one  half.    Thia  number  ia.  compofed  o^  lit^ 

itity  Negroek^  Mubttoeai  atid  fom  «tf  ahinoft  ma^y- 
ttiitidn  in  £uro#e,  befidea  the^  Anglo. Amencats»>#hW 
inhabit  the  United  States.  "  « 

JHorilfirtes,'}  The  lehMaAeriBlieal  ^§nkwnt^  of  'the 
fndiala  tif  Amerioaf:»e^  a  very  fmall'ilnvhead  covered 
with  hair '6em  the  ^Oremitiea  tv  the  middle  of  the 
•fibMwt.  They  hive  4it*le  hbili  eyes,  mjlb  ni% 
agnail  ^nd  bendingtowardi^  upper  fip^  vj^^amt^ 
lena&co^  broad ;  the  featMl  coarfe  ;  the  «'  *^ 
ted  ikr  from  the  face ;  thchr  h^xjMttf  hi 

iitodcoatfc^  fill       Iraibsfmall  UPrntreUtui ,  .^^ 

^ifqdy  tskll,  ftrait,  of  a>  copper  coioui,  amHaeU  piopof- 
itidnied  ;  ftrcmgapd  aftive,.  but  not  fiUWil|iir  mi|^ 
labour,  ^heir  fafes  fmeoth  and  free  from  bea«d, 
-^wing  to  a  cuftiin  among  them  of  puHingi|  out  by 
■'%tt  roots.  Theif  etbuntenance^^tlit  tirft  vie«ir, j^pear 
^9i!ld  and  innocent,  In^npolra  eliticai  i^feeftiotti'thoy 
-i^ifeover  fomethia|wttd^  dHhuUftal  and  udlen.  Thi^ 
<sre d^tipous  wnPtheiiibows  atiil arrowsr^lsiiid  iMf 
^idaitaihe  fhemdrer  w|i|^4^ 


■  **■  '^■•'<i' 


.*. 


abMl 


^'^ 


w 


■MgpnBt  lortaw  Ifciif  p«foiwii^i»  ^tU  «^  ^^^fffe^ 
iqg  Mrf  ofucA  >iBM«i|ff  I !  nywHy-fcrip  tbcanlMli 


4MKJb*  «f^^AMe»iai  mtifmik  MmMb,  w/kmm- 


•fihotm  tribe*  of  ifirMl*.  and  tl^  tlitij|>  cwni toofalib 
<oi«tfQte^  in  tfie  asMmer  htnm&er  jfiptKHlgd*  > ...  .^^ii  '^ 
^ocie^  ainon§  faiiMigM^  i|  cximoms^  vwIq.  i^lEher 
hfiifvfmtimeai  of  t^  lawfitt  wliicb  «atuii»  hm 
t^m^h  of^ourfey  |H»pottionftbl>k  fmctt.    It ' 
•nius  of  a  Ckvage  tb  «u  fowi  tM  uapulfik 
.pattMUL    aibey* liaiieiieithvr ioff«6|ht nw di^^ 
40  IvnniK^^idKnptialMicI  ivsHiftiaanM  with  j^fMft'  ll^ 
silNtrltmiMc^aQiya^;,  13li%»^!i^>wt1r«l^J•T«Ml»Jiidi»• 
«fcriMio  ft»M4c»in  ilMtr  mfu|ii^:fle^ 
their  Hat^dTliKtefy^.'wIiicViaKvds  t^t^Aoy^  Ibi  iM 
4ii^l#3i«itherjS^eir  limiir$r^,poli«t^aDili^ei.>^  la 
all  their  warlike  emerprixestbi^  aie  lied  b^  peiAHiioii* 
•Hieir ioci«ty alkiN ot socempuUipiu    Wlii|;oivili> 
4ied  .nations  enfiiree  upon  thnp  ,fii)Ma^  ^y  cottipiji* 
4ary  m^imt,  ihey  oneft  by  Mfeir  jdoqtienc^  i  hanae  . 
tte  iMgdBtion  4a(^ofe)nAil^  o^oialpifr^ 

4^whMiltve  been  aahibitadat  their  tieaties ;  ibme  of 
ithe  moft  iKOied  piacas  thai  haveiMen- 
hf^  tl^moil  Eminent  aaejdlit  or  nodoQk 

€h4hetM>ravery  and  addal^v  in  war  ditey  hax'eipeM^  ^ 
ittusnidlMadprooCik    No  peopl^in  die  warldihav» 
hif^FiiotunMor  mtlitsiiy  hmiom;^  than  tRe  Ind^uw,^ 
The  fortitude^  the  «d[nmc&»  andL. 'even  axultati^ 
wehich  they  maidM  wh^  IxaSut  tha  extreme^  -m-^ 
'titfe^ts  in  part  owii^  to  thair^^nrage  mftnfihility^  Ijut , 
»9«ore  to  th|ir  enelted ideas  oF  «llil^Hy^lor]^^^ 
#iide  notiiofis  of  fiErtura  happina&jKkh  thmdtelieve  • 
|h# ibaU  lorfdt  by  ^  liciEt  Bii&tllfUtion  ofg^ 


■iT. 


SI':,  >"i. 


«alf 


^%.^^ 


V'tm 


L*^ 


ft      DEBcftp. lOM  (/kMtmbJV. 

•nctfineri,  under  their  fufleringt*    'lUkcy  :u«  lincef^. 

kilheir  friendfliips,  but  bitter  an4  dBt^l^ioed  in  their 

VkCeninMntii  aifd  often'  purfugilifeir  enemies  feveral 

liundred  mile*  through  the  woM^  furtbounting  every 

di^culty,  in  orderaito  be  revenged.     Inrihd|(|pubK 

Melt  eouncilt  thev  obfe^  the  greeted  dfeeortNn.    In 

Ae  fbremoft  rank  fit  the  old  men,  who  ere  the  #Dun* 

fiction,  then  the  warriourt,  and  next  the  wora|i  and 

^hiMren.  Atth^  keep  narecords,  it  is  the  hiim^&^\ 

die  women  l^  notice  every  thing  that  paiTes,  to  trnpriiw 

it  on  their  memories,  anci  lell  it  to  their  children. 

They  are,  in  (hort,  the  records  oF  the  council ;  and 

'  with  Curpriiing  exrafhtefs,  prcferve  the  ftipuUtion^  of 

'  treaties  entered  into  a  hundred  years  track.    Their 

"*  kindnefs  and  hofpvtality  is  fcarcely  equalled  by  anjr 

-ciVfillDqd  nation.     Thisir  politenefs  in  converfation  :t 

•vMKCtifrted'to  excefs,  fince  itdoes  not  allow  them  t« 

fontradid  any  thing  that  is  aflertcd  in  th^ir  pfefiMice. 

in  fliort  there  appears  to  be  much  truth  in'Pr.  Frank- 

Kn^  obfervation,  **  We.  call  them  favages,  «becaufo 

'tti^Mr  manners'difFer  from  ours,  which  .we  think  the 

iMerfeAion  of  civility ;  they  think  the  fame  of  theirs.^ 

The  JirfifeopUng  of  America*^    h  has  long  b:«n*A 

^ueftion  among  the  curious,  how  America  was  firib 

peopMli;  ^  Various  have  been  the  theories  and  fpecu- 

•  Mtions  of  ingenious  men  i^ion  this  fubjc^  Drt  Rob- 
•rtfon*  has  recapitulHed  ai)d  canvaiTed  themoft  prob* 
able  of  thefe  theories,  tmdi^e  reA^  is,        c,^     \ 

I.  That  America  was  Act  jieopled  by  ai^pliltti»h 
from  the  ancient  continen|||K'hich  had  madis  a^^n- 
iiderable  pn^refs  in  civilization  ;  beraufe  n^Rp'A- 
merica  was  ^(l  difcovered,  its  inhabitants  wer^e^lu- 

•  acquainted  with  the  n&eflary  arts  of  life,  which  m 
•the  firft^eflfays  of  the  human  mind  tov^^|^prov«i* 

ment;  anVl  if  they  had  ever  been  acquamted'wR^ 
them,  for  inftance,  with  the  ploughj  theloom,  and  th'e 
ibrgfe,  their  utility  Would  have  been  fo  great  and  ob- 
vious, that  it  is  impoflTible  they  fbould  have  been  loft.  ■ ' 
Therefore  the  ana|ildfs  of  the  firft  fettlersin  Anreif^ 
wcre^civilizediipKi  unacduatated  with  tht  necefiaiife 
ittspfKfe.       .7^^       *  •  4J# 

.5liift.^4«srics.  YoULp'tk  ;    ^ 


ih 


■%. 


•«^ 


•Away  frommmBmf6Mhfam1m»im%»,  dTtlM  m^mk 

animal,  ifiM  or  wiU»  whl4||^9iopci|]^lM]lMiMl»  W 

^ltiii|ltffal»  •ountiiaa^a|4h<k  c»(|gfc»<(Pt#itwto 
keava^  ih&StHiniaca^p,  iMkm  Aw 
.enqT  W4i  lO'fteck  it.  wjf^attTS 
malt  ol  £uropi.  Tb«.  >&r(|  fetllcr«t a^V iipniKi  «|A 
New  Engknd,^tjbMi«Ht  aval  with  lhMM><miiMM»r 
tie,  ibeep,  ^* «  Hmica  il  i*  ohwou|.,that  th#  MfiUk 
who^f  fetOea  in  AmaitGii,  M  J^  QogiMAriiS 
tiwfb  cona^fida  wima  thafii  ammal^  abovMl^  •gmii 
vf  ife,  having  been-accuAoiaad  to  ilMir  ai4»  ^cKjiHiil 
have  ^mfM  thaia  neeelbcjr  to  tha  iMpi0NH|||^ 
aiidj|V#ftiyi^l*fciRnlfiDoiety.    .  ^^ 

m.    Mfiatliaaittmabintli^iMtiilicn^.^ 


ifhakit  th|«  coivd|«>ii(HQ|  ngbva  oil  titi  «iAam  ««•»;» 
fUMif)t,^tl?  tt  mofc  tl^aa  prbbalde  tha^aU  the  origin^ 
At«eiFk»n  ai^p^la  wajft  e£  th^h^vbi^^ 

^.*'^i&f  "^^^'^^^  <?'}'***'!^^  m^ 

V  n    *  »#  Ami nca  j^r^  fip^a^  ^y  a  ftfaift 
fQil^  witfe,  and  llttl  tM  i^tahitflbla  as 
^tinf9y#i|ftt]af«  ahd  ft«}iueiU])F  paT^  and  . 
ifiieafib^a^Poni  on«^^Miii9fnt  to  ttiAotlief ;  kom 
apd  other  df  etKnftai^:eaiit  i$  rendeiM  IMsMy  ^ 

wa«,  Ifft.  i>eppfed>lTpJK  ^noi^hM 
'V  ^?^^J|?cc  the  £(«[uiaiatm  Indiana  »i!a 

y  !1&W^  %cier«f  .iwn,  d#ii»a,6oin,all 


ti 


ICu 


^  AniiencanXo 
aid  in  Mitt.  «l* 


in 


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.  ^'  .at 


^ 


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■*:■ 


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m 


l«||»e^l  bear  fe  ^ear  tefemfaiUnce  to 
ropeans,  it  it  believd3  that;  th^  *" 

era!  clmtfiiftanee^  coniiriri'tn|P(^4|  ypt ,  ^_^  .^ 

*^in*  ^«n'Vyy»  Ac  N<>wegiaiMJiftovdiiiQ|ijcii- 

liita,  and  j^ted  coIe||b8  iMtS.    The^co^g^i^ 

ti«m  iN^ilh  that,countr)^fuir  long,  inter rupilpn^Vwaa 

tt^wed  in  the  bft  centuiy.    Some  Ltttlv^m,  ay^l. 

jfloraviah  mtilion^ries^  |>roinpted  by  ze^  ^<>%P^^INl 

gating  the  <!litimfi  faith,  hj^ve  veatuifd  to  jStte  ^ 

§y».ftxaen  ii^on*    Frpiiij^m  weiei^,pat  t]&» 

AQ#bweft  coail  Vof  Grcenlind  i%4cparatcd  Wm  A- 

:4iiHarica,  but  bya  very  narrow  ftrail,  iflilparated  at  all  j 

1^  tjbat  the  E^iiimaux  of  America  perfei^l^brem^. 

*"^  '*'-  Grecnlanders  in  their  afpsd^  <^er«||ii}ode  of 

^Tid  probably  Ian||j;iiaj;e.     By  thefc  decifi^o 

.^^^  .._!  ©lUy  the  confafifitiinity  or  tljg  Ef^imaiqi 

UplGnecnlandcrs  is  cfbbliftied,  but  the  ifrfi^ftor  ol 

*^llng  Amctflta  from  the  n(^M|!e^>f||i^lop|E|^ 

fo.  On  the  whole  i|appear»  rati<li;ial  to.  conclude, 

^i^he  proge^ri  of  all  the  Aaperican  natioiia,  fl^Qm 

,    IpeKor^to  thefouthefn  limits  of  Labrador,  ffbsv 

t^  fimiJarity  of  their  albea,  colour^  4^c.  migrated  ^om 

the  northcafl:  pacts  of  Afia  j  and  that  the  natims  |^^ 

inhabit  L^brat^r,  £f<|uimaux,  and  the  parts  adjiedit,, 

from  their  unUlenefs  M^  the  icft  of  the^meritaQ  na--^ 

lions,  aildi^r  reiii|||hnce  |o  the  ij^rtlWr^  ^ri^ 

«ns,iaii4s,o\%rirQiii^e  Tjortilweftparti  "*'^^^ 


-,..;*r- 


# 


^  rBtM  AMliRlCA  wil  difcovered  ii^^^ 
^^  -  of  li*;nry  Vn.  aperiod  y^^heji  th^^rts    ,^ 
lasbea  had  made  vety  cdnIi<j^ab||)pro(^l^M)  ^r^p^ 
Miny  of  the  |irfi  adyenl^Y«r8>^ere  men  of  gl^^ 
an^  learning,  and  w<»b  careful  to  preCcrvf  aot'      ^  * 
tecorda  of  fuch  c 


-^^  their  proceedings  as  illliaidy 
torciKng  to  fk>fterit|^    Thefe  records  afford- 1 
d^uments  for  A||»rican  hiftonans. '  Pci|^a  iMr^^ 
^ipron  the  gloWPl^ 


'♦' 


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vbphi] 

follovrt  ^^        ^ 

Qii«ibeck>  '   i6d8#i|theFtcttCb. 

Virwnip,  ^tmc  io,  >%  M  t0r4  ^>e  ta  Waii 


»-v^ 


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,  Maryland, 


^±S|i}        i4  By  theses 

^i^^l^.    n     *  c  d  6y  Capt.  John  EiidfeM 

By  Lord  BiailtiDa6r#|^ 
1^33       a  colon^   of  ^Mm^ 
CatKbUck^  «^ 

By  Mr.  fctvwkki  it  B^ 
1635       brook,  near  the -mduth 

■  ,  of  Cortncaicut  river. 

j^P^r.  ReuEer  :^mtatea 
%$SiS  ^Rihi»P|^ctit5dbrett^  y^ 

*  Granted  to  the  Duke  of  i^ 

*  .  Yorlt  b^KiiiealL  tod  ^ 
^v;         madtadtftinft  govern* 
^^       nwM^  art4.i«tdei  f^mie 


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J<?rreyi 


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^bcfo^thi^the 
iSBg  3y  GaveriiourSayle. 


%i^.'"v-  :.!<;. ^,;':- .  ,  ^;  J^ieOed^nto  a  (epajptt^ 

!>ttKCIiaina,abduti7aS^^||iT»merit,  feirtedjKi^ 


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Ti«  UNJTtDJ^r'ATES. 


mlln. 


8  I  T  u  A  T  X  o  9  and  1  i  T  »'  li  T.  ^IP 

k  iixso  7 1,..„.|-.  r  3 '  *  *  46°  North  LatUM4e#  ^  ^ 

cb  1040]  *'^*'*'***  1  i°  E.  &  h"  W.  Lop.  froin>hniide|f 

t^UNDED  Nortli,  by  Canada  and  ilfcita 


Weft,  by  the  river  Miflifippt;' South,  by  £%ft 
an4  Weft  Florida;  Souihcaft  and Eatt,  by  the  4t- 
"fiKiUck  Ocean  and.Nbva  Scbtfa;  frbm'^i^  it  is  r<$Ja. 
iafli^  by  the  rivjy:  St.  Crolir* 

1^ ,  tcmiory  bf .  thfe  tynited  States  contains  al 

<^fii|aare  miles,  in  t^fe^h  are 
^  64o/>oo,ooo  of  acres. 

,         Dcduftfbr^ler,  ,^*5^i,oooijlpo    *     ' 

AcreSttflaifiiin  the  Unite<^^||ei  569,1)00,000        ^ 

Of  this  ^tienfive  tiUS',  t^o  lm»4<'^  «nd  twe^ 

millions  olt  acres  hsive  been  transleped  to  the  fe«l<i^i 

^pyerom'SBt  by  feveral  of  the,«ri^inal  fUtes, 

pedgpi^lisa fund  for  finkii^g ^ coniiiieiUaV^i*'^ 

*j^:   ^^tAesai{d  Rivers,!^     It  may  in  trutll  off  nid,  t^jpo 

^"J*^  |^|#(^thc  worjidjs'l^^  witJk  fprings,|^v- 

-    ^  unl,ri\filBr%and 'lakes;  as  the  territory  of  the  UiotM 

vStatitV^Bf^^  means  of  the^  vari9u%^AreaaDS  indl||- 

*       •  lc£lion(i4»KMiiKer,  ihe  wholi  toiaiiiry  i8>£jvrckci«tf«!|to 

P     *  iflands  an4bentQfi»las«    The  l%ilted  State«>  and  indl^d 

^      tal^^^f^6f^!^th  AnfiMc:ii/re(i^ 
•^ira^lMiir^pr  the  nioft.iq|imatd^ 
m^  th(/iuind|ppncas,  North  Anderica#9i|bt  ht 
i^i^led  into  a  ciufter  of  large  ami  fertift  iflan^> 
li^unicatin^with  cach.jBthci:  v^^K  jA,^*^! 
)  ^Sir many  inlbnces  wit^i0j^^%l 
the 


^     nothing  in  cih^|>iirts 

:ii.the  |aj^digiovla>'fl)a|l)  of 


'*'t^ 


Tlftc 


vnff 


ED  STATES* 


efafs  in  mag^ita^i  are  of  1bV|tr  drcuit'than  tlllifgcei*«- 
eft  lake  MKVhe  iaftem  contUient.  i 

The  prii^ijNd  ^^^^  >>*  <^c  United  States^  lire  >t)ie 
JUitf  ^  M«  WaSifi  it|'  ihe^northiiirelV-  corner^  of  -the 
Unite<l  States, Tdmiiet i^n.;;  and  4O  wide.     At  you* 
travel  oad  yduticbme  neict  10  Long  Lake,  100  tnxioM^ 
long  and  about^:  r8  or  fio  >vid«.«-ThenGe(  y^u-  paiTa" 
through  fevcral  fmall  lakes  into  lake  Suptriour,'^kaie 
laii^id:  lake  in>  [h»  world;  being  1600  mUe#ii»Jti^ 
cumference*    Theie  are  two  large  iilands  in  thlc  Ukikr 
each  of  which  has  land  enough,  ilTuitable  for  tillage|. 
to  form  a  considerable  province.    The  Indiaiii  1^^ 
Yoibi\ie  Gnat  Spirit  refi<fcs  in  thefe  iftaiids.    llii» 
Wc  abounds  w>Hi  ilfli.    .Storms  ^fkiOt  it  a$  iiluch  «if 
r)^  do <  the  Adanticli  Ocean  :  The  ivavda  run  af 
high  f  and' the  navigation  is  as  dangieirous.    'U  dt£>  <,' 
charges  its  jvaters  from  the  ibutheaft  comer,  thtM^ 
the  ilraiti^^f  St.  I^rie  into  ImH  Huron,  which'  is- 
next  in  magnitude  to  Jb^fee  Siiiperiour»  being  jibout 
»ooo  miles  in  otreumfcrlnK^..    This  &ketf|it  itf^rth- 
iftll  comer,  eo^muhicates  with  Z^e  MuMgan,  whfcht 
is  900  miles  in  circumference,  by  thoflniit<idfMikkii#'  ' 
limakkin^k.    X«A^4S#v  CMi«  lies  about  half ;  way  bi*" 
tweeh  Lake  HurotfaiKl  Lake  Erie,  and  is  about  oo* 
miles  in  tmRimferenee.    It  communicates  with  Lake 
Erie,  by  th«  liver  Detroit*    lake  Mrii  it  neaHMr  j|9«^ 
nUks  long,  from  eaft  to  vireft,  and  abd^li^o  Vti  me 
l)r<^d<jft  part.    The  iflandsarndihoresio#  this  Isdbejlre 
greatly  iitfeftedwiZfi  fnak^Ss,  maYiy  of  wMchafcotthtf  ' 
venomous  kindi     Thiis  lake,  sft  it^nor  thcflp^end,  com4^ 
I  municates'With  'Lake  Ontairlo,  "by  thciiiirit  NUgara^ 
•SOf  miles  lohj^   in  (his  riwr  are  thofe  rertlaiT.AM<^ 
fa&Whicli  an  reckoned  one  of  the  ffeatelt  natiil^al 
curio&ties  in  the  world.    The  waters  which  fuppljr; 
tl4  fiver  NiJa^oMirife  near  t%#t^ufand  laikfi  to  the  t4f| 
nof^JiMI^  afid  pifling  thmug^  tl^e  lake^^pcriouf, 
Miikbpitki  H«iron  and  Erie,  recdHng  in  their  rouHe, 
ciff^  #iBumulatiotis,  at  tehgffl^  with  i^ri||^g. 
iMidifff^l^^ft,  4o^v„  a  ihijjendous  jp recip^e  #i^*e' 
and  forty  feet  perpepdkulif 


?#^ 


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or  nihd 

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»4ir   IGNITED 


% 


T'ATB  S. 


niiUi  betow,  fall  near  as  Wf^h  more  i  .th^f^iver  tlifetli 
k)fes  itfelf  in  Lake  Ontario.  The  noUe  ofthtfa  fall v 
(c^led  the  Niagara  Fatisym\  c\mr  dif^nd  fair  wind, 
■lay  be  heard  between  iorly  Mid  fifty^  miles.  When 
the  water  lU-ik^s  the  bottom,  it  bound*lo  a  greet  height 
itt  the  air«.  occaAoning  a  iniek  cloud  of  vapour.%  oit 
wbich  the  fmit  wheo  he  flunesi  punts  a  beautiful  rain-^ 
l^ovr.  t 

Jl»aki  Ontario  is  of  an  oval  form  about  6eo  mtleijif 
circuinlcrence.  It  difchargcsits  waters  by  the  rilrer 
Iroquois*  which*  at  Montrealy  takes  the  -name  of  St.r 
Lavyrefice  rivef^  and  pafling  by^Quebeck,  falls  inU» 
the  Gulf  of  St,  Lawrence.  luikeLkamptaiu  forms  a 
)Hrtof  the  faoundarv  between  I^ew  York  and  Veyn 

S^onti  and  is  about  80  miles  lona*  and  1 4  broad.    Lmke 
targe  M^  fouth  of  lake  Champlain,  and  is  about  35- 
jnflct4ong»  and  narrow. 

Tfto  principal  river  in  the  United  States  is  lh<» 
Jift^ji^^^' which  forms  the  we^rn  boundary  of  the 
Umtca  States^  It  reeeives  t&e  waters  of  the  Ohio  and 
Illinois  and  their  numerous  brancheSi  from  the  eaft  i 
and  the  Miflburi  and  other  lafge  rivers  from  the  weft. 
Thefe  m^tity  dream;  united,  are  borne  down,  with 
increaftng  ma jefty,  through  vail  forefb.and  meadows^ 
into  the  .Gulf  of  Mexico*  This  river  is  fuppofed'  to» 
"he  about 3000  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  to  tho 
falls  of  St.  Anthony,  in  lat*  44  d.  30  m.  Thefe  falls' 
aixs^o  feet  perpendicular  height*  The  wholvriver*. 
which  is  more  than  250  yards  wicte^  falls-  the  above 
diflancv^  an4  forms  a  mod  pleating  carara£k.  This- 
iiiver  relembles  the  Nile,^  in  that  it  annually  overflows- 
wid  lAves  a  rich  ilime  on  its  banks  ;  and  in  the  nuicii- 
'  ber  of  vits  mouths,  opening  in  a  lea  that  may  be  com^ 
|)ared  to  the  Mediterranean. 

The  Indians  fay  that  four  of  the  largefl:  rivers  M 
North  America*  via^  ^  Lawrence,  MilMppi,' B<^r- 
bon,.  Oregon,  or  j|l|i|iver  of  the  weft,  h^Cr:  thifaf 
ibu^s  within  abod^3o  miles  of  each  othip»  lAf'tMa^ 
be  liq;»  itproves^that  t^^  lands  at  the  heads-wlwf» 
iftiiltNorth  America.  Alt  ^i|il» 
lid  empty.  iatQ^^JpWJMt 


Hversare 
itveis-xua. 


$. 


»> 


tut  UNf^ETD  STaVeS.*        4# 

eceanf>at  ttKidijlanceoI  in«rc  than  2000  miltot  from 
their  foMriNi.    For  in  their  pafiaBe  from  this  fpot  t<»< 
the  Gulf,  of  St.  LawrcActf,  eatt }  to  HUdfon's  b^y^- 
north  ;  to  the  \fiv  of  A^nicari,  weft,  where  the  river 
Oregon  isiuppoied  to  empty  ;  and  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, Ibuthy  each  of  them  tifaverfea  upwards  of  80o»» 
miles.  '  ',  ■      ,  '^ 

The  Ohio  is  ihfc  i^oft'beautiful  river  on  earth..  Jta 
gentle  current  it  unbroken  b)r  rock*  or  rapids,  cix|tpti 
in  on:  place.,  it  it  a  mile  wide  at  its  entrance  intc| 
the  Mimflppi  \  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  at  FortPitt^. 
which  is  1188  miles  from  its  mouth.  At  Fort  Pitt 
the  Ohio  lol'es  its  namiB|  and  branches  into  the  Mononx 
g^ela  and  Atkgany'  rivers,  l/hei  MonongaHc^a^ 
it'dr  15  mile*. frbm  ita  moutbi  receiyea  Yoha;^^' 
river.         .     »,    .  .     .       ^'    .      ■'./♦•^"  '■"/'■ii^-t* 

The  country  watered'by  the  Miflirippt  and  i^^^>i^ 
em  SrantKies,  conftttut.es  five  eighths  of  the  IJ^iteTl 
States ;  two  6f  which  |aife  occupied  by  t5<B  QI;i;tO  aivi 
its  branches ;  the  refiduaiif^  ftrcamv  wliicK^niQ  Into  thia 
Gnlph  of  MexicOk  the  Atlantick^and  the  St^  LawrebcNB| 
water  the  remaining ;three  eighths.  The^he^  conTt» 
derabls  rivers  in  tHe  United.  Statct  will  be  mention-' 
ed-in  their  proper  places* 

BaysT^  Th^  ^cuift  6f  the  United  ^tates  is  indented!^  . 
with  numeiOus  bays,  fome  ofwhich  are  equal  in  jiz< 
to  any  in  the  k  no w  n  worlds  Beginning^al  the  nprth- 
eafterlji  part  of  the  continent,  .and  proceeding  fQuthr[ 
-welierly,  you  fii'ft&ld  the  bay  or  gulr  of  St.  Lawrence^, 
which  receiv<!)i  (he. waters  of  ^the  river  l|f  the  fam« 
n<^me.  N^exf  if  Chebu|cto  Bay,  in  Nova  Scotia,  dii^ 
tinguiflied  by  the  lo^  of  a  Frertoh  fleet  in  a  fonSiv  war 
betwi&en  France  and  Great  Britain.  7%e  Bay  of  Fun« 
dy,  between  ]N(ova  Scotia  and.New  England,  is  re- 
nljrkJ^blc  for  it|  tides,  vliich  rife  to  the  height  of  fifty^ 
^Mxty  te,  iMidliow;  To  irapiiUy  as  to  overtake  ant- 
<i|#wH^  i^^'upoii  ih^  &f»||g.Penoi^(^ot,  Broaj 
anil  iy{»:fili/s».  1^  lk>9g.  ai«  ml^  qf  the  Ph^fince 

w  '  ■■■^'  ■■"■'■■■   ^' 


iscom^ 


compveneiuied  bet 

Cs#t:od<M 


'A' 


tn  o*".  'H4* 

ig  by  if^aH 

ragan&t' 


.0         <rH»  UNITED    states: 

npufeC  and  other  bays  in  Che  (late  of  R^de  IHandi 
you  enter  Long  I  (land  found,  between  MoKauk  point 
and  the  Main*  This  Sounds  is  a  kind'Of  inland  Tea,, 
from  three  to  twenty  five  milea  broady  and  .about  ono 
hundred  and  forty  milis  lons^  extending  the  whole, 
length  of  the  ifland,  and  dividing  it  £ro«  Conne£licut« 
It  communicates-with  the  ocean  at  both  ends  of  Lone 
](1and,.and  affords  a  very  fafe  and  convoniooi  inland 
navigation. 

The  celebYated  flrait,  called  HtUGatCi  is  near  ther 
weft  end  of  this  found,  about  eight  miles  eaftward  of 
New  York  city,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  whirlpools^ 
which  make  a  tremendous  roaring  fX  certain  times  o£ 
tide.  Thefe  whirlpools  are  occa(ioned  by  the  nartow- 
neA  and  crookcdAcfs  orthe  pafs^  and  a  bed  of  rockr 
which  extend  iqaite  acrofs  it. 

Dtttnuare  Bay  is  fixty  miles  long^  from  the  Cape  td . 
die-entrance  ol  the  river  Delaware  at  Bombay  hook  ;  - 
and  fo  wide  in  fome  parts,  as  that  a  IKip,  iti  the  mid-' 
dteefit,  cannot  b6  fen  from  the  land.  It  opens  inta 
the  Atlantick  northweft  and  foulhca It,,  between  Capo 
Menlbpen  on  the  ri^bN  ^nd  jCape  May  on  the  lelt^ 
Thcfe  Capes  are  eighteen  miteft^apart. 

TheCHefapeek  isone  of  the  largeft  baysinthe  known 
world.  Its  entrance  is  between.  Cap^  Charles  and" 
Cape  Henry  in  Virginia,  twelve  miles  wide,  nnd  it 
extends  two  hundred  and  fieventy  miles  ta  the  north« 
ward,  dividing  Vir^nia  and  Maryland.  It  is  from 
ieven  to  eighteen  miles  broad,  and  generally  as  muclf 
as  nine  fathoms  deep  ;  affoidihg  many  commodious 
Arbours,  and  a  fafe  and  eafy  navigation.  It  receives 
the  ^v^ters  of  the  Suf<[uehaniiah,  Patomak,  Rap^* 
bannok,  York  and  Jamesrivers,  v/hich  are  all  Um|o 
and  navigable. 

Face  of  the  Country.']  Thie  trad  of  coiMtry  bclonE- 
ingto  the  United  States,  i&  happily  variefated  with 
plains  and  mountainsi  hUls  ana  va)lie$.  §ome  p>iVt% 
are  rocky,  particulate^  N^w  Ei^land,  the  north  parts 
•f  Niw  York  and  New  J^iieyj  and  a-broadf^ta^tlli- 
eluding  thfe  fevei^  ridgea  of 'the  long  range  of  itibtil(»- 
liins  which  tua^lbuilHveilwird  through  Bennifj^^^pi* 


4 


w%   UHITSD  STA.T£S. 


iT 


nia,  Virsmia,  North  Carolina,  and  parf  of  GeoT|jU^ 
iTividing^ke  wateri  which  flow  into  the  Atlantick* 
fitxn  thofe  which  fall  intq  the  Miflfifippi.  1  n  the  parts 
cjifl  of  the  AUe^ny  mountains  in  the  fouthern  {latr«« 
the  country  for  fev^ral  hundred  pniles  in  length,  and 
fixty  or  (evenly,  and  fometimca  more,  in  breadth,  is 
level  and  entirely  free  of  dune. 

Mountains.']  In  all  parts  of  the.  world,  and  particti- 
larly  on  this  weflern  continent, it  isoblervable,  that  as 
you  depart  from  the  ocean,  or  from  a  river,  the  land 
gradually  rifcs ;  and  the  height  of  land,  in  common,  is 
about  equally  diftant  from  the  water  on  either  fide. 
The  Andes  in  South  America  form  the  height  of  land  • 
between  the  Atlantick  and  Pacifick  Oceans. 

That  range  of  mountains,  of  whioh  the  Shining- 
mountains  are  a  part,  begins  at-Mexico^  and  continu-* 
ing  northward  on  the  eait  of  California,  (epaut«i  the 
waters  of  thole  numerous  rivers  that  fall  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  and  the  Gulf  of  California^  Thence  con- 
tinuing their  courfe  Hill  north  ward,  between  the  fources 
of  the  Miflifippi  and  the  rivers  that  run  into  the  South 
Sea,  they  appear  to  end^in  about  47  or  48  decrees  of 
north  latitude  ;  where  a  number  of  rivers  nCt,  and 
empty  themfelves  either  into  the  South  Sea,  intoHud-^ 
ion's  Bay,  or  into  the  waters  that  communicate  be«^ 
tween  thefe  two  feas.. 

The  Highlands  between  the  Province  c^fMain  and 
the  Province  of  Quebecj^,  divide  the  rivers  which  fait 
into  the  St.  Lawrence  north,  and  into  the  AtlantickT 
fouth.  The  Green  Mountains,  in  Vermont,  divide 
the  waters  wfuch  flow  eafterly  into  Conncflicut  river, 
from  thofe  whieh«fall  wefterly  into  Lake  CiHMnplaiir 
and  Hudfon's  River.. 

Between  the  Atlantick,  the  Miifiirppi,  and  the  Lakes,, 
runs  a  lone  range<of  mountains,  made  up  of  a  great 
number orridges.  Thefe  mountains  extend  nOrth* 
,  eafterly  and  Jbuthwefterly,  nearly  parallel  with  the  fea 
coaft,  about  nine  hundred  milli  iii  length,  and  fronr 
tbAy  to  9ne  hundred  and  fifty,  and  two  hundred  miles 
ill  breadth.  Numecousti^^s  of  firie  arable  and  graa- 
ipg^ landintervcnebetwcen  thp Tie^|^  The  diiFenent 
^  '  ridges 


» I 


m-' 


Il         THF  U  iNi  T  E  a>  SrT  A  *r  E\ 

vidges  which  compofd  thi&  immenfe  ranajHI^  mtnuir 
Uins,  have  dtiiei-ent  names  in  dif^erent'i^^pEf 

The  principal  ridge  is  the  Allegany,  v/hich  has  been 
delcriptively  called  the  back  borie  of  the  Unitidd  States. 
The  general  name  for  thefe  mountain$,taken  cblfeiElive- 
ly,  is  the  Allegany  MoiiHtainsi  fo  called  from  the  prin- 
cipal ridae  or  (he  range.  Thefe  mpuhtatns  are  not 
confufcdiy  fcattered  aiid  broken,  rifitig  here  and  there 
into  high  peaks  overtopping  each  other,  but  rtrctch 
along  in  uniform  ridges,  fcarccly  half  a  mile  high*. 
They  fpread  as  you  proceed  ibuth,  and  fomc  of 
diem  terminate  in  high  perpendicular  blufiFs.  Othei  J 
gradually  fubfide  into  a  level  country,  giving  rife  to 
,the  rivers  which  run  fouthcrly  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,. 

Soil  andPrQ4uQions.']  The  (bil  of  the  United  S(ate$^ 
if  equal  to  that  of  any  country  in  the  world.  Its  pro- 
ciu£iions  will  be  mentioned  in  the  account  of  the  par- 
ticular fiates. 

Animals,']  According  toM.de  Buffon' there  are 
soofpecies  of  animalsonly  exiftingon  the  earth.  Oi)^ 
hundred  of  thefe  are  aboriginal  of  America. 

The  following  is  a^  catalogue  of  the  animals  coni^ 
Qion  to  North  America.  '      » 

Marteb  ' 

Minx 

Beaver 

M'uf()uaft': 
Otter 
FiOier 
Water  lUt 
Mufk  Rat 
Huufc  Moufif 
Fteld  Moufe 
Moles 

Q^ijckhatcbi 
Morfe  ^ 
Porcuuine*- 
Seal. 

Thefe  are  divided  into  three  claiTes; 
f  Beafts  of  different  genus  from  any  known  iti  thcr 
old  world ;  of  which  are  the  Opolfum,  theRacQo%^ 
theQuickha4cb|«iitc«^  < 

■       ■   a.  Belli-  - 


.^Mammoth 
^Buffalo 

Monax 
Grey  Squirrel 

Panther 

CreyFoX'Sqyirrcl 
Black  Squirrel 

Carcajou 

Wildcat 

Red  Sq,uirrel  ^ 

Bear 

Ground  Sq.uirrel 

flk 

,  Flyin'  Squirrel 

White  Bear 

Blacl.  Fox 

Wolf 

Red  fox 

Moofe  Deer 

Grey  Pox 

Stag 

Racoon 

Carrabou 

Woodchuck 

Fallow  Beer 

Skunk 

Greenland  Deer 

OpofftMll 

Rabbit 

PoieCac 

fiahitna  Coney 

Weafle 

xme  UtriTED   STATESi 


4r 


ti  Braftijip  the  fame  getius,  but  ^f  diilerent  fpeciet 

froii^le  eaftem  contineqti  of  which  are 

ThePantber  Failo'»De«r  Ground  Saairrd 

Wildcat  GreyF4>x  Elvinc  Squiticl 

Buffalo  Grey  Squirrel  Polecat 

Moofe  Deer  Gsey  Fox  Squtrrs!  Vdrcvpinc,  ftc* 

Stag  Black  Squirrel 

3.  Beads  which  are  the -fame  on  both  oenttnentSi  vii^ 
'1  he  Bear  Otter  Field  Moulil 

White  Bear         Water  Rat  Mole 

Wolf  Houfe  Rat  Morfe 

Weafle  Mufic.  Rtt  Seal^ftc. 

Beater  Haufe  Moofe. 

'  The  Mammoth  is  not  found'inr  thecrvilised  parti 
of  America.  It  is  conje£lured,  however,  that  he  was 
carniverous,  and  that  he  flill  exifts  on  the  north  of  th« 
Lakes.  Their  tuflcs,  grinders,  and  (keletons  of  un* 
common  magnitude/ have  been  found  at  the  fait  licka^ 
on  the  Ohio,  in  New  Jerley,  and  other  pla«es.  The 
Indians  have  a  tradition  handed  down  from  their  fath- 
ers refpeQing  thefe  animals,  *  That  in  ancient  times  a 
herd  of  them  came  to  the  Bigbone  licks^and  be^an  an 
unfverfal  dedruflion  of  the  bears,  deer,  elks,  buffaloes^ 
and  other  animals  whkh  had  been  created  for  the  uf« 
of  the  Indians  :  That  the  Grcart  Man  above,  looking 
down  and  feeing  this,  was  fo  enraged  that  he  feizea 
his  lightning,  descended  to  the  earth,  feated  himfelf  up* 
en  a  neighbouring  mountain, on  a  rock,  on  which  his 
feat  and  the  print  of  his  feet  are  dill  to  be  feen,  and 
hurled  his  bolts  among  them  till  the  whole  were 
ilaughtered,  except  the  big  bull,  who  prcfenting  his 
forehead  to  the  (hafts,  fhook  them  off  as  they  fell  ; 
but  at  length  miffing  one,  it  wounded  him  in  the  fide } 
whereon,  fpringing  round,  he  bounded  over  the  OhiO| 
the  Wabafh,  the  Illinois,  and  finally  over  the  great 
lakes  where  he  is  living  at  this  day.' 

The  Opossum  is  an  animql  of  a  diftinft  genus,  and 
therefore  has  little  refemblance  to  any  other  creature. 
It  is  about  the  fize  of^a  common  cat,  which  it  rcfem* 
blesin  forae  degree  as  to  its  body  ;  its  legs  are  fhort, 
the  feet  are  formed  like  thofe  of  a  rat,  as  are.its  cars; 
the  fnout  and  head  arc  long  like  the  hog's  ;  the  teeth 
likiB0oleof  adog,;  itsbody  it  covered  thinly  witfar 

lon^ 


»*:* 


iv.4'' 


TUB   U'NITED  ^TATfeS> 

long  briftly  whitFfh  hair  ;  its'  tarl  is  ion^|||nped  like 
that  of  a  rat  without  H«ir.  But  what  is  nifdli' remark- 
able in  this  creature,  and  which  diftinguiflit^  it  from 
all  others,  is  its  falfe  belly,  which  ia  formed  by  a  fkin 
or  membrane,  (inclcfing  the  dugs^)  which  it  opens  and 
clofes  at  will.  In  this  faWis  bcUy,  the  young  arc  con- 
ceakd  in  time  of)  dbnger*  Though  contrary  to  ,the 
Jaws  of  fiatute,  it  is  believed  by  many,  that  thefi^  ani- 
mals are  bred  at  the  teats  of  their  dams.-  It  is  a  faf)-, 
that  the  young  oiics  have  been  many  times  feen,  not 
larger  than  the  head  of  a  large  pin,  (kft  fixed  and  hang- 
ing to  the  teats  in  the  falfe  bslly«  In  thfs  (late,  their 
friembers  are  diftinftly  vifiblc  ;  they  appear  like  an 
embryo  clinging  to  the  teats.'  Bycoiiftaht  obfervation) 
they  have  been  found  to  grow  into  a  perfc£l  fcetus  ; 
and  in  proper  time  they  drop  off  into  the  falfe  belly, 
where  they  remain  fecure,  till  they  are  capable  of 
Broviding  for  thcmfelves.  From  thefe  circumftanccs^ 
3t  feems  that  the  Opoflbm  is  produced,  in  a  manner^ 
out  of  the  comrnon  couHe  of  nature.  But  it  appears 
irovn  the  difleftion  of  one  of  them  by  Dr.  Tyfon,  that 
their  ftmAure  is  fuch  astis*  fitted  for  genei»tion,  liko 
^at  of  other  animals ;  and  of  ccnirie  he  fuppofes  that 
they  muft  neccflariiy  be  bred  and  excluded  m  the  fame 
way  as  other  quadrupeds.  But  by  what  method  the 
dam,  after  exclufion,  fixes  th«m  on  her  teats,  if  this- 
be  the  manner  of  production,  is  a  fecret  yet  unknown^ 

The  Buffalo  is  larger  than  an  ox  ;  high,^6n  the 
Moulders  ;  and  deep  through  thebreaft.  Thdiflcfli  pf 
this  animal  is  equal  in  goodnefs  to  beef;  its  fkin-makes 
good  leather,  and  its  hair,  vhich  is  of  a  wooHy  k|ndV 
is  manufaftured  into  a  tolerable  good  cloth.        \  » 

The  Tycer  of  America  refcmbles,  in  (hape,  fiiofo 
of-  Afia  and  Africa,  but  is  confiderabiy  fmaller ;  nor 
^oes  it  appear  to  be  fo  fierce  and  ravenous  as  they  are. 
The  colour  of  it  is  a  dai;ki(h  yellow,  and  is  entirely  free 
fromfpois. 

The  Cat  of  the  MtWNTAiN'tefemblesa' common 
cat,  but  is  of  a  much  larger  fize.  its  hair  is  of  a  red* 
difh  or  orange  colour,  intcrfperfed  with  fpots'C^l^k. 
This  animal  is  excccdIiJgly  fierct,  Ihotugh  it^flNlfeU 
dom  attack  a  man.  Xjld 


'<if 


'■*- 


MB '  Vnvr  E D  »5T ^ T  E  S.       0 

The  EJtefe  fliapp;?  Mke  a  doer,  butb  confiderahly 
larger,  bci^  equal  m  bulk  to  a  horfe.  The  horns  of 
this  creatut«)  grow  to  a  prodigious  fize,  extending  fo 
wide,  thattwocr  three  pci-fons  might  fitibetween  them 
at  the  fame  tiaie.  liut  whatis  ilillmore  remarkable 
is,  that  thcfe  Iiorns  are  flied  every  year,  in  the  month 
of  February,  and  by  Auguftj  the  new  ones  are  nearly 
at  their  full  growth.  < 

The  Moose  is  about  the  (Ize  of  the  elk,  and  its  homg 
almoft  as  large.  Like  theclk,  it  Iheds  its  horns  an-* 
nually.  Though  thi&  creature  is  of  the  deer  kind< 
it*  never  herds  as  do  deer  in  general.  Its  flefli  is  ex* 
ccedingly  good  F>od,  eafy  of  digeftion,  and  very  noun* 
idling.  Its  (kin^  as  well  as  that  of  the  elk,  is  valuable^ 
making  when  drcffcd,  good  leather. 

The  Car R ABO u  is  forncthing  like  the  moofe  in 
(hape,  though  not  nearly  f'o  •  ' '.  '  ts  flefh  iscxceedingly 
good,  its  tongue  in  particular  ■;  m  high  ellcein.  Its 
4kin,  being  (mooth  and  frce>iom  veins,  is  valuable* 

The  Carcajou  is  a  crea^re  of  the  cat  kind,  and  i« 
H  terrible  enemy  to  the  elk,  and  to  the  carrabou,  as  well 
■us  to  the^ecr.  He  either  comes  upon  them  unper* 
ceived  from  fome  concealment ;  or  -climbs  up  into 
a  tree,  and  taking  his  ftationon  fome  of  the  branches^ 
waits  till  one  of  them  t^kcs  fhelter  under  it }  vrhtn  he 
faftens  upon  his  neck,4ind  opening  ^thc  jugular  yeinf 
foon  brings  his  prey  to  the  ground.  The  only  way 
of  efcape<isi£ying  immediately  to  the  water,  for  as 
the  carcajou  has  a  great  diflike  to  that  element,  he  will 
lc«ve|hi»  prey  rather  than  enter  it. 
I  '^rheSituNK  is  the  moft  extraordinary  animal  the 
American  woods  produce.  It  is  of  the  fame  fpecies 
with  the  pole  cat,  for  which,  though  different  from 
it  in  many  refpefts,  and  particularly  in  bcihgbf  a  left 
iite,  ittis  frequently  miilaken.  Its  hair  is  long  and 
fliining,  of  a  dirty  whiter  mixed  in  fome  places  with 
black.  Its  tail  4S  long  and  bu(hy  like  that  of  the  fox* 
It  lives  chiefly  ii»  woaids  and  hedges ;  and  i«  polTefledi 
!»f  extraordinary  powers,  which  however  are  exerted 
•]*ly>l!rHen  it  is  pnrfued.  On  fuch  an  occafion,  it 
<|)ewl^6m  befaisid  aih^ail  ftre«m  of  water,  of  fo  fub« 
■    '^'^  ■        -       ■  ■    tie- 


■m 


^>-*fe' 


H        TiiB    UNITED    STATES. 

tie  a  nature,  atfd  fo  powerful  a'  fmdl,  UtaB  Iheiir  h 
lainted  with  it  to  a  f'urprifing  diftance.  -^li  this  ac- 
count the  animal  is  called  by  the  French  Enfant  du 
JOiabte,  the  Child  of  tb  Devil,  or  MiU  Puante,  the 
Stinking  Beaft.  The  v  tier  whkh  this  creature  emit* 
in  its  defence,  is  generally  fttppofed  by  naturalifts  to 
^  its  urine;  but  Mr.  Carver,  who  C^ot  and  dil^ 
levied  many  of  them,  declares  that  he  found,  near  the 
urinal  vefTds,  a-fmall  receptacle  of  water,  totally  i 
diilinil  from>the  bladder,  ^  from  which,  he  was  fati^- 
fied,  the  horrid  (lench  proceeded.  The  fat  of  the 
ikunk,  when  externally  apf>lied,  is  a  powerful  emol- 
lient, and  its  flefh,  when  dreflfed  without  being  tain- 
ted by  its  foetid  water,  is'fweet  and  good. 

The  Porcupine  or  Hedge  Hoc  is  about  the  (ize 
ef  a  (mall  dog.  though  it  is  neitherfo  long  nor  fo  tall. 
Its  (hape  refepfibles  that  of  a  fox,  excepting  its  head* 
which  IS  fomething  like  the  head  of  a-rabbit.  Its  body  is 
covered  with  quills  of  aboutfour  inches  in  length,  moft 
cfwhichare,  excepting  at  the  point,  of  the  thickne&of 
«  draw.  Thefe  quills* the  porcupine  darts  at  his  ene- 
my, and  if  they  pierce  the  flefti  in  the  lead  degree, 
they  will  (ink  quite  thiough  it,  and  ai'e  not  to  be  ex- 
tra^d  without  meifion.  The  Indians  ufe  thefe  qutlU 
for  boring  their  ears  and  no(es  to  inferi  their  jewels^ 
and  aUdby  wayof  ornament  to  their  (lockings,  hair, 
Ac. 

The  Wood  Chuck  is  a  ground  animal  of  Uitfur 
kind,  about  iifteen  inches  long  ;  its  body  is  rounds 
and  its  legs  fhort ;  its  (ore  paws  are  broad,  and  con- 
ilru6led  for  the  purpofe  of  diggmg  holeo  in  th^  ground| 
in  which  it  burrows ;  its  (le(h  is  tolerable  food. 

The  Ra'icoon  is  an  animal  of  a  genus  dlBerent  from 
any  krlbw^  on  the  eailern  continent,  lit  head  it 
much  like  a  fux's,  only  its  ears  are  ^(horter,  more 
round,  and  more  naked.  It  alfo  refembles  that  ani- 
mal in  its  hair,  which  isthidk,longami  foft ;  and  in  iti 
body  andlegs,  excepting  that  thihfbrmer  is  larger,  and 
the  latterboth  larger  and-  (horter.  Acrofs  its  face  rutit 
a  broad  ftripe  including  its  eyes,  which  are1iM|i^  i4f 
ijfpat  ishUik,  and  rouodifii  atthe  end  lil^  W Jl « 


THt   VflirED   STATES. 


49 


dog }  its  tccti|>^iro  are  ftmilar  to  thofe  of  the  doK,  bolh 
in  number  jpa  fliApi  ;  ihe  tail  is  long  and  round.,  with 
annular  (Iripes  on  it }  the  feet  have  five  lung  ilendex 
toes,  armeH  with  fharpclaws,  by  which  it  is  enabled 
to  climb  trees,  and  run  to  the  extremities  of  the  boughs. 
Its  fore  feet ierv«  it  inHead  of  hands,  liice  thofe  of  »he 
monkey. 

The  iafl  quadruped  v/hfch  fhall  bc.paTticu>larIy  def- 
cribed,  ^s  the  Beaver.  This  is  an  amphibious  ani- 
mal, which  cannot  livt  for  any  lopg  time  in  the  water, 
and  it  is  faid  can  exifl  without  it,  provided  it  ha«  the, 
convenience  of  fometimes  bathing  itfelf.  The  largeft  ' 
beavers  are  nearly  four  feet  in  length,  about  fourteen , 
or  fifteen  inches  in  breadth  over  the  haunches,  and 
weigh  fifty  or  fixty  pounds.  The  head  of  ^is  animal 
is  large;  its  fnout  long ;  its  eyes  fmall  ;  its  ears  ibort, 
round,  hairy  on  the  outfide,  and  fmooth  within  ;  of 
its  teeth,  which  are  long,  broad,  -ftrong  and  (harp, 
the  under  ones  fland  out  of  its  mouth  about  the  breadth 
of  three  fingers,  and  die  upper  about  half  a  linger. 
Befidesthefe  teeth,  which  are  caAledinctfors,  beavers 
have  fixteen  grinders,  eight  on  each  iide,  four  abov« 
and  four  below,  dire&Iy  oppofite  to  each  other.  With 
the  form^  they  are  able  to  cut  down  trees  of  a  coitfid-, 
erable  fiize,  with  the  latter  tobrei^'v  the  hardeft  fub- 
(lances.  Their  leg9  arc  (hort,  particularly  t\\g  fore 
legs,  which  are  otuy  four  or  five  inches  long.  The 
toes  of  the  fore  feet  are  (eparate ;  thofe  of  the  hind  feet 
havte  membranes  between  them.  In  oonfequence  of 
this  they  can  walk,  though  but  flowly,  while  they 
IWim  as  eafily  as  any  aquatick  animals.  Their  tailt 
ibmewhat  refemble  thofe  of  fifh,  and  thefe,  and  their 
hind  feet,  are  the  only  jparts  in  which  tliey  do  n<A 
referoble  land  animals.  Their  colour  is  diiCprent  ac« 
cording  to  the  different  climates  which  they  inhabit. 
In  the  moll  northern  parts,  they  are  generalijrvquiie 
black  ;  in  more  temperate,  brown ;  their  colour  be-, 
coming  lighter  and  lighter  as  they  approach  tpward» 
the  (buth.  Their  fur  is  of  two  forts  all  over  their 
bodi^^^Uf  t  which  is  longed  is  generally  about  ai^, 
in^fl^BSkugb  on  the  back  it  fometimes  extends  t9%, 

E  two     ^ 


%■ 


H' 


■!-    4 


«o 


T«€   UK^ITED   STATES; 


•■?■'■;:«#> 


two  inches,  gradually  ihorterling  towaj^a  the  head 
^nd  tail.  Thie  part  is  coarfe  and  of  Hitlr  ufe.  The 
other  part  of  it  confifts  of  a  very  thick  and  fine  down, 
^f  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  fo  foft  that  it 
fe«  s  like  filk«  and  is  that  which  is  commonly  manufac- 
tured. Caftor,  fo  ttf'  1  in  medicine,  is'  produced 
from  the  body  of  the  b»  er  It  was  formerly  believed 
■to  be  his  teflicles,  but  ts.te  diicoveries  have  (hewn  that 
it  is  contained  in  four  bags  in  the  lower  belly. 

Theingenuity  of  the  beavers  in  building  their  cabinf, 
and  in  pro viding  themfelves  fubfiftence,  is  truly  won* 
derful.  When  they  are  about  to  choofc  a  habitatiot^ 
.they  affemble  in  companies,  femetimes  of  two  or  three 
hundred,  and  after  mature  deliberation,  iixonaplace 
where  plenty  of  provilion*-.  and  all  neceflaries  are  to 
ho  found.  Their  houfes  are  always  fituated  in  the 
water,  an^  when  they  caniind  neither  lake  nor  pond 
convenient,  they  fupply  the  defe£l  by  flopping  the 
current  of  fome  brook  or  fmall  river.  For  this  pur- 
pofe  they  fele£l  a  number  of  trees,  carefully  taking 
thofe  above  the  place  where  they  intend  to  build,  that 
they  may  fwim  down  with  the  current,  ^nd  placing 
themfelves  by  threes  or  fours  round  each  tree,foon  feu 
them.'  By  a  continuation  of  the  fame  labour,  they 
cut  the  trees  into  pt^oper  lengths,  a,nd  rolling  them  into 
the  water,  navigate  them  to  the  place  where  they  are 
to  be  ufed.  After  this  they  conflrufb  a  dam  with  as 
miich  folidity  and  regularity  as  the  mofl  experienced 
workman  could  do.  The  fcM-mation  of  their  cabins  is 
no  lefs  remarkable;  TheP  ^abins  are  built  either  on 
piles  in  the  middle  of  the  pond  they  have  formed,  on 
the  bank  of  a  river,  or  at  the  extremity  of  fome  point 
of  land  proje6ling  into  a  UVc,  Tlie  figure  of  them  is 
round  or  oval.  Two  thirds  of  each  of  them  rifes 
above  the  water,  atid  this  part  is  large  enough  to  con- 
tain eight  or  ten  inhabitants.  They  are  contiguous  fb 
each  other,  fo  as  to  allow  an  eaiy  communication. 
Each  beaver  has  his  place  aihgned  him,  the  floor  of 
which  he  -curioufly  flrews  with  leaves,  rendering  it 
clean  and  comfortable.  The  winter  ne^yL^|i)nzes 
■  tiKefe  a^mals  before  their  bufmefs  is  coHMMHTIiHr 


I- 


tKt  UNITED    STATES'. 


«» 


theif  houRK&lire  generally  finifhed  by  the  lafl  of  Sep- 
tember, ana  their  (lock  of  provifions  laid  in,  whicli 
c6nf)(U  oFfmall  pieces  of  wood,  difpofcd  in  fucli  man- 
ner as  to  preferve  its  moifture. 

Upwards  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  American,  bird* 
have  been  enumerated,  and  many  of  them  defcribed 
by  Catcfby,  Jeffcrlbn,  and  Carver.  The  following 
catalogue  is  inferted  to  gratify  the  curious,  to  inform 
theinquifitive,  and  tc  fliew  the  aftoniOiing  variety  ia 
this  beautiful  part  of  creation. 

The  Blackbird  Spoonbill  do.  .  Crow  Blackbird 

Razorbilled  do.     Summer  do.  Kingbird 

Baici more  bird      Tiaclcheaddo.  Kingfiflier 

BaltardBlltimore  Blue  winged  Shoveler  Loon 


Blue  bird 
Buzzard 
niae  Jay 
Blue  Groibeak 
Brown  Bittern 
Creded  Bittern 
Small  Bittern 
Booby 

Great  Booby 
Biae  Peter 
Kulfinch 
Bald  Coot 
Cut  V/a:er 
Whitt  Curlew 
Cat  bird 
Cuclcbw- 
Crow 
Cowpen  bird 


Little  brown  duck 

Sprijgtaili 

Whitefaced  Teal 

Blue  winged  Teal 

Hied  bill  Dobchick 

Eaale 

Bald  £agle 

Flamingo 

Fieldfare  of  Carolina  Nuthatch 

or  Robin  Oyfter  catcher 

Purole  Finch  Owl 

Bahama  Finch  Scretch  Owl 

American  Goldfinch  American  Partridge 


Lark    . 
Large  Lark 
Blue  Linnet 
Mock  bird 
Mow  bird 
Purple  Martia 
Nigrttlngale 
Noddy 


Painted  Finch 
Creftcd  Flycatcher 
Black  cap  do. 
Little  brown  do. 
Red  eyed  do 


ChatteringPlover  Einch  creeper 
or  Kildee        Sl^rm  Finch 
Crane  or  blue     ■«  -   "     • 


H^ron 
Yellow  breaded 

Chat 
Cormorant 
Hooping  Crane 
Pine  Creeper 
Yellow  throated 

Creeper 
Dove 

Ground  Dove 
puck 
llathira  Duck 


or  Q^ail 
Pheafant  or  Moun- 
tain Partridge 
Water  Pheafanc 
Pelican 

Water  Pelifcau 
^  Pigeon  of  pallage 

Goet  Sucker  of  Ca-  White  crowned  pigeoit:. ' 


rolina 
Gull 

Laughina;  Gull 
Gooi'e  ^ 
Canada  Goufe 
Hawk 

Filling  Hawk 
Pigeon  Hawk 
Night  Hawk 
Swallow  tailed  do. 
Hangbird 
Heron 
crefteddo.  Little  white  Heron 
h  or       Heath  cock 
do.      Hummingbird 
id  do*  Purple  Jackdaw  or 


Parrot  of  Paradile 
Paroquet  of  Carolina- 
Raven 
Rice  bird 
Red  bird  ik 
Summer  Red  bird 
Swan  f^^ 

Soree 
Snipe 
Red  Start 

Red  winged  Starling 
SwaUow 
Chlronsy  do* 
Snow  brrd 
Little  Sparrow 
BahamUlo* 

* '       The 


'%, 


4'- 


'^ 


Tlit- 


UNITED    STATES. 


TJm  Stork  RedThrufli. 

Turkey  Fox  coloured 

Wild  Turkey  Thrufli 

Tyrane  Little  ThruAi 

Creited  Titmoufe  Tropick  biicl 


Yellow  do. 
Bahama  Tit- 

mcvie 
Hooded  do* 
Yellow  rurap 
Towbe  bird 


Turtle  of  Carolloa 
Water  wagtail 
Water  ben 
Water  witch. 
Waken  bird 
Whetfaw 


Large  tifliUebillfl** 

woodpecker 
Large  red  crrfted  dbi^ 
Gold  winged  do*        •> 
Red  bellied  dOr 
li»\ri  do. 
Red  headed  dOr 
Yellow  belHed  do. 
Smalieft  fpotttd  do* 
Wren 


Catefby  obferves,  that  the  birds  of  America  gene* 
rally  exceed  thofe  of  Europe  in  the  beauty  of  thetr^ 
plunla]^,  but  are  much  inferiour  to  them  in  th<^  ir.clo* 
dy  of  theirnotes* 

The  Watb  r  Pe  1 1  e a-h  inhabits  the  Mifltfippi*  Its 
pouch  holds  a  peck. 

The  La  a  K  is  a  lofty  bird,  and  fuars  zs  high  as  any 
of  the  inhabitant  of  l^e  airy  region  :  Hence  the  old 
proveib,  «jWhen  the  iky  falls  we  fhall  catch  Utks.* 

The  Whip  poor  will,  is  remarkable  for  the 

flaintive  melody  of  its  notes.  It  acquires  its  name 
rom  the  noife  it  makes^  which  to  the  people  of  the 
itates  founds  Whip  poor  will,  to  the  Indians  Muck  a 
wi(s.  A  ftrikin^  proof  how  dtfferently  the  fame 
founds  imprefs  different  perfons  ! 

The  Loon  is  a  water  fowl,  of  the  fame  Tpecies  of 
ihe  Dobchick.  It  is  an  exceedingly  nimble  bird,  and 
ic  expert  at  divmg,  that  it  is  with  great  difBcuUy  killed* 
The  Partr*d©e.  In  Ibme  paiis  of  the  country 
there  are  three  or  four  different  kinds  cf  P&rfridgcs, 
all  of  them  larger  than  the  Partridges  of  Europe.  What 
is  called  the  Quail  in  New  England  is  denominated 
Partridge  in  the  fouthern  fUtes,  where  the  true  Part- 
ridge is  qpt  to  be  found* 

The  War  ON  bird,  which  probably  is  of  the  fame 
(pecies  with  the  bird  of  Paradife,  receives  its  name 
fiom  the  ideas  the  Indians«have  of  its  fuperieur'  ex- 
cellence ;  the  Wakon  bird  being  in  their  language  the 
bird  of  the  Great  Spirit.  It  is  nearly  the  fize  of  the 
fwallow,  cf  a  brown  colour,  fhaded  about  thej^k 
with  a  bright  green*  The  wings  are  pMS^^wB^ 
brown  th.^n  the  body*    Its  tail  is  compofiuHdOSMPor 


TRx   UNITED   STATESi         §§i 

five  {eathebi  which  are  three  times  as  long  as  its  body^ 
and  which  are  beautifully  Ihaded  with  green  and  pur« 
pie.  It  carries  this  fine  length  of  plumage  ih  the  fame 
manner  as  the  peacock  does  his,  but  it  is  not  kfidWn 
whether  like  htm  it  ever  raifes  it  to  an  crtQ,  pofition. 

The  Wmstsaw  is  of  the  cuckow  kind,  being  like 
that  a  folitary  bird,  and  fcarcely  ever  feen.  In  the 
fumtner  months  it  is  heard  in  the  groves,  where  it 
makes  a  noile  like  the  filing  of  a  faw,  from  which^ 
circumftance  it  has  received  its  name.  "  ^'^'^  •'  •  > 

The  Humming  biro  is  thefmalleftofall  the  feath<* 
ered  inhabitants  of  the  air,     Its  plumage   (urpaflTeft- 
dcfcription.  On  itsliead  is  a  fmall  t\ift  of  jetty  black  ;: 
its  bread  is  red  ;  its  billy  white  ;  its  back,  wings  and  ■ 
tail  of  the  finefl  pale  green  ;  fmall  fpetks  of  gold  are- 
fcattered  over  it  with  inexprefTible  grace ;   and  to* 
crown  the  wholes  an  almoft  imperceptible  down  foft- 
ens  the  feveral  colours,  and  produces  the  moil  pleaf** 
ing  (hades. 

Of  the  Snakes  which  infed  the  United  States,  are  t^i^ 

following,  viz. 

Corn  do. 
Hognofe  do»- 

Hoqfe  do.  / 

Green  do. 
Wampvfn  -do. 
Glaftdo. 

Bead  do.  « 

Wall  or  Houfe  Add«r 
Stiiped  or  Garter  Snake- 
Water  Snake 
Hifltng  do. 

Thorn  tailed  Ad.-        ' 
Speckled  do. 
Ring  do.  . 
"  Two  headed  do. 

TheTHORn  tA«i.  SwAKE  is  of  a  middld'^ze,  and5 
of  a  very  venomous  nature.  It  receives  its  name' 
fVom  a  thorn,  like  a  dart,  in  its  tail,  with, W^ich  it  in* 
flifts  its  wounds;  ' 

The  Joint  Snakk  is  a  great  curibfity,    I|s.  (kin  li' 

s  hard  as  parchment,  and  as  fmooth  its  glals.     It  ii^ 

flreaked  with  blaf.k  and  #hite,    Itisfo* 

fofew  jomts,  iiod  thpfe  fo  unyielding»|. 

£a  tb»t< 


The  Rattle  Snake 

Small  Rattle  Snake 
Yellow  Rattle  Snake 
Water  Viper 
Black  Viper 
Brown  Viper 
Copper  bellied  Snake 
Bluiih  green  Snake 
Black  Snake 
Ribbon  do. 
Spotted  Ribbon  do. 
Chain  do. 
Joint  do. 
6i'een  fpotted  do* 
Coachwhip  do 


-e-' 


■^  A 


.7<; 


.*#^', 


Ma 


■':J. 


411         Till   UNIT£i>    STATES. 

that  it  can  hartlly  bend  itfelf  into  the  forni  of  a  lloop'r 
When  it  is  ftruck,  it  breaks  like  a  pipe  item ;  and 
you  may,  with  a  whip,  break  it  from  the  tail  to  the 
bowels  into  pieces  not  an  inch  long,  and  not  prodtice 
the  leali  tinaure  of  bloodt    It  is  nol  venomous. 

The  Two  HEADED  Skarb,  Whether  this  be  a 
diftinil  fpecies  of  I'nakes  intended  to  propagate  ita 
kind,  or  whether  it  be  a  monftrotis  produAion,  is  tin', 
certain.  The  only  ones  I  have  known  orlteard  of  in 
this  country,  are,  one  taken  near  Chainplain  ia  1762, 
and  one  prefervcd  in  the  Mufeum  of  Yale  College,  in 
New  Haven. 

The  ihakes  are  not  (b  numeratfl  nor  fo  venomous 
in  the  northern  as  in  the  (buthorn  ftales^  In  the  lat- 
ter, however,  the  inhabitants  are  furrrilhec!  with  » 
much  greater  variety  of  plants  and  herbs,  which  af- 
ford immniiatc  relief  to  perfbns  bitten  by  thcfe  ven* 
omous  creatures*  It  ia  an  obfervation  worthy  of  per* 
petual  and  grateful  remembrance,  that  whereever  ven- 
omous animals  are  found,  the  Gob  of  Nature  Haa 
H^l^dly  provided  fufiicient  antidotes  againfl.  theit 
poifon. 

.     Of  the  aflonldiing  variety  of  ln(e£ls  found  in  A» 
merica,  we  will  mention,t 


im:. 


TbeGlowWornr       Gnat 

Earth  Worm        Sheep  Tick 
Leg  orGuinea  do>  Louie 
Naked  Snail        Wood  Loufe 
ShcU-Soail  "Forty  Legs  or  Cea- 

Tobacco  Worn      tipes 
Wood  Worm       Caterpillar 
Silk  Wornv 
WaU  Loufe   o> 


Bo 
Sow  hug 
HorD#ui| 

Flea 


'I. 


Adder  bole 
Cicada  or  Locuft 
Man  gaaec 
Cork  Roch« 
Cticket       '     - 
Beetle 


Fire  Fly  or  Bug 

Butter  Fly 

Moth 

Aot 

Bee 

Humble  Bee 

Black  Wafp 

Yellow  Wafj^ 

Hornet 

Fly 

Sand  Fly 

Mufluta 

Spidier 


To  theie  may  be  added  the  infe6t,  which  of  late 
years  has  prove^  fo  clcltru^«><»'to  ths  wheat  Ut.  many 
'|>arts  of  the  middle  and  New  England  filiates,  com* 
monly,  (ut  erroneoufly,  called  the  lieOLan  Fly. 

The  Allmator  is  a  fpecies  of  the  crocodiler^jmd 
in  appearance  oqp  of  the  uglicft  creatures  mi 


'^t 


..<* 


p.     ■    'm-' 


THi    UNITEQ^ 


STATES. 


mt 


They  are  amphibious,  and  live  in  and  about  creeka» 
fwampt  andjpondt  of  ftagnant  water.  They  ate  very 
fond  of  the  fle(b  of  dost  and  hogs,  which  they  -vora- 
eioufly  devour  when  toey  have  opportunity.  I'hey 
are  alio  very  fond  of  fiib,  and  devour  va/l  quantiiica 
of  thetn.  When  tired  with  fiftiing,  they  leave  the 
water  to  balk  themfelvea  in  the  fun,  and  then  appear 
more  likelpgt  of  half  rotton  wood  thrown  alhore  by 
the  current, 'than  living  creatures ;  but  upon  perceiv- 
ing any  velTel  or  perfon  aear  them,  they  immediately 
throw  themfelvei  into  the  water.  Some  are  of  (o 
monflrous  a  fize  as  to  exceed  five  yards  in  longthr 
During  the  time  they  lie  balking  on  the  fliore,  they 
keep  their  huge  moutha  wide  open,  till  filled  witr» 
n^uiketoes,  Aicit  ^nd  other  infc6U,  when  they  fudden- 
ly  fliut  their  jawa  and  fwallow  their  ptry. 

The  alligator  is  an  oviparoua  creature.  The  female 
makes  a  large  hole  in'  the  (Jand  near  the  brink  of  a> 
river,  and  there  depofita  her  eggs,  which  are  as  white 
as  thofe^f  a  hen,  but  much  larger  and  more  folid* 
She  generally  lays  about  an  hundred,  c^tinuing  in  thi 
fame  place  till  tney  are  til  depofited,  which  is  a  day 
or  two.  She  then  covers  them  with  the  fand,  and 
the  better  to  coftceal  them,  rolls  herfelf  not  only  over 
her  precious  depojitutnt  but  to  a  confiderable  distance. 
After  this  precaution,  (he  returns  to  the  water  and 
taiTie«  until  natural  inftin£l  informs  her  that  it  is  time 
to  deliver  her  young  from  their  confinement ;  Ihe  then 
gQes  to  the  (pot,  attended  by  the  male}  and  learit»  ttp 
the  fand,  begins  to  break  the  eggs  ;  but  A>  careruUyt 
that  fcarce  a  fingle  one  ia  injui«djrand  a  wh^frMidnn 
of  little  alligators  is  feen  crawiins;  about.  The  female 
then  takes  them  on  her  neck  and  back,  in  order  to  re- 
move  them  into  the  water  ;  but  the  watchful  birds  of 
prey  make  ufe  of  this  opportunity  to  deprive  her  of 
feme,  and  even  the  male  alh'gafor,  who  indeed  comes 
for  no  other  end,  devours  what  he  can,  till  the  female 
h»s  reached  the  water  with  the  few  remaiiHiig ;  for  att 
thofe  which  either  fall  from  kerback)  or  dofioifwiro* 
ihe  l^kl  feats  ;  fo  that  of  fucb  a  formtdaible  biood^ 
baiMMliiiaeretlijm  four  or  five  efeape. 


'•X 


't.- 


■^ 


f:    *  ■   , 


,^        TUB    UNITID    STAT£8. 

Vhefe  alUgators  are  the  gniat  deftroyerl  oF  the  fifh 
in  the«nveri  and  creeks,  it  bein^  their  moft  I'afe  and 
ccneml  food ;  nor  are  they  wanting  in  addrefs  to  fatfa- 
Vf  their  defires*  £iiht  or  ten,  at  it  were  By  compaft} 
'  draw  up  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  creek,  where  theY 
lie  with  their  mouths  open,  whilft  others  go  a  tonfio* 
erable  diflance  up  the  river,  and  chace  the  fi(h  down* 
ward,  by  which  means  none  of  any  bignefs  efcape 
them.  The  alligators  being  unable  to  eat  under  wa- 
ter, on  feizing  a  filh,  raife  their  heads  above  the  fur- 
facr,  and  by  degrees  draw  the  fi(K  from  their  jaws,  and 
chewP'it  for  deglutition. 

Before  the  letting  in  of  winter,  it  is  faid,  not  with- 
out evidence  to  I'upport  the  aflertion,  that  they  fwaU 
low  a  large  number  of  pine  knots,  and  theh  creep  in|0 
their  dens^  in  the  bank  of  fome  creek  or  pond,  where 
they  lie  in  a  torpid  (late  through  the  winter,  without 
any  other  fuftenanre  than  the  pine  knots. 

The  Guana,  theGRSEN  LisAitD  of  Carolina,  the 
Bcut  TAiLBD  LizAao,  and  the  Lion  LiaARo,  are 
Jbund  in  the  fujthrrn  ftates,  and  are  thought  to  be 
■     ijpecies  of  the  iame  genus  with  the  crocodile  ind  alli- 
gator. 

In  the  little  brookl  and  fwamps  in  the  back  parts  of 
North  Carolina,  is  caught  a  fmall  amphibious  lobiteri 
in  the  head  of  which  is  found  the  eye  ftone* 

Population.^  From  the  bed  accounts  that  can  at 
prefent  be  obtained,  there  are,  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States,  three  millions,  eighty  three  thoufand, 
and  itx  hundred  (onls.  This  number,  which  is  rapid- 
ly increiftng  both  by  emigrations  from  Europe,  and 
I  by  natural  population,  is  compoiied  of  people  of  almofi 
all  nsltions,  languages,  charadlers  and  religions*  The 
trcater  part,  however,  are  defcertded  ftom  the  Eng- 
kih ;  and,  for  the  fak^  of  diftinftion,  are  called  Anglo 
Americans.  ^- 

'  Government,']  Until  the  4th  of  July,  ^776^  the 
|MFefent  Thirteen  States  were  Britifh  Colonies.  On 
l||at  memoritt>le'day  the  Representatives  of  the  United 

ftatct  in  <!!)cmgnf8  afl^mbled  made  a  folemn  declara- 
.  On,  Aiwhicl^.tbeyftffigncd  their  reafontjMiitH- 


# 


rii  I  KITED  STATES. 


,?^ 


dra«^n^  their  allegiance  from  Great  Britain.  At  the 
fame  time  they  publifhed  articles  of  confederation 
and  perpetual  union  between  the  States,  in  which 
they  took  the  ftyle  of  Tkc  United  States  of  Amerirat  and 
agreed  that  each  (late  (hould  retain  ita  fovereignty, 
freedom  and  independence,  and  every  power,  junf* 
diAion  and  riaht  not  exprefitly  delegated  to  Congrefft 
by  the  confederation. 

Thefe  articles  of  confederation,  after  eleven  ycant 
experience,  being  found  iqadequate  to  the  purpofes  of 
a  federal  eovemment,  dekgate»  were  chofen  iniMch 
of  the  United  States,  to  meet  and  fix.  upon  the  necef- 
fary  amendments.  They  accordingly  met  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  the  fummer  of  1 787,  and  agreed  to  propofe 
the  prefcnt  conflitution  of  the  United  States  for  t)ie 
conAderation  of  their  conftituents.  It  was  adopted 
by  all  the  States  except  North  Carolina  and  Rhode 
Ifland  i  and  it  is  expend  they  will  fhortly  join  the 
union.  It  is  expected  alfo  that  Vermcmt  and  Ke»> 
tucky  will  foon  be  received  into  the  confederation* 
The  Wedem  Territory  is  a  didinA  g&vcvnmeatf  un** 
der  the  Conflitution  of  the  United  States. 

ManufiUiiures.']  Among  the  articles  manufafiured 
>n  the  United  States  are,  meal  of  all  kinds,  (hips  and 
boats,  malt  and  diflilied  liquors,  potafh,  gunpowder, 
cordage,  loaf  fugar,  paileboard, .  cards  and  paper  of 
every  kind,  books  in  various  languages,  fnufr,  tobac* 
CO4  (lurch,  cannon,  mufkets,  anchors,  nails,  and  very 
many  other  articles  of  iron,  bricks,  tiles,  potters'  war% 
mill  (loncs,  ^nd  other  flone  work,  cabinet  work^ 
trunks  and  Windfor  chairs,  carriages  and  harnttfa  of- 
all  kinds,  corn,  fans,  ploughs,  and  many  other  .ini*lL 

{>Iementsor  hufbandry,  faddlery  and  whips,  (hoes^tiiidk 
)Oots,  leather  of  various   kinds,  hofiery,  hats.aiM^^ 
gloves,  wearing  apparel,  coarfe  linens  and  woolen^ 
and  lome  cotton  goods,  linfeed  and  (ifh  oil,  wares  e£ 
gold,  filver,  tin,  pewter,  lead,  brals  and  copfer,  betf 
clocks  and  watches,  wool  and  cotton  canU* 
types,  glafs  and  (lone  ware,  candle's,  foap*  and' 
othn|igjjbi|ble  articles.     Thefe  are  terming  \^' 
pc^iil^Mi.  and  will  foon  be  fold  fo  cheap  as 

tore!! 


6» 


TflR   UNIT 


%D 


STATES. 


foreign  goods  of  the  fame  kind  entirely  out  of  the 
market. 

Under  this  head  I  cannot  omit  to  obferve  the  im.-^ 
policy,  and  I  may  add,  the  immorality  of  importing 
and  confuming  fuch  amazing  quantities  of  fpin'tuous 
liquors.  They  impair  the  eiUtes,  debilitate  the  bod> 
ies,  and  occafion  the  ruin  of  the  morals  of  thoulands 
of  the  citizens  of  America.  They  kill  more  people 
than  any  one  difeafe,  perhaps  than  all  difcafes  befides. 
It  cannot  be  then  but  that  they  are  ruinous  to  our 
cou^ltry. 

It  appears  frpm  the  bed  calculations  that  can  be 
obtainea,  that  in  the  courfe  of  the  years  1785,  1786, 
and  1787,  TWELVE  millions  of  dollars  were  ex- 
pended by  the  United  States,  in  purchafing  Weft  iV 
dia  fpirituous  liquors ;  and. perhaps  nearly  half  that 
fum  for  fpirits  diililled  at  home. 

The  expenditure  of  this  immenfe  fum,  a  fum  which 
would  well  nigh  cancel  our  whole  national  debt,  fa 
far  from  benefiting  us,  has  entailed  difeafes>  idlenefs, 
^poverty,  wretchedneis  and  debt,  on  thoufands,  wha 
might  other  wile  have  been  healthy,  independent  in 
their  circumftances  and  happy. 

Experience  has  proved  that  fpirituous  liquors,  ex* 
cept  ^or  certain  meoicinal  ufes,  are  altogether  unnecef* 
fary. .  In  the  moderate  ufe  of  wine,  which  is  a  gen- 
erous and  cheering  liquor,  and  may  be  plentifully  pro- 
duced in  our  own  country  ;  of  beer,  which  ftrengjjb- 
ens  the  arm  of  the  labourer  without  debauching  him  i- 
of  cider,  which  is  wholefome  and  palatable ;  and  of 
molafles  and  water, 'which  has  become  a  fashionable 
drink  ;  in  the  ufe  of  ihefe  liquors,  labourers,  and  other 
people  who  have  made  the  experiment,  have  been 
fouiKl  to  enjoy  more  health  and  better  fpirits  than 
thofe  who  ha',  j  made  only  a  moderate  ufe  of  fpiritu- 
>_0as  liquors.  The  reafon  of  this  is  made  obvious  by  a 
tareful  calculation  lately  made,  from  which  it  appears 
that  malt  liquors,  and  feveral  of  the  imported  wines, 
are  much  more  noiH^ihing  and  eheaper  than  j^irits. 
^n  a  pint  of  beer,  or  half  a  pint  of  Malaga  ot  Tene* 
■iffi  vice^  there  is  more  flrength  than  in  |  qMrt  of 


I 


^ 


■•«.!., 


«, 


THt    UNITEJ]||  STATES.        sPm 

Tutn.  The  beer  and  the  wine  abound  with  nouri/h« 
ment,  whereas  the  rum  has  no  more  nouriftiment 
in  it  than  a  pound  of  si^r.  Thefe  confiderations 
point  out  th'fe  utility,  may  I  not  add,  the  necellity  of 
confinirtgourfelves  to  the  ufc  of  our  own  home  made 
liquors,  that  in  this  way  we  might  encourage  our  own 
manufaftures,  promote  induftry,  preferve  the  morals 
and  lives  of  our  citizens,  and  fave  our  country  from  the 
enormous  annual  expenfe  of  four  millions  of  dollars. 

Military  Jlrength.'^ '  The  following  eftimate  may 
ferve  until  abetter  out  can  be  made.  Suppofe  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  the  United  States  to  be  3,o8§fboo« 
Dedu6);  from  this  560,000,  the  fuppofed  number  of 
negroes;  the  remainder  will  be  2,523,000,  the  num- 
ber of  whites.  Suppofe  one  fixth  part  of  thefe  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms,  it  will  be  found  that  ihe  number 
offencible  men  in  the  United  States  are  420,00a. 
This,  it  is  conceived,  is  but  a  moderate  eftimate.  ^'t^*- 

Hijiory.']  America  was  originally  peopled  by  urj- 
civihzed  nations,  which  lived  moftly  by  hunting  and 
iidiing.  The  Europeans,  who  firit  vifited  thefe  (hores, 
treating  the  natives  as  wild  beads  of  the  foreft,  whiclf 
have  no  property  in  the  woods  where  they  roam^ 
planted  the  flandard  of  their  reifpe6iive  mailers  where 
they  fird  landed,  and  in  their  names  claimed  the  coun- 
try by  right  of  difcovery,*  Prior  to  any  fettlement  in 
North  America  numerous  titles  of  this  kind  were  ac- 
quired by  the  Englifli,  French,  Spanifh,  and  Dutch 
navigators,  who  came  hither  for  the  purpofes  of  filh- 
ing  and  trading  with  the  natives.  Shght  as  fuch  titles 
were,  they  were  afterwards  the  caufes  of  contcntioit 
betwefen  the  European  nations.  The  fubjc6ls  of  dif- 
ferent princes  often  laid  c^im  to  the  fame  tra6k  of 
country,  bccaufe  both  had  difcovered  the  fame  river 
or  promontory ;  or  becaufe  the  extent  of  their  re^eft* 
ive  claims  was  indetermirtate,  r  -sif'* 

In  proportion  to  the  progreft  of  population,  andths 
growth  of  the  American  trade,  thejealoufies  of  the 

^^'■'-        nations, 

•  As  well  may  the  N«w  ZcffanddlP'f^^are  not  yet  difcov- 


ered Earope,  fit  out  a  ihip,  land  on  the  CMAof  Enaland  orFranWc 
and^  finding  no  inhabitants  but  poor  fiAieix&^n  aiiapearanC4«ciaini 
■the  Ji^Aolc  country  by  n|^6^  0^  </i/cov;rjr. 


J    ■  :4 


% 


At 


^      TH|  unit|;d  states* 

liations,  which  had  made  early  difcoveries  and  feUlc- 
xnents  on  this  coaft,  were  alarmed  ;  ancient  claims 
^ere  revived  ;  and  each  power  took,  meafures  to  ex- 
tend and  fecure  its  own  pofleifions  at  tlie  expenfe  of 
a  rival. 

Thefe  meafures  proved  the  occaHon  of  open  wars 
between  the  -contending  nations.— In  1 7.39)  war  was 
proclaimed  between  England  and  Spain,  which  was 
terminated  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  figned  at  Aix  la 
Chapelle,  by  which  reltitution  was  made,  on  both 
fides,  of  all  places  taken  during  the  war. 
Peilce  however  was  of  Ihort  duration.  In  1756,3 
ll  war  commenced  between  the  French  and  Englifh,  in 

which  the  Anglo  Americans  were  deeply  concerned. 
TMs  war  was  concluded  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in 

«763- 

From  this  period,  peace  continued  till  the  19th  of 

April,  1,775,  when  hoftilities  began  between  Great 
Britain  and  America.     At  Lexingihn  y^f as  f pi\t  the Jrjl 
Hood  in  this  memorable  war ;  a  war  that  iisv^red  A- 
merica  from  the  Britifh  Empire, 
^  *  Here  opened  the  firft  fcene  in  the  gr'Cat  drama, 

,  'Which,  in  its  progrcfs,  exhibited  the  molt  iiluftrious 

chara£lers  and  events,  and  clofcd  with  a  revolution, 
equally  glorious  -for  the  a6lors,  and  important  in  its 
confequences  to  maiikind.  George  Walhiqgton, 
Efq;  a  native  of  Virginia, 'V/as  appointed  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congrefs  to  command  the  American  army. 
He  had  been  a  diftinguifhed  and  fuccefsful  officer  in 
the  preceding  war  with  the  French^  and  feemed  def- 
tinea  by  heaven  to  be  the  faviour  of  his  country.  He 
accepted  the  appointment  with  a  diffidenca  which 
was  a  proof  of  his  prudence  and  his  greatnels.  He 
refufedany  pay  for  eight  yeas  laboriousfcrvice  ;  and 
by  his  matchlels  <{kiU,  ibrtiiude  tand  perleverance,  was 
inftrumental)  under  Providence,  of  condufiing  A- 
merica,  through  indelcribable  difficulties,  to  indkpend- 
ence  and  peace.  While  true  merit  is  eftecmed,  or 
.  virtue  honoured,  mimkind  will  never  ccafe  to  revere 
«  the  <memory  of  .^udMR) ;  idlcl,  while  gratitude  remains 

in  the  humM'Hferaf  the  prai(e»  of  Washington 
will  (dwell  on  evtry  American  tongue*  hi 


.** 


N  E  "W      E  N  t;  L  A  N  B. 


61 


^m 


In  1 778  a  treaty  of  alliiance  was  entered  into  be- 
tween France  and  America,  by  which  we  cbtained  a 
powerful  and  generous  ally  ;  who  greatly  aflifted  in 
eftablifhing  tlie  Independence  of  fhe -United  Sutesof 
America. 

On  the  30th  of  November,  1782,  the  provifional 
artieles  of  peace  were  figned  at  Paris,  by  which  Great 
Britain  acknowledged  the  independence  and  fovereign- 
ty  of  the  United  States  of  America;  and  thefe  articles, 
the  following  year,  were  ratified  by.a  definitive  treaty. 

Thus  ended  a  long,  cruel  and  arduous^civil  wur,  m 
which  Great  Britain  expended  near  an  hundred^  mil- 
lions of  money,  with  an  hundred  thou(and  lives^  and 
won  nothing.  America  endured  every  cruelty  and 
hardlhip  from  her  inveterate  enemies — lofl:  many 
lives  and  much  treafure  ;  but  glorioufly  deliverea 
herfelf  from  a  foreign  dominion,  and  gained  a  rank 
among  the  nations  0?  the  earth. 

From  thexonciufion  of  the  war  to  ihe  eftablifhment 
of  Che  l^ew  Conftitution,  of  Government  in  1788,  the  - 
inhabitants  df  the  United  States  fulFered  many  embar-i^ 
raflfments  from  the  extravagant  importation  of  foreign 
luxuries — from  paper  money,  and  particularly  from 
the  wealcnefs  and  other  defects  of  the  general  govern- 
ment. Since  the  operation  of  the  prefent  Conftitu- 
(ion,  great  and  increafing  attention  has  been  rpaid  to 
agriculture,  manufaSures,  commerce,  the  mechanicad 
arts,  to  the  interefis  of  literature,  to  ufoful  inventiont 
and  various  other  improvements ;  and  every  thing 
feems  to  wear  the  pleaung  alpeft  of  permanent  tran- 
4}uilli(y  and  happinefs*  . 

*•  '•  " 

NEW    E.NGLAND. 

UNDEUthiv  general  imme,  we. include  the  States, . 
of  New  HamnfhiT^,Ma(rachuietts,  Rhode  Ifland* 
'Conne6l:icut  and  Verrnont.  .«a  i..         * 

New  England  lies  in  tlie  Hirm  4|^  qiiarter  o^acinile. 

Its  weft  line,  beginning  at  ^  mouth  of  fiyram^jrivcr, 

whicli^^ cjnpties  into  Long  llland  Sound  at  theTouth* 

.^.  F  weft 


^1 


*1 


i*  ."• 


ft  NEW      ft  N  G  L  A  M  O. 

vrcft  corner  of  Cpnne6licut,  lat.  41%  runs  a  little  eaft 
of  north  till  it  flrikes  the  45th  degree  of  latitude,  and 
then  curves  to  the  eallward  almoft  to  the^ulf  of  St,' 
flLawrence.  Its  length  and  breadth,  for  want  of  cor- 
real maps,  cannot  be  accurately  Jcertained.  From 
the  lengths  and  breadths  of  the  fevrral  States  which 
compote  it,  wc  venture  the  fol  ow'ng  as  near  the 
truth—      aaiw. 

Length.  600  7  k,»_,.-_  Tai'**  and  46*  N.  Latitvde. 

Breadthoooj  **"*"•*  liO  30' and  8«»E.  Longitude. 

Bounded  north,  by  Canada ;  eaft,  by  Nova  Scotia 
and  the  Allantick  ocf an  ;  fouth,  by  the  Atlantick  and 
Long  ^iland  Sound  ;  weft,  by  the  State  of,  New 
York.       . 

Fac^  of  the  country,"]  New  England  is  a  high,  hilly, 
and  in  ion^e  parts  a  mountainous  country,  formed  by 
nature  to  be  inhabited  by  a  hardy  race  of  free,  inde* 
pendent  republicans.— ^The  mount^ns  are  compara- 
tively fmall,  running  nearly  north  and  fouth  in  ndges 
parallel  to  each  other.  Between  thefe  ridges,  flow  the 
great  rivers  in  majeftick  meanders,  receiving  the  in- 
numerable rivulets  and  larger  ftreams  which  proceed 
1'rom  the  mountains  on  each  fide.  To  a  ipe6latoi  on 
the  top  of  a  neighbouring  mountain,  the  vales  between 
the  ridges,  while  in  a  ftate  of  nature,  exhibit  a  roman- 
tick  appearance.  They  feem  ar^  ocean  of  wood^ 
fwelled  and  dcprefllsd  in  its  furface  like  thaf  of  the 
great  ocean  itfelf* 

There  are  four  principal  ranges  of  mountains,  paf- 
fing  nearly  from  northeaft  to  fouthweft,  through  ^few 
.England.  1  hefe  cbnfift  of  a  mulUtiide  of  parallli 
ridges,  each  having  many  fpurs,  deviating  from  the 
•courfe  of  the  general  range ;  which  fpiurs  are  again 
))rnk en  into  irregular,  hilly  ia^d. 

Thefe  rang6s  of  mountainyirb  full  of  lakes,  ponds 
and  fprings  <ilf  water,  that  sve  rife  to  numberlefs 
ilreams  of ^ark>us  fizes,  whioh,  intcrlocking*each 
other  in  e\|iry  direfticn,  and  falling  over  the  rcck« 
"in  romatilick  cafjcadesj^flow  ||ieandcring  into  the  riv- 
crs  btlo^v.  ^o  counliy  on  the  globe  is  better  watered 
.than  Ndi  England,  ^■ 

JRivirs 


->■;. 


■*.  1 


^^. 


.m 


NEW      Z'jff  G^  L  A  N  D.  i|    . 

Rivers.']  Conneftlcut  river  is  the  lar^eft  in  New 
Eiic^land.  It  I'ifes  in  the  highlands  that  fcpafate  the 
United  States  from  Canada.  It  falls  into  Long  I  Hand 
Sound  between  Say  brook  and  Lyme.  Its  length,  in  a 
ftrajt  line,  is  nearly  300  miles.  Its  courfe,  fcveral  de- 
grees weft  of  South.  It  is  from  80  to  100  rods  wide 
130  miles  from  it$  mouth.  Its  banks  are  very  fertile 
and  well  fettled.  It  is  navigable  50  miles,  to  Hart- 
fbrd  ;  and  the  produce  of  the  country  for  200  mile* 
above  is  brought  tl.cher  in  boats.  From  this  river 
are  employed  three  brigs  of  180  tons  each,  in  the  Eu- 
ropean trade ;  and  about  60  fail,  from  60  to  150  tons, 
in  the  Weft  India  trade ;  befides  a  few  fifhermen  and 
40  or  50  coafting  veffels.  •Ii^ 

*  Population^  Military  Stretigth^  MannerSf  Cufioms  and 
Diverfions,'\  New  £lngland  is  the  moft  populous  part 
of  the  United  States.  It  contiains  at  leaft  823,600 
fouls.  One  fifth  of  thefc  are  fenciblc  men.  New 
England  then,  fliould  any  fudden  emergency  require 
it,  could  furnifti  an  army  of  164,600  men.  The  ^rei|t 
body  of  thefe  are  landholders  and  cultivators  of  tHe 
foil.    The  former  attaches  them  to  their  country  j  the  * 

"latter,  by  making  them  ftrong  and  healthy,  enables- 
them  to  defend  it.    The  boys  arc  early  taught  the  ufe 

'of  arms,  ^nd  make  the  beftrof  foldiers.  Fev,*  countries 
on  earth,  of  equal  extent  and  population,  can  furnifli 
a  more  formidable  army  than  this  part  of  the  union. 

New  England  may,  with  propriety,  be  caUed  a 
nurfery  of  men,  \vhence  are  annually  tranfplantcd« 
into  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  thoufands  of  its 
natives;  Vaft  numbers  of  the  New  Enelanders,  fincf  g 
the  war,  have  emigrated  into  the  northern  parts  of 
New  York,  into  Kentucky  and  the  Weftcm  Terri- 
tory, and  into  Georgia  }  and  fome  are  fcattercd  into 
every  State,  and  evcry^lpwn  of  note  ii^the  union. 

The  inhabitants  of  New  England,  are  almoft  uril- 
verfally  of  Englifh  fiefcent ;  and  it  is  dNving  to  tliis 
cirdumtlahce,  and  to  the  great  arid  gcnCTll  attention 
that  has  been  p^.d  to  educatioii,  that  th«^|^iih  lan- 
guage has  been  prelerved  among  (hem  ^  !i^  of  cor* 
Tuplion.  ^ 

■k      ■      '^.  '  The 


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The  Mew.  Englanders  are  generally  tall,  flout,  and 
well  built.  '  They  glory,  and  perhaps  whh  judice,  in 
poflefling  that  fpirlt  cf  freedom,  v/hich  induced  thdr 
anceftbrs  to  leave  their  native  c»>untry,  and  to  brave 
the  dangjsr&'Of  the  ocean  and  the  harafiiips  of  fettling 
a- wildctncfs.    Their  edu(:<\tion,  laws  and  fiLuation, 

,  ferve  to  inlpire  them  with  high  notions  oi  Lberty, 
Their J9a1ou(y  is  awakened  at  the  Brd  motion  toward 
an  invafion  of  their  rights,  They  aie  indeed  often 
jealous  to  excefs ;  a  circumflance  v/hich  is  a  fruitful 
Tource  of  imaginaiy  grievances,  and  cf  innumr rabie 
g;round!?:fs  fufpicions,  and  unjufl  complaints  againil 
government.  But  thefeebuili'. ions  of  jealbufy,  though 
cenfurab'e,  and  prod utHve  of  fome  political  eviisi 
ihcw  that  the  efleivc  of  tnae  libe  ly  exiils  in  Nev/ 
EhgUnd;  f6r  jealouiy  i.^  iho  guardian  of  liberty,  and 
a  charafleridicK  of  free  rs-^ublicans.  A  law,  reipefib- 
jhg  the  decent  of  eftatcs,  .vhich  are  generally  held  ir^ 
fire  fimple,  which  ior  fubfbnce  is  the  fame  in  all  the 
Kew  England  Staies,  is  the  chief  foundation  and  pro- 
tcflion  of  this  liberty.  By  this  law,  the  poflefTions  of 
the  father  are  to  be  equally  divided  among  all  the  chil- 
dren, excepting  theeldefl  fbn,  who  has  a  double  por-' 
ti:  <n.  In  this  way  is  preferved  that  happy  mediocrity 
among  the  people,  which,  by  inducing  economy  and 
indu(iry%  removes  from  them  temptations  to  luxury, 
and  fortii^  them  to  habits  of  fobriety  and  temperanc^. 
At  the  fame  time,  their  induftry  and  frugality  exdnpt 
^lem  from  want,  and  from  the  neceflity  of  fubmitting 
to  any  encroachment  on  their  liberties.  ^^ 

.     In  New  England,  learning  is  more  generally  Sr-* 

f  ftifed  among  all  ranks  of  people  than  in  any  other  part 
i»f  the  globe  ;.arif:ng  from  the  excellent  eftablifbment 
of  fcb6oIs  in  every  townfhip. 

Another  veiy  valuable  t^i^e  of  information  to 
the  people  is  the'Newfpapenl^of  which  iiot.lef|  than 
thirty  thouf|ndare  printed  eveiy  week>in  New  £ng> 
Tandj  and  ovulated  in  almpfl  every  town  and  .village 
in  the  countrv.  ^-        /,_    _ 

A  perfOaVf  mature  age,  wno  Itnnot  both  read  alii 
VEite,iat<||irely,tobe*fbuttd.,  By  means  of  this  gener0 
'  ciftabliffimeot 


#• 


.t* 


'■*      \ 


ir  E  tV    i  iJ  g  l  a  fi  li. 


65 

tfti*blif!»mcnt  of  fchools,  the.  cxtcniive  <nrculation 
of  New  rpapcrs,  and  the  confequent  fpread  of  learn- 
ing, every  U>vnlhip  throughout  the  country,  is  furp- 
iiliccl  v/ith  ;'>•>•  capable  of  conducing  tlie  aiFaiis  of 
the/  to'  'p  ..viiV'  judgmentand difcrction.  Thefe  men 
are  the  channels  of  politicalinformation  to  the  lower 
clafs  of  people  ;  if  mch  a  clafs  may  be  faid  to  cxifl  in 
New  Eftgland,  where  every  man  thinks  himfelf  at 
Isaft  as  grid  ^r:  his  neighbour,  and  believes  that  all 
mank ind  are,  or  ought  to  be  equal.  The  people  from 
♦heir  chiltlliood  form  habits  of  canvafling  publick  af- 
fairs, X.  d  commence  politicians.  This  naturally  leads 
them  to  be  very  inquifitive.  It  is  with  knowledge 
as  with  riches, the  more  a  man  has,  the  more  he  wifties 
to  obtain ;  his  defire  has  no  bound.  This  defire  alter 
knowledge,  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  prevails  through- 
put all  cfalTes  of  people  in  New  England*;  and  ftom 
their  various  modes  or  exprelTing  it,  fome  of  which 
are  blunt  and  familiar,  bordering  on  impertinence^ 
Grangers  have  been  induced  to  mention  imtertinent  in* 
auifittvgnefs  as  a  diflinguifhing  chara6lerillick  of  Nevr 
England  people. 

A  very  confiderable  part  of  the  people  have  either 
ioo  little,  or  too  much  learning  to  make  peaceablo 
fubjefls.  They  know  enough,  however,  to  think  they 
>l(now  a  great  deal,  when  in  fa61:  they  know  but  little, 
t*  A,  little  learning  is  a  dangerous  thing."  .  Each  man 
has  his  independent  fyflem  of  politicks ;  and  each  af- 
fumes  a  dt£Utorial  pmce.  Hence  originates  that  reu* 
lefs,  litigious,  complaining  fpirit,  which  forms  a  dark 
ihfade  in  the  character  of  New  England  m^n* 

This  litigious  temper  is  the  genuine  fruit  of  repub* 
licanifm— but  it  denotes  a  corruption  of  virtue,  which 
is  one  of  its  eifential  principles.  Where  a  people 
have  a  great  (hare  of  f|pedom,  an  equal  (hare  of  vir- 
tue is  neceflary  to  tjic  peaceable  enjoy|nent  of  it» 
Freedom,  without  viilue  or  honour,  is  liq^ntioufnefs. 

Before  the  late  war,  which  introduced  into  New 

England  a  flood  of  corruptions^  with  many  improve- 

ments,  the  fabbath  was  i^bferved  with  great  Q^riclnefs,; 

no  unneceffafy  travelling,  no  feculiir  bufinefs,  no 

l^«   .  F  a^  vifiting, 


■dP: 


'■"■■jr. 


ir 


.'%, 


'i^. 


§^% 


NEW     E  N  C  L  A  N  a 


vifitingi.  no  dlverfions  were  permitted  on  that  AicKdf^. 
f^         day.     riiey  confldcrttl  it  as  confecrated  to  divine 
worfhip,  and  were  genei ally  pun £lual  and  ferious  in 
their  attendance  upon  it.    Their  laws  were  drift  in 
guarding  the  fabbath  again  ft  every  innovation.    The 
fuppofed  icverity  with  which  thele  laws  were  com- 
pofed  and  executed,  together  with  Tome  other  traits 
tn  Hreir  religious  charadler,  hJive  acquii^,  for  the  Nev^ 
Englanders;  the  name  of  stfupcrftitious,  bigotted  peo- 
ple.    Bat  i'uperflrtion'and  bigotry  are  ib  indefinite  in 
their  fignifications,  and  fo  vanoufly  applied  by  perlbns 
of  different  principles  and  educations,  that. it  is  not 
■    .         cafy  to  determine  whether  they  ever  deferved  that 
charafter.     Leaving  every  petibn  to  enjoy  his  own 
opinion  in-  regard  to  this  matter,  we  will  only  obfervc, 
thitj  Ance  the  war,'  a  catholick  tolerant  fpirit,  occa« 
fioned  by  a  more  enlarged  intercourie  with  mankindy 
hacgreatlf  increafed,  and  is  becoming  univerCal ;  and 
if  they  do  not  break  the  proper  bOur>d,.and  liberalize 
away  all  true  religion,  of  which  thire  is  much'  dan« 
gery.they  will  counterad' that  flrong.propenfity  in  hu« 
mannature,  which  leads  men  to  vibrate  from  one  ex<^ 
treme  to  its  oppoflte. 

I^ere  is  one  diflinguiihmg  charafteriftick  in  the  re* 
Rgious  charaft^r  of  this  people,  which  we  mull  hot 
omit  ta  mention  ;  and  that' is,  the  cudom  of  annupH; 
celebrating  Faftsand  Thank fgivings.  lA  the  fpr^ 
Aefeveral  Govemours  iflue  their  proclamations, 
p#inttng  a  day  to  be  religioufly  obfetved  in  iafting, 
nyliatrunand  prayer  throughout  their  refpeftive  il>I^H| 
^■which  the  predominating  vices,  thatparticuUrly  oPi 

I  humiliation,  are  enumerated.    Iti  autumn,  a|||^^ 

rveft,  thatglandlome  era  inthi  hufBandman'siifeftlml 
Go#^mours  again  iifue  their  proclamations  appointing  a 
^ayoF public k  thankf^iving,  enntnerating  the  pubticlc 
bkflings  received  in  the  courfrof  the  foregoing  year. 

This  pious  cuftom  originated  with  their  venerable 
anceilors,  the  Hrdr  fcttlcrs  of  New  England  ;  and  has 
been  handed  down  as  facred,  thrbugh  the  fucceifive 
generations  of  theirpofterityi  A  cuftom  fo  rafional; 
and  lb  happily  «?icullued'to  xterifh  in  the  mi  nd»  of  the 

E«op4^ 


NEW      ENGLAND 


9r 


people  a  fenfe  of  their  dependence  on  the  oriat  bk* 
N-srACTOK  of  the  world  for  aH  their  bleifings,  it  \% 
l&oped  will  ever  be  facredly  prefery«d. 

There  i^a  ctafs  of  people  in  New  England  of  th«  . 
bafer  fort,  who,  averte  to  honeft  induftry,  have  re- 
courfe  to  knavery  for  fubfidence.  Skilled  ia-ali  the 
artsof  difhonefty,  with  the  aflumcd  face  and  frank» 
nefs  of  integrity,  they  go  about,  like  wolves  in  (heep's 
clothing,  with  a  defign  to  defraud.  Thefe  people,  en* 
terprizing  from  neceflity,  have  not  connned  their 
lcnavi(h  tricks  to  New  Englat  d.  Other  ftates  have 
felt  the  effeOls  of  their  villany.  Hence  they  have 
chara£l:eriz^d  the  New  Englanders,  as  a  knaviih,  art- 
ful, and  diihone^t  peoplie.  But  that  condu  c  which 
diflinguifhes  only  a  fmall  clafs  of  people  in  any  nation 
or  ilate,  oujg;hc  not  to  be  indifcriniinatery  afcribed  tO' 
;^11,  or  be  iuifered  to  itamp  their  national  chara^r* 
In  New  England,  there  is  as  great  a  proportil^n  of  honi- 
ed and  ind'uftrious  citizens,  as  in  any  of  the  United 
States. 

The  jpeople  of  New  £tngland,  generally  obtain  theiir 

eflsttes  my  hafd  and  perfevering  labour :  They  of  con* 

fequence  know  their  value,  and  fpend  with  frugality. 

\'et  in  ai^  country  do  the  indigentand  unfortunate 

'"^letter.    Their  taws  oblige  every  town  to  provide 

hpetent  maintenance  for  their  poor ;  and  ihe  ne- 

ftcus  ftranger  is  prote£led,  and  relieved  from- their 

me  inAitutions.     It  may  in  truth  he  fatd,  that  in 

irt  of «the  world  are  the  people  happier,  bettfr 

ifhed  with  the  necefiaries  and  conveniences  pj 

or  morar  in<fependent  than  the  farmers  in  ^e^ 

^lind.    As  the  great  body  of  the  people  are  har<^^^ , 

idependent  fi-eeholdfers,  their  manners  are,  as  th|y>' 

ought  to  be,  congenial  to  their  employment,  pltpn, 

fimple,  and  unpoliiiied.     Strangers  are  received  and 

entertained  among-  theat  with  a  great  de^-  of  artlefs 

fihcerity,  and  fl^iendl]%  unformat  holpitality.     Their 

children,  thofe  iinifative  creatures,  to  whofe  education 

j^rticular  attention  i&  paid,  early  imbibe  the  manners 

and  habits  of  ^||pblcfe  around  them ;  and  the  flr^^er, 

with  plealure,.  notices,  tke  honeft  and  decent  rS^Qi 

that 
^;  ■■■    . 


^- 


68 


NEW     ENGLAND. 


'm   '^' 


that  is  paid  him  by  the  children  as  he  pades  throagh 
the  country. 

As  the  people,  by  reprcfcntation,  tnak^  their  own 
laws  aind  appoint  their  own  officers,  they  c«nnot  be 
opprefled  ;  and  living  under  governments,  whfch 
have  few  lucrative  places,  they  have  few  motives  to 
bribery,  corrupt  can va flings  or  intrigue.  Real  abiji- 
■ities  ind  a  moral  chani£ler  uhblemiihed,  are  the  quaU 
locations  reauidre  in  the  view  of  moft  people,  for  of- 
ficers of  publick  trud.  The  cxprcflion  of  a  wifh  to 
be  promoted,  is  the  direft  way  to  be  difappointed. 

The  inhabitants  of  New  England,  are  generally 
Tond  of  the  arts  and  fciences,  and  have  ciilllvated 
•  them  with  great  fucccfs.  Their  colleges  have  flourilh- 
cd  beyond  any  others  in  the  United  States.  The  il- 
luftrious  chara^ers  they  have  produced,  who  have 
idJftinguiCbed  themfelves  in  politicks,  law,  divinity, 
the  mathfcmaticks  and  philofophy,  natural  and  civil 
hiftory,  and  in  the  fine  arts,  particularly  in  poetry, 
evince  the  truth  of  thefe  oblervations. 

Many  of  the  v/omch  in  New  England  are  hapdfome. 
They  generally  have  fair,  frefh  and  healthful  counte- 
nances, mingled  with  much  female  foftnefs  and  deli* 
cacy.  Thote  who  have  had  the  advantagefbf  a j|p^ 
education  (and  they  ar».  confide rably  numerous^'* 
genteel,  ealy,  and  agreeable  in  their  manners,  am 
iprightly  and  fenfible  in  cohverfation.  They  are< 
ly  taught  to  manage  domeftick  concerns  vSflth.  nes ' 
and  economy.  Ladies  of  the  fir^t  rank  and  fbi 
make  it  a  part  of  their  daily  bufinefs  to  fuperini 
the  affairs  of  the  family.  Employment  at  the  nee 
in  cookery,  and  at  the  fpinning  wheel,  with  thet 
ht>nourable.  Idlenefs,  even  in  thofe  of  indepcnder 
fortunes,  is.  univerfally  difreputable.  The  rvomen  in 
the  country  manufacture  the  create fl  part  of  the  cloth- 
ing of  their  families.  Tlieir  finen  and  woollen  cloths 
are  ftrong  and  decent.  Their  butter  and  cheefe  is  not 
inferiour  to  any  in  the  world. 

In  the  winter  feafon,  while  the  grouiid  is  covenjd 
Vrit^  fnow,  which  is  commonly  two  o^  three  months^, 
flei^liingis  the  general  diveffi6x)«    A  great  part  of 


-fit- 


NEW      ENGLAND.  €9 

the%Ynili>8  throughout  the  country  are  furnidMsd  with 
horrcs  and  flei^hs.  The  young  people  coUe£l  in  par- 
ties and,  with  a  great  deal  of  Sociability,  rcfort  to  a 
f>lace  of  rendezvous,  where  they  regale  themfclves 
or  a  few  hours,  with  dancing  atni  a  focial  fupper,  a«d 
then  retire.  Thefe  dtvcrfions,  as  well  as  all  otheri» 
are  many  times  carried  to  excefs.  To  thefe  exccflfiiff 
and  a  fudden  expofureto  extreme  cold  after  theexer- 
cife  of  dancings  phyficians  have  afcribed  the  confump- 
tions,  which  are  fo  frequent  among  the  young  people 
in  New  England. 

Hijiory,']  New  England  owes  its  firft  fettlement  to 
religious  perfccution.  Soon  after  the  commencement 
of  the  reformation*  in  England,  which  was  not  until 
the  year  1534,  the  Proteftants  weie  divided  into  two 
partiea,  one  the  follov/ers  of  Luther,  and  the  other  of 
Calvin.  The  former  had  chofen  gradually,  and  9ir 
moll  imperceptibly,  to  recede  from  the  church  of 
^  Rome ;  while  the  latter,  more  z&alous,  and  convinced 
of  the  importance  of  a  thorough  reformation,  and  at 

the 

*  The  reformation  wai  begun  by  Martin  Lutber,%  native  o( 800* 
Mjr,  born  in  the  year  1483.  He  was  educated  in  the  Romaa 
Catholick  religion,  and  wat  an  Auguftlo  Friat,  when,  in  ip7» 
hviing  written  ninety  five  Thefes  againft  the  Pope's  induigencicts' 
he  exCibited  them  to  pobliclc  view  on  the  charcb  door  %tWirttn- 
^i^mft,  in  Saxoirff  and  thus  began  the  reformation  in  Gtrwuty.  la 
nlBi-the  reformed  religiQn  was  introduced  into  SwitatrUadhf 
^Bmgliyt,  (kca/amfat^usf  and  others. 

The  year  following,  the  Diet  of  the  German  Empire  aflemUed  ae 

8^  and  ifliKd  a  decree  againft  the  reformation.  Againft  tidi 
e,  the  MUHaif  of  Saxany^  Georgef  ,M*rquii  of  BrandnAurtt^ 
^^  and  Fraueuj  i>uke 9f  Lunenhurg,  the  Landgrmvt  of.  Jlt^» 
aiidlthe  Count  of  Anbah,  who  were  juined  by  feverai  of  the  ciriesy 
MKDlickly  read  their  PaoTiaT,  and  in  this  way,  acquired*fbr 
fnemfelves  and  their  fuccedbrs  down  to  the  prcfent  time,  thf  aaaK 
of  PaoTEsgrANTS. 


ed— entertained  different  ideas  concerning  fome  of  the  great  doc» 
trines  of  Chriftianity,  and  fet  the  Ptoteftant  at  a  greater  remove 
from  the  Roman  Catholiclc  religion.  The  followers  of  Luther 
have  been  diftinKuiihed  by  the  name  of  Lvtmkrani  }  and  the 
followers  of  C<i/jfin  by  the  naU^e  of  C  A  L  V I N 1 8  T  s . 

Such  wag  thtf  rapid  growth  of  the  Prjteftant  intereft.  th|f  ^m 
1561,  only  46  years  aUer  the  commencement  of  the  reformfe#o)k 
by  ituiiiiTi.  there  were  ia  France  2150  allsmblies  of  Procedanti. 


<9 


^  m^        .  K  E  W      ENGLAND. 

the  fame  time  pofTeirmg  much  firfAnefs  and  high  no* 
IK  'ttons  of  religious  liberty,  were  for  efTcAing  a  thorough 

change  at  once.  Their  confequent  endeavours  to  ex- 
punge Troni  the  church  all  the  inventions  which  had 
'been  brought  into  it  ftnce  the  days  of  the  Apuflle^, 
t»tnH  to  introduce  the  «  Scripture  purity,'  derived  for 
them  the  name  oF Pumtans.  From  thefc  the  inh^b* 
itantsof  NeW  Engljfnd  detcended. 

During  Ihcfiicccflive  reigns  of  Henry  VIII,  Mary, 
Elizabeth,  and  Jame^  the  firft,  the  PioteUants,  and 
efpccially  the  Puritans,  were  the  objefts  of  bloody  per- 
**  (ecution  ;  arid  thoufands  of  them  were  either  inhuman- 

ly burr^t,  or  left  more  cruelly  to  perifli  in  prifons  and 
aungeons. 

In  1 602,  a  number  of  reh'gioui  people  from  the  north 
of  England,  removed  into  Holland,  to  avoid  perfecu- 
|iipn.    Here  they  remained  under  the  care  of  the  learn- 
ed and'j>ious  Mr.  Robinton,  till  1620,  whAi  a  part  of 
'them  came  to  America,  anrl  larided  at  a  |rface,  which^ 
■in  grateful  com tremo ration  of  Plymouth  in  Encland, 
the  lown  which  they  lad  loft  in  their  native  land»  they 
called  Plymouth.    Thiu  town  was  the  firft  that  was 
,-     '/fettled  by  the  Englifh  in  New  England. 

^.      The  whole  company  that  landed  cohfifted  of  but 

tot  fouls.     I^jlieir  htuation  was  diftreflinc;  and  their 

.  prbfpe£^s  truly  difmal  and  difcouragirig.    Their  heajr- 

■  eft  neighbours,  except  the  natives,  were  a  French  let- 

tlement  at  Port  Royal,  and  one  of  the.  Englifh  3it  yn-- 

jginia.     The  neareft  of  thefe  w^s  500  miks  from  th|p)» 

and  utterly  incapable  of  affording  them  relief  ij||^  a 

jf    •  time  of  famine  or  danger.    Whcrecver  they  turned 

their  eyes,  diftrefs  was  before  thehu     Perfecuteafpr 

;  their  religion  in  their  native  land  ;   grieved  for  the 

profanation  of  the  holy  fabbath,  and  other  licentiouf- 

nefsin  Holland;  fatigued  by^^eirlong  and  boifter* 

ous  voyage  ;  difappointc-d,  through  the  treachery  of 

■their  commander,  of  their  expeCled  country  ;  forced 

.on  a  dangerous  and  unknown  fhore,  in  the  advance 

-Of  a  cold  winter ;  furrounded  with  hoftile  barbarians, 

without  any  hope  of  humaniuccour ;  denied  the  aid 

Of*  favour  ()f  the  court  of  England ;  without  a  patent ; 

without 


•^  •* 


#. 


NEW      ENGLAND. 


7< 


<«\'HbButa  publick  promifc  of  the  peaceable  enjoyment 
of  their  religious  liberties;  worn  out  with  toil  and 
iufFcrings;  without  convenient  (helter  from  the  rig- 
ours of  the  weather— Such  were  the  pioCpe^iSt  and 
fuch  the  fituation  of  thefe  pious,  folitary  cUri(li4ns*. 
To  add  to  their  didrcflcs,  a  general  jind  very  morl9l,i  . 
fickneCi  prevailed  amon^  them,  which  (^cpt  ofFibrty 
fix  of  their  number  before  the  opening  of  the  next 
I'pring.    To  fupport  them  under  thefc  trials^  they  had  .> 
need  of  all  the  aids  and  comforts  which  chnfttanityN^ 
aflPords  ;  and  thcfo  were  fufljcicnt.    The  free  and  un-i)  J 
molefted  enjoyment  of  thcii^religionj  reconciled  theni>[ir 
to  their  humble  and  lonely  fituation;  ihey  bore  their 
hardfliips  with  unexampled  patience,  and  pQifevered  ■  ■■ 
in  their  pilgrimage  of  almofl  unparalleled  trials,  witb  ,; 
fuch  rcfignation  and  calmnefs,  as  g^e  proof  of  great 
piety  and  unconquerable  virtue*  , 

Ihe  fxrfi  dud  in  New  England,  was  fought  witn    » 
fword  andi  dagger  between  two  Cervants.     Neither  ofm'. 
them  was  killedi  but  both  were  wounded.     For  tliit 
difgraceful  ofFencc«  they  wore  formally  tried  before 
the  whole  company,  and  fentenced  to  have   ".tneir  ' 
heads  and  feet  tied  together,  and  fo  to  be  twenty  lour*  . 
iiours  without  meat  or  drink.'*     Such,  howeves,M'af 
the  painfulnefs  of  their  fituation,  and'their  piteous  in-    T 
treaties  to  be  releafedt  that,  upon  proraiie  of  better  be- , 
hcyiour  in  future,  they  were  loon  releafed  by  the  Govf .  , 
cniQur.    Such  was  the  origin, ^  and  fuch,.!  may  almoil. 
venture  to  add,  was  the  terminatidn  of  Ihe  odioiHi 
prance  of  duelling  in  New  England,  for  there  have 
been  very  few  duels  fought  there  fmce.    The  true    > 
method  of  preventing  crimes  is  to  rendef  them  di(^ 
graceful.     Upon  this  principle,  can  there  be  inverUed.^f 
a  punifhment  better  calculated  to  exterminate  mif 
criminal  praflice,  than  the  one  alrei^)^mentioned  ? 

Such  was  the  vafl:  increafe  of  inhabitants  in  14ev 
England  by  natural  population.,  and  particularly  by 
emigrations  from  Great  Britain,  that  in  a  few  years» 
befidcs  the  fettlcmcnts  in  Plymouth  and  Maffachufettsf  •  . 
very  flourifhmg  colonies>^erp  plaiited  in  Rhode  I (U;  i 
«ndf  Connetlicut,  NewHavexif  and  New  H^mpfhire* 

The 
"^ 

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NEW      ENGLAND. 


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The  clangers  to  which  thefe  colonies  were  expdfefl 
from  the  furrounding  Indians,  as  well  as  from  the 
Dutch,  who,  although  very  friendly  to  the  infant 
colotiy  at  Plymouth,  were  now  likely  to  prove  trou* 
blefome  neighbours,  Hrft  induced  them  to  think  of  an 
aUiance  and  confvJeracy  for  their  mutual  defence. 
Accordingly  in  1643,  the  four  colonies  of  riymputh, 
Maifachuietts,  Connedicut,  and  New  Haven,  agreed 
upon  articles  of  confederation,  whereby  a  Goncrefs 

.  Was  formed,  coxi^ifling  of  two  commiffioners  frora 
Vach  colony,  who  were  chofen  annually,  and  when 
met  were  confidered  as  th*?*  reprefentatives  of  "  The 
United  Colonies 'of  New  England."  The  powers 
delegated  to  the  commiflioners,  were  much  the  fame 
as  thofe  vefled  in  Congrefs  by  the  articles  of  confed* 
eration,  agreed  up^  by  the  United  States  in  t^y^, 
Thl^  colony  of  Rhode  Ifland  would. gladly  have  j6in« 
ed  in  this  Confederacy,  but.Mafiachufetts,  forparticu-* 
lar  reafons,  refufed  to  admit  their  commiUioners., 
This  union  fubfifled,  with  fbme  few  alterations,  until 
the  year  16B6,  when  all  the  charters,  except  l4at  of 
Conne6licut,  were  in  efle£i  vacated  by  a  commiilion 
from  James  the  II.      , 

Three -years  before  the  arrival  of  the  PI  y  mouth' col- 

*%ny,.a  very  mo{|pl'1icknefs,  fuppofed  to  have  been  the 
plague,  raged  with  great  violence  among  the  Indians 
in  the  eaftem  parts  of 'Mew  Etigland.  Whole  town# 
were  cljcpopulated.  The  living  were  not  able  to  buty 
thedeadi  «nd  their  bones  were  found  lying  abovi 
ground,  many- years  after.  The  MaflTacbufetts  i^ 
dians  are  faid  to  have  been  reduced  from  30,000  to 
300  fighting  vien.  In  1633,  the  fmall  pox  fwept  off 
gr^t  numbers  of  the  Indians  in  Maflachufetts. 

In*  763,  on  the  ifiand  of  Nantucket,  in  the  fpace  of 
four  months,  thtf  Ifidians  were  reduced  by  a.  mortal 
ficknefsi  from  320  to  85  fouls.  The  hand  of  Provi- 
dence is  noticeable  in  thefe  "furprifmg  infiances  of 
inortality,  among  the  Indians,  to  make  room  for  ihe 
Engltfh.  Comparatively  few  have  periihed  by  w-ars.. 
Th^  wade  and  moulder  away  f^they,  in  aimanner  un- 
ac^ountaUci-diiappeax:.    ^ 

When      , 


NEW      ENGLAND. 


73 


When  the  £ngli(h  firft  arrived  in  America,  the  In- 
dians had  no  times  nor  places  fet  apart  for  religious 
worfliip.  The  firft  fettlers  in  New  England  were  at 
great  pains  to  introduce  among  them  the  habits  of  civ- 
ilized life,  and  to  inftruft  them  in  the  chriftian  reli- 
gifti.  A  few  years  intercourfe  with  the  (Indians,  inf^ 
ducedthem  to  eft  'blifh  feveral  good  and  natural  regu- 
lations. They  oidained  that  if  a  man  be  idle  a  week » 
or  at  moft  a  fortnight,  he  (hall  pay  five  (hillings. 
Every  young  man,  not  a  lervant,  mall  be  obliged  to 
fet  up  a  wigwam,  and  plant  for  himfelf.  If  an  un- 
married man  (hall  lie  with  an  unmarried  woman,  he 
(hall  pay  twenty  (hillings.  If  any  woman  fliall  not 
have  her  hair  tied  up,  (he  (hall  pay  five  (hillings,  &c. 
Concerning  the  religion  of  the  v^taugbt  natives  of 
America,  Mr.  Braina^d,  who  was  well  acquainted 
with  it,  informs  us  that  after  the  coming  of  the  white 
people,  the  Indians  in  New  Jerfey,  who  once  held  a 
plurality  of  £><;ities,  fuppofed  there  were  only  three, 
becaufe  they  faw  people  of  three  kinds  of  complex- 
ions, viz.  Engli(h,  Negroes,  and  themfelves. 

It  was  a  notion  pretty  generally  prevailing  among 
them,  that  it  was  not  the  (ame  God  made  them  who 
made  us ;  but  that  they  were  create4  ^fter  the  white 
people.  And  it  is  probable  they  fuppefe  their  God 
gained  fome  fpecial  (kill  by  feeing  the  white  people 
made,  and  fo  made  them  better  ;  for  it  is  certain  they 
look  upon  tfv^mfelves,  and  their  mothods  of  living, 
which  they  •  .  ♦heir  God  exprefsly  prefcribed  for 
them,  vaftly  ^\  -  -rable  to  the  white  people,  andi  tlicir 
methods. 

With  regard  to  a  future  (late  of  exiftenee,  many  of 
them  imagine  that  the  chkhung,  i.e.  the  (hadow|tor 
what  furvives  the  body,  v?,ill,  at  death^O  fouthl^ard, 
and  in  an  unknown  but  curious*|Sl«e,  will  enjoy 
fome  kind  of  happinefs,  (uch  as  hunting,  feifling, 
dancing,  and  the  like.  And  what  they  fuppofe  will 
contribute  much  to  their  happinefs  in  the  next  ftate. 
is,  that  they  fhall  never  be  weary  of  thofe  entertain- 
nients.  f      ' 


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Length   180  7  i„^«,,„  S^°¥>'  •"«>  4**  *o'  Eaft  Lon^itule* 
^B.r..dih    60  i  u"*""  [42°  50'  and  45°  North  Latftudc. 

nDOUNDEDNorth,  by  Quebcck ;  Northcaft,  ^y 
Sj  the  Province  of  Main  ;  Southcaft,  by  the  At- 
lantick  occyn  ;  South,  by  Maflachufctts  ;  \\'cfl  and 
Northwcf\;^  by  Conncfticut  river,  which  divides  it 
from  \*crmont.  The  fhs-.'Cof  New  Ilampfliire,  rc- 
iombles  an  open  fan  ;  Connc£ticut  river  being  the 
curve,  the  fouthcrn  line  the  InortcAi  and  the  caftcin 
line  the  longed  fide, 

pivil  Divi/ionx.']  New  Hampfhire  is  divided  into 
five  counties,  viz.* 

Counties.  Chief  Tcwns. 

Rockingham,  Portfmouth  and  Exeter, 

Stafford,  Dover  and  Durham, 

IlilHhorough,  Amherfl, 

Chcfliire,  Keencand  Charlcfkkwr, 

Grafton,  Haveril  and  Plymown. 

In  1776,  there  were  165  fettled  townfhips  in  this 
■flatc.  Since  that  time  the  number  has  been  greatly 
incrcafcd. 

Chief  Tozcns,']  Portfmouth  is  much  the  largefl;  town 
in  this  ftatc.  It  flands  on  the  fcutheaft  fids  of  Pif- 
cataqua  river,  about  two  miles  from  the  fea,  and  con- 
tains about  6oo'houres,  and  4400  inhabitants,  'lie 
town  is  handfbmely  built,  and  plcafantly  fituafcd. 
Its  publick  buildings  are.  a  court  houle,  two  churches 
for  Congrcsationalifts,  one  for  Epifcopalians,  and  one 
t)thrr  hou/cfor  publick  worfhip, 

tfs  hai^bnt'  is  one  of  the  finefl  on  the  continent, 
having  a  fufl%||^  depth  of  water  for  velTels  of  any 
burthen.     It  is^cfended  againfl  ftorms  by  the  adja- 
centland,  ir^fuch  a  manner,  as  tbat  fliips  may  fecurely 
ride  there  in  any  fealbn  of  the  year.     Befides,  tlic 
il»aibour  is  fo  i«{cU  fortified  by  nature,  that  veiy  little 
^rt  will . be  nectary  io  rcntifa'  it  impi;?gnable.     Its  vi- 
cinity to  the  fea  renders  it  ^ry  convenient  for  naval 
trade.  ^Jighthoufc,  with  a  finglc  light,  ^ands  at  \h9 
•en^raq^ofihe  haiboiu-,  Ejc?tcr»>^ 


# 


»^«* 


ih* 


NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


n 


Exeter  is  a  pretty  town,  fifteen  miles  Ibuthwcflcrly 
from  Portfinouth,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Exeter  river.  * 
Concord,  fituatcd  on  the  weft  fide  cf  Merrimalc 
river,  is  a  pl^afant  flburifhing  town,  and  will  proba- 
bly, on  accojtit  of  its  central  fitualioni  foon  be  thd 
permanent  feat  of  government,  ^^ 

Riverst  BaySi  and  Lakes.']     The  Pifcataqua  riv<^ 
has  four  branches,  Berwick,  Cochcchy,  Exeter  and- 
Durham,  wliich  arc  all  navigable  for  (mull  vcfllls  aiul 
boats,  iomi  fifteen,  others  twenty  miles  from  the  fca. 
Thcfc  rivers  unite  about  eight  miles  from'  tlic  mouth 
of  the  harbour,  ani  form  one  broad,  deep,  rapid 
ftrcam,   navigable  for  fliips  of  the  largcd  burden. 
This  river  forms  the  only  port  of  New  Hampfhirc. 

The  Merrimak  bears  that  name  from  its  mouth  ta 
the  confluence  of  PemisewalTet  and  WinnifipioKec 
rivers ;  the  latter  has  its  fource  in  the  lake  of  the  fame 
name.  In  its  courfe,  it  receives-  numberlels  fmall 
flreams  ilTuing  from  ponds  and  fwamps  in  the  vallies. 
I-t  tumbles  over  two  confiderable  rails,  Amalkacgi 
and' Pantucket  great  falls.  From  Havcril  the  river 
runs  winding  along,  through  a  pleafant  rich  vale  of 
meadow,  and  palling  between  Newbury  Port  andf 
SalilburyT'empties  into  the  ocean. 

Great  Bay,  Ipreading  out  from  Pifcataqua  river,  be- 
tween Portfmouth  ant  Exeter,  is  the  only  twie  that  dc- 
fcrves  mentioning. 

There  arc  fcvsral  remarkable  ponds  or  lakes  in 
thi?  (late.  Utn'ngog  is  a  large  lake,  quite  in  the  north- 
eaft  corner  of  the  ftatc.  Winnififiokee  lake  is  nearly 
in  the  center  of  the  (late,  and  is  about  twenty  miles 
Ion*,  and  from  three  to  eight  broad. 

Face  oj  tilt  Country, \    The  land  i#xl 
generally  low,  but  as  you  advance  in; 
the  land  rifes  into  hills.'  Some  pii 
mountainous. 

M.ountdins.'\  TUc  Unl'e  h  ountuids  are  the  lugheft 
part  of  a  rid.je,  which  extend?^  horthcaft  and  lijuth- 
\ve(l,  to  a  longtli  ndf  yet  afcerlained.  The  wholt  cii^ 
cuit  of  them  ii.not  IcCs  ^an  fifty  miles.  The  height 
of  thefc  mountaii^  «bwe  an  adjacent  meadow,"  is 
,   ,  #  ,i    -  reckoned 


» 


the  fca  J3 

courttry, 

the  (late  are 


-t 


<■**. 


/^G 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


reckoned  to  be  about  5500  feet,  and  the  meadow  i» 
3500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  fca.  The  fnow  and 
ice  cover  them  nine'  or  ten  months  in  the  year,  during 
which  time  they  exhibit  that  bright  appearance  from 
which  they  are  denominated  the  White  mountains, 
From  this  iummit,  in  clear  weather,  is  exhibited  a  no- 
ble view,  extending  fixty  or  feventy  miles  in  every 
di'-eftior.  Although  they  arc  more  than  leventy 
miles  within  land,  they  are  (een  many  leagues  off  at 
fea,  V!  id  appear  like  an  exceeding  bright  cloud  in  the 
horizon.  Thefe  iramenfe  heights,  being  coptoufly  re- 
plen^'J  -"?d  with  water,  afford  a  variety  of  beautiful 
cafcadcs.  Three  oF  the  largeft  rivers  in  New  Eng-  , 
land,  receive  a  great  part  of  their  waters  from  thefe 
moun'ickius,  Amanoofuck  and  lirael  rivers,  two  prin- 
cipal branches  of  Connefticut,  fall  from  their  wedern 
fide.  Peabody  river,  a  branch  of  the  Amarifcogen, 
falls  from  the  northeaft  fide,  and  almofl  the  whole  of 
the  Saco,  deficends  from  the  fouthern  fide.  The  high- 
efl  fummlt  of  theie  mountains,  is  in  about  latitude  44°. 

The  Monadnik  is  a  very  high  mountain,  in  Chefhire 
county,  in  the  fouthweftem  part  of  the  ftate. 

Climate.']  The  air  in  New  Hampfhire  is  ferene  and 
heahhful.  The  wrjather  is  not  fo  fubjcft  to  change  as 
in  more  fouthern  climates.  This  ftate,  embofoming 
a  number  of  very  high  mountains,  and  lying  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  others,  whofe  towering  fummits  arc 
covered  with  fnow  and  ice  three  quarters  of  the  year, 
is  intenfely  cold  in  the  winter  feafon.  The  heat  of 
fumraer  is  great,  but  of  (hort  duration.  The  cold 
braces  the  conftitution,  and  renders  the  labouring  peo- 
ple hcalthfui-andjobuft. 

Scd  and  ^uduaions.']  On  th*'^  fea  coaft,  and  many 
places  inlan^l^  foil  is  fandy,  but  affords  good  paftur- 
agc.  The  inraNrills  at  *he  foot  of  the  mountains  are 
greatly  enriched  by  the  frefhets,  which  bring  down 
the  foil  upon  them,  forming  a  fine  mould,  and  pro- 
lucing  com,  grain  and  herbage,  in  the  moll  luxuriant 
*ienty.  The  back  lands,  which  have  been  cultivated^ 
generally  very  fertile,  atid  produce  the  various* 
kinds  of  grain,  fruits  and  vegetacks,  which  are  com- 

jHOn 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


n 


mon  to  the  other  parts  of  New  England.  The  un- 
cultivated lands  are  covered  with  extcnfive  forcfls  of 
fir,  cedar,  oak,  walnut,  &c.     This  flate  afibrds 


>inc, 


all  the  materials  neceffary  for  fliip  building. 

Population  and  CharaSler.']  No  aaual  cenfus  of  the  in- 
habitants has  been  lately  made.  In  tb^>  Conventional 
Philadelphia,  in  1787,  they  were  reckoned  at  102,000, 

There  is  no  chara^leriftical  difference  between  the 
inhabitants  of  this  and  the  other  New  England  States. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  of  New  Hampfhire  were 
emigrants  from  England.  Their  pofterity,  mixed 
with  emigrants  from  Maffachuletts,  fill  the  lower  and 
middle  towns.  Emigrants  from  Conncfticut  compofc 
the  largeft  part  of  the  inhabitants  oft.  ^  we  ftern  towns, 
adjoining  Conncfticut  river.  Slaves  there  arc  none. 
Ncgioes,  who  were  never  numerous  in  New  Hamp- 
fhire, are  all  free  by  the  firll  article,  of  the  bill  of 
rights. 

Government.!     Nearly  the  fame  as  Maffachufetts. 

Coll2ge  and  Schools.']  In  the  townlhip  ot  Hanover, 
in  the  wellern  part  of  this  flate,  is  Dartmouth  College, 
fituated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  about  half  a  mile  eall  of 
Conncfticut  river,  in  latitude  43'^  33 '.  It  was  named 
after  the  Right  Honourable  William  Earl  of  Dart- 
mouth, who  was  one  of  its  principal  benefaftors.  It 
was  founded  in  1769,  for  the  education  and  inft ruc- 
tion of  youth,  of  the  Indian  tiibes,  in  reading,  wrrt- 
ing,  and  all  parts  of  learning  which  Ihould  appear  ne- 
ceffary and  expedient  for  civilizing  and  chrillianizinir 
the  children  of  Pagans,  as  well  as  in  all  liberal  arts  and 
fciences,  and  alfo  of  Englifh  youths  and  any  others. 
Its  fituation,  in  a  frootier  country,  expoiSjd  it  during 
the  late  war,  to  many  inconveniences  which  prevent- 
ed its  rapid  progrefs.  It  flourifhed,  however,  amidft 
all  its  embarraffments,  'and  is  no\»^wiuj  of  tlie  moft 
growing  feminaries  in  the  United  States.  It  has,  in  the 
four  claffes,  about  130  ftudents,  under  the  direftion  of 
a  Prefident,  two  Profeffors,  and  two  Tutors.  It  has 
twelve  Truilees,  who  are  body  corporate,  inverted 
with  the  powers  ncteffary  jr  fuch  a  body.  The  )#» 
brary  is  elegant,  containing  a  large  coUctlion  of  the, 

G»  mod 


..„J.': 


*,'^ 


7«  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

mod  valuable  books.  Its  apparatus  confifts  of  a  com- 
petent number  of  ufeful  inftruments,  for  making  math- 
cmaticnl  and  philofophical  experiments.  There  are 
three  buildings  for  the  ufe  of  the  ftudents.  Such  is 
the  falubrity  of  the  air,  that  no  inflance  of  mortality 
has  happened  among  the  ftudents,  fince  the  firfl  ef- 
tablifliment  o7  the  College. 

At  Exeter  there  is  an  Academy,  at  Portfmouth  a 
Grammar  School.  All  the  towns  are  bound  by  law 
|B  fupport  fchooU ;  but  the  grand  jurors,  whofe  bufi- 
nefs  It  ^s  to  fee  that  thefe  laws  are  executed,  are  not  fo 
careful  as  they  ought  to  be  in  prefenting  fins  of  omiffton, 

Rei''giv:o2  The  inhabitants  of  New  Hamp(hirc  are 
cliicny  v-jngregationalifts.  The  other  denomination! 
arc  ^^"efbyterians,  Baptifts,  and  Epifcopalians. 

.  /fory.]  The  firft  difcovery  made  oy  the  Englifh 
cf  any  p,  ■»-t  of  New  Hambflxire,  was  in  1614,  by  Capt. 
John  SmiiLh,  who  ranged  the  (hore  from  Penobfcotto 
Cape  Cod  ;  and  in  this  route,  difcovered  the  river 
Pifcataqua.  On  his  return  to  England,  he  publifhed 
a  defcription  of  the  country,  with  a  map  of  the  coafl, 
which  he  prefented  to  Prince  Charles,  who  gaveit  the 
name  of  Nbw  England.  Th^  firfl  fettlement  was 
made  in  1623. 

New  Hampfliire  was  for  many  years  under  the  ju- 
rifdi£tlon  of  the  Governpur  of  IVlaflachufetts,  yet  they 
had  a  feparate  legiHature.  They  ever  bore  a  propor- 
tionable (hare  ofthe  expenfes  and  levies  in  all  enter- 
prifes,  expeditions  and  military  exertions,  whether 
planned  by  the  colony  or  the  crown.  In  every  ftage 
of  the  oppofition  that  was  made  to  the  encroachments 
of  the  Britifh  parliament,  the  peonle,  who  ever  had  a 
high  fenfe  of  liberty,  cheerfully  -ore  their  part.  At 
the  commencement  of  hollilides,  indeed,  while  '  .eir 
council  was  appointed  by  royal  mandamust  thcirpatri- 
otick  ardour  was  checked  by  thefe  crown  omcers. 
But  when  freed  from  this  rcftraint,  they  flew  eagerly 
to  the  American  ftandard,  when  the  voice  of  their 
country  declared  for  war,  and  their  troops  had  a  large 
iltare  of  the  hazard  and  fatigue,  as  well  as  of  the  gloiy 
of  accompliihing  the  late  revolution. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

\  ■     .  ■  ■> 


79 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


milei. 


Length  i  <o  7  .   ..„..„  f  41**  20'  and  41°  50'  North  Latitude. 
Breadth  60  i  between  {  jO  j,nd  50  30'  Eaft  Longitude. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  New  Hampflbire  z^nd  Ver- 
mont ;  Weft,  by  New  York  ;  South,  by  Con- 
nedlicut,  Rhode  Ifland  and  the  Atlantick  ;  £aft,  by 
the  Atlantick  and  the  Bay  of  M  iffachufetts. 

Rivers.']  Merrimak  river  before  defcribed,  runt 
through  the  northcaftern  part  of  this  (late,  Befidet 
this,  are  Charles, Taunton, Concord,  Myftick  and  Ipf- 
wich  rivers,  in  the  caftern  part  of  the  ftate  ;  and 
Chicabee,  Weftfield, and  Deerfield  rivers,  all  emptying 
into  Connefciicut  river,  in  the  weftern  parts  of  the  ftate* 

Capes.']  The  only  Capes  of  note  on  the  coaft  of 
Maflachufetts.  are  Cape  Ann  on  the  north  fide  of 
Bofton  Bay,  and  Cape  Cod  on  the  fouth.  The  latter 
is  the  terminating  hook  of  a  promontory,  which  ex- 
tends far  into  the  fea  ;  and  is  remarkable  for  having 
been  the  firft  land  which  was  made  by  the  firit  iettler^ 
of  Plymouth  on  the  American  coaft,  in  i6ao. 

IJlands.']  Among  other  iflands  which  border  upoii 
this  coaft,  are  Kappawak,  Martha's  Vineyard,  and 
Nantucket.  Kappawak,  now  Dukes  county,  istwen« 
ty  miles  in  length,  and  about  four  in  breadth.  I.t  con- 
tains feven  parifhes.  Edgarton  is  the  (hire  town. 
This  county  is  full  of.  inhabitants,  who  lubfift  princi- 
pally by  fifhing. 

Nantucket  lies  fouth  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  confidcr- 
ably  lefs  than  Dukes  county.  It  formerly  had  the 
moft  confiderable  whale  fiftiery  on  the  coaft  ;  h^X  the 
war  almoft  ruined  them.  They  are  now  beginning 
to  revive  their  former  bufinels.  Moft  of  the  inhabit- 
ants are  wh.  'ers  and  fifhermen.  The  ifland  of  itfclf 
conftitutes  one  county  by  the  name  of  Nantucket,  It 
has  but  one  town,  called  Sherburne. 

^cligion.'j  The  religion  of  this  commonwealth  is 
cftabliflied,  by  their  excellent  fWnftitution,  on  a  moft 
liberal  and  tolerant  plan.  All  penOns,  of  whatever  re- 
ligious profeflion  or  fentiments,  may  worfhip  God  a- 

'    greeably 


#^.?sj 


8o 


•MASSACHUSETTS. 


greeably  to  the  di£Utes  of  their  own  conrcienccs,  unmo- 
lededi  provided  they  do  not  diflurb  the  publick  peace. 
The  following  lUtement,  (hews  what  are  the  Icvcral 
religious  denominations  in  this  Hate,  and  their  propor- 
tional numbers. 


Denominationi.- 

Con^regationalifts, 

Baptifts, 

Epifcopalians, 

Friends  or  Quakers, 

Prcfbytcrians, 

Univerfalills, 


Number  of 

X'ungrcgations. 

400 

10 

4 
t 


SuppofeJ  number  of 

each  drtionaniition* 

277,600 

58,296 

11,104 

6,940 

2,776 

^4 


Total    515  357  A}^ 

In  this  ftatemeni,  it  is  fuppofed  that  all  the  inhabit- 
ants in  the  (late,  confidcr  themfelves  a:*  belonginjt;  to 
one  or  the  other  of  the  religious  denominations  rr»cn- 
tioned  ;  and  that  each  religious  fcciety,  of  every  de- 
nomination, is  compofed  of  an  equal  number  of  fouls ; 
that  is,  each  is  fuppofed  to  contain  694,  which,  if  we 
reckon  th?  miinDer  of  inhabitants  in  the  flate  at 
357,51  J,  will  be  the  proportion  for  each  congregation. 

Although  (his  may  not  be  an  exadl  apportionment 
of  the  different  fefls,  yet  it  is  perhaps  as  accurate  as 
the  nature  of  the  fuhje6l  will  allow,  and  fufficient  to 
give  a  general  idea  of  the  proportion  which  the  leverid 
denominations  bear  to  each  other. 

The  number  of  congregational  churches  in  1749 
was  250. 

In  1760,  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  ftate,  was 
about  268)850.  The  proportion  of  the  fe6U  then  was 
nearly  as  follows,  viz. 

Sects.  Congregations. 

Congrcgationalifts,  506 

~        "  aa 


Friends  meetings, 
Baptlfts, 
EpifcopalianSj 
Frefb^teiians, 


so 

4 


Suppofed  number  of 
fouls  of'each  d^Hi. 
225,426 

i6,i(^ 

9,568 
2,944 


Toaa  365 


268,850 

Civil 


m- 


.f 


MASSACHT    SETTS. 


9i 


Civil  Oivihans.']  The  Commonwealth  of  Maflfa* 
chufetts  is  divided  into  fourteen  counties,  and  iubdi* 
vided  into  355  townfhips.  The  followinsj  TABLE 
exhibits  a  comparative  view  of  the  popul«ition  of  th« 
fevcral  counties  '\t\  this  ftate. 


CoVMtlll. 

S5  0 

Acres  of 

improved 

land. 

1 

11 

Q8 

"i 

» 
C 

1 

• 
0 

Towni  where 

the  cuurti  are 

held. 

SufKilK, 

S^iT^-J 

105,63, 

77.5S'> 

21 
22 

"4^ 

6c 

M 

IC 

3 

rjofton. 

Eflax, 

48,7*3 

171,893 

47,801 

Salem,   ipfwich 
and  Newbury 
t>ort. 

MiiAilelex, 

34»«a3 

163,^:34 

199.548 

Caint)r.d-e    and 

Concord, 
''pringfield    and 

Northampton- 
Plymouth. 

Hami'fhire, 

43»«43 

I4*'375 

671,344 

Plvmiiith, 

25,016 

q2.Si3 

129,191 

Batiiit.ibto, 

>3.3Vi 

39,  ra 

.    4  5.7* 

i'.!  -ftahle. 

Dukes  (  (land) 

3, no 

i8,i()« 

12,17:'. 

E'*gart.  i  ilbur\ . 

Nantucket 
(an  ifland) 

4,169 

16,092 

».43i 

I 

S3 

Sherburne. 

Briftnl, 

25,640 

97,360 

1  •^0,767 

Taunton.           ' 

York, 

20,509 

66,142 

a64i93' 

y  ik.Bi.lvierd. 

Worceller, 

47,614 

207,4T 

510  a^r 

A^i.rceft'-.r. 

Cumlierland, 

J4.714 

t;3,S65 

2fiO,hq-^ 

Portbrt**'* 

*  Lincoln, 

15,270 

45,803 

799970 

;*owiii*lbort>ugh, 
Waldoborougli 
am)  HjllnwTl. 

B*"r:{(hiie, 

a4>S44 

87,028 

a-Jd  .  tv, 

L,<-I)'>X. 

Total  357,51 1 

1,087  J70I3  1X5,857 

35  S 

1 

Literary  and  Humane  Socifti"':."].  The  literary,  hu- 
mane and  charitable  inftitutions  in  MafTuchufetts,  ex- 
hibit a  fair  trait  in  the  charaftcr  of  the  inhabitants. 
Among  the  firft  literary  inditutions  in  this  ftate,  is  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  in- 
corporated May. 4th,  1780.  The  defign  of  the  infti- 
tution,  is  to  promote  and  encourage  the  knowledge  of 
the  antiquities  of  America,  and  of  the  natural  hiftory 
of  the  country  ;  to  promote  and  encourage  medical 

difcoveries^ 

•  This  county  has  lately  been  divided  into  thiee,  viz.  Lincoln^  * 
WaHiingt -.1,  and  Hancock* 


%. 


*       I 


89 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


dtfcoverics,  mathematical  difr  tiiitiona,  philofuphical 
inauiiies  and  experiments,  all  moroical,  mctcoK  log- 
ical and  geographical  obCcrvutionf  ;  improvcmcntb  in 
agriculture,  arts,  manufaflui'Ct  commerce,  and  the 
cultivation  of  every  (cicncc  that  may  tend  to  advanc6 
a  free,  independent,  and  virtuous  people. 

Be  fides  this,  arc  the  Mf/mhu/tUs  ChnritMc  Sodety, 
the  Bojiim  F.pifiopal  Chsritubte  SwUty^  the  MujjachuJtUs 
^lediciil  Soiifty^  the  Humane  Soriftyt  and  ihc  Soiiety  Jor 
prctafi^atum  thtGoft>fl among  the  Indians* 
.  Next  to  Penniylvania,  this  ilatc  has  the  grcatcft 
number  of  iociches  for  the  promotion  of  ufcful  knowl- 
edge  and  human  happincfs  ;  and  ui  they  arc  founded 
im  the  broad  bafis  o\' hinivolemc  and  charity,  they  can- 
not fail  lo  prolpcr.  Thefc  inflilutions,  which  arc  faft- 
increafing  in  aimed  every  itate  in  the  union,  are  fo 
many  evidences  of  the  advanced  and  advancing  (late 
of  civilization  and  improvement  in  this  country. 
They  prove  likcwifc  that  a  free,  republican  govern- 
ment, like  ours,  is,,  of  all  others,  the  mod  happily  cal- 
culated to  promote  a  general  diffufion  of  ufeful  knowl- 
edge,  and  the  moil  favouri'b7«  to  the  benevolent  and 
humane  feelings  of  the  human  hrarf*. 

JLiterature,  Collc^ifSt  Ac.  unn-  ■,  £?t.]  According  to 
the  laMnp  of  this  c^mmon\vc«\hh,  every  town  having 
lifty  houfeholders  or  upwari',  is  to  be  conflantJy  pro- 
vickd  with  a  fvhooIm<\f^er  to  teach  children  and  youth 
tt)  read  and  write  ;  and  where  any  town  has  loo  fam* 
iiies,  there  is  alfo  to  be  a  grammar  ichool. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  grammar  fchocU,  are  tho 
academics^of  which  thcie  are  the  following,  viz. 

DtrMMER  AcADKMY,  at  Ncwbury,  which  wag 
founded  many  years  fince,  and  incorporalvtl  in  1782, 
Phillips's  Academy,  at  Andover,  incorporated  Oc- 
tober 4,  1780.  Lkicester  Academy,  in  the  town- 
fliip  of  Leiccfler,  incorporated"  in  1784.  At  Will- 
iamftown,  in  fierkn\ire  county,  is  another  Academy, 
which  is  yet  in  its  infancy. 

Thefc  Academies  have  very  handfome  funds,  and 
are  flourifhing.    The  v-lefigns  of  the  truflees  are,  to 
diiTcminatc  virtue  and  ixue  piety,  to  promote  the  ed- 
ucation* 


% 


■It 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


H 


vraticn  of  yout^  In  the  Englifh,  I.aiin,  Grcrk,  and 
French  iangna,;cs,  to  encourage  llicir  inflrudtion  irt 
writing,  aritUn.etick,  on'Diy,  g'ograjiliy,  practical 
gcomeriyj  logick,  uhiiolbphy,  and  i'uch  other  of  the 
liberal  arts  and  fcicncc5,  or  languages,  as  may  b« 
thoiigl't  expedient.  \ 

IiAHVARD  Cot.Lf.cK  takes  its  date  from  the  year 
1638.  Two  years  bei<>n\  the  general  court  cave 
four  hundred  pounds  for  the  lupport  ofa  publick  fchool 
at  Ncwto'.vn,  which  liasiince  been  called  Cambridge. 
'J  his  year  (i^\'3B)  the  Rev,  Mr,  John  Harvaid,  a 
\\  orthy  minillcr  rcfiding  in  Ch ailcftuvvn,  died,  and  left 
a  ilonatii  n  0(^779  for  the  ule  of  the  fotcmcntioned 
publick  lch.)ol.  In  honour  to  the  memory  offo  H- 
iicral  a  bene/aftor,  the  general  court  the  fame  year,  or- 
dered that  the  khool   ihould  take  the  name  of  Har- 

VARn  CoM.EGE, 

Cambridge,  in  which  the  college  is  (ifuated,  is  % 
plcafant  village,  four  miles  wefhvard  from  HoPon, 
conlainijig  a  number  of  gentlemen's  feats  which  arc 
■neat  and  well  built.  The  univcrllty  confifts  of  four 
elegant  brick  cdiHccs,  handfomcly  cnclofed.  They 
iUnd  on  a  bcauiiful  green  which  fprcads  to  the  norj 
vefl,  and  cxhi   ■        ■     ' 

The  names 
Hall,  Maflachi 

Chapel,  Harvard  Hall  is  divided  into  fix  apart- 
ments ;  one  of  which  ii  appropiatcd  for  the  library, one 
for  the  mufcum,  two  for  the  philofophical  appara- 
tus, one  is  ufcd  for  a  chapel,  and  the  other  for  a  din- 
ing ball.  The  library,  in  1787,  confifted  of  12,000 
volumes  ;  and  will  be  continually  increafing  from  the 
intereft  of  permanent  funds,  as  well  as  from  cafual 
'bencfaftions.  The  philolbphical  apparatits  belong- 
ing to  this  univeffity,  coft  between  1400  and /'i. 500 
'lawM  money,  and  is  the  moft  elegant  and  complete 
of  ?.ny  in  America. 

^  Agiceably  to  the  prefent  conflitution  of  Maflachti- 
f  etts,  his  Excellency  the  Governour,  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernour,  the  council  and'fcnate,  the  prefident  of  the 
univerGty,  and  thc>minifters  of   the  congregational 

churches 


edihccs,  handlomely  cnclofed.  They 
iuiiful  green  which  fprcads  to  the  norUi- 
hibita  plcafmg  view.  ^^    m 

s  of  the  fcvcral  buildings  are,  IPirvailL 
hufetts  Hall,  Hollis  Hall,  ancflUilden 


# 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


4^^ 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


bilM    125 

m  "^  MM 
mm  M22 


S!  1^   |2.0 


U 

14     ^ 

«1UU 


^^#^% 

^  ^ 


11      •?: 


¥1-^  '* 


PhotografJiic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WBT  MAIN  STREIT 

WIBSTER.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  S72-4S03 


o 

4^ 


"S 


||        MASSACHUSETTS^ 

iliTches  in  th^  towns  of  fiofton,  Charle(town,  Cam- 
f,  AVatertown,  Roxbury,  and  Dorchefter,  are, 
tl^isjkiiSi  overfeers^f  the  UniVeritty. 
■i  The  corporation  ia  a  diftinft  body,  confiftinj;  of 
ffcven  members,  in  whom  is  vefted  ^e  property  oAhlb 
Imiverfity. 

The  inftruAors  in  the  univerfitv,  arp  a  prefident, 
Holliiian  profdTor  of  divinity,  Hollifian  profeifor  of 
the  i^athematicks  and  natural  philofophy,  Hancock 
profeiTor  of  oriental  lanffuages,  profeflbr  of  anatoi^y 
lind  fui^eiy,  jprofeifor  ofthe  theory  and  pra8:ice  of 
phvfick,  proleflbr  of  chymiftiy  and  materia  medica^ 
luid  four  tStors* 

This univeriiteas t6 its  library,  philofophical  ap- 
paratus and  prohBubrlhips,  is  at  preient  the  firft  Ike- 
nry  inftitutton  on  this  continent;.  Since  its  iiic^  eftab- 
lifliment,  ^146  iludents  have  received  honourary  de- 
grees from  its  fucceifive  officers,  loo*  of  whom  have 
€een  ordained  to  the  work  of  the  gofpel  minlftry.  It 
lias  generally  ^m  labto  150  lludents. 

Cnitfpanu.'l  Boston  is  the  capital,  not  only  of 
Maffiichufetts,  out  of  New  England.  It  is  built  on  a 
JPeninfida  of  an  irr^lar  form,  at  the  bottom  of  Maf- 
tts  Bay.  The  neck  or  ifthmps 'Which  joins 
Tula  to  the  continent,  is  af^e  fouthend  of 
t||Pft,  itid  leads  tp  Roxbury.  The  length  of  the 
town, Including  the  neck,  is  about  three  ^miles;  the 
"^own  itfelf  is  not  quite  two  miles.  Its  bteadth  is  va- 
tious.  At  the  entrance  fronqt  RcMcbury,  it  is  narrov^. 
Th^  l^reateft  breadth  is  one  mile  and  139  yards.  The 
^Iniikdmgs  in  the  town  cover  abM^H)oo  acre».  It  con- 
.tains  about  aooo  dwelling  hoiflcs,  and  ^5,000  ihhab* 
itants* 

The  principal  n^harfextends^ooyardi  into  the  fca, 
Jindis  covered  on  the  north  fide  with  large  and  con- 
.  venient  liores.  It.  far  exceeds  any  other  whatf  in  the 
United  States.  m»     - 

>   In  Bofton  are  fixteen  houfes  ^^r  publick  worQ^ip ; 
4^if  which  nine  are  for  connegationaltfts,  thjt^fji^r  e- 
pfifcopalians,  twoforbaptiftft,  one  for  the  friei]i|||  2^<^ 
<iiwfor  the  univerialiiU»or  m<fepe^ 


m 


x^ 


-<• 


II  ASS  A  tm  U  8  B  T  t  Si 

f|%e  towil  l»  ifYegtdailly  biQih, 'btlt|  Mit%iir  « 
«ittiilir  form  •rimiul  the  haHbouf,  it  eictiibitt  a  v^ty 
liindfofQe  view  as  you  approach  il  floai  the  fia^  4%^ 
the  wpftiii|^  of  the  town  is  the  malli  « yeiy  bdi^tiA 
f«t  puhUek  Walk,  adofned  vrith  «^\^|  of  treei,  anii  ii| 
vi«w  of  the  coihmon,  which  isaiwiiyS'dpefi  10  refi%0l4 
i  n^  breexes.  Beacon  hill,  which  oveitdoks  4he  toy n 
from  i^eiwefb,  «fibnlt  a  fine,  variegatfldl  prdpeO^  ^ 

The^haibbur  of  BoHon  if  fafe,  «nd  Uige  enough  to 

conuin  500  ihips  at  anchor^  ina^gobd^e^  of  water  ; 

%vitile  the  entranec!  i»fo  narrow  as  learcely  tcl  -Admit 

two  ihips  abreaf^.    It  is  tfsverfified with  many  tOatidSi 

which  afibrd  nch  pafbiiii}|,  hay  and  ^in.     Abc^t 

three  miles  from  the  tdw^  is  tl^  ^^)  which  c2om^ 

mands  the  entrance  of  the  harboui^lp^erc  am  mount*^^ 

ed  atboQt  forty  {Mcccsof  heavy  a<titleiv,.  befidetalaiip^ 

namberofaimaUerHtace*    Theflbttis  garriforicd  by 

«<conipanyef  «boilt^£fty  foMiersi  who  adfo  guard 

the  con vi^  that  are  fctitehced,  amd  fern  hereto  la« 

boat*.  Thefe  Ke«hie^/employi^<ln  <llMBDaii|iian<i'' 
UOttfty*   ■    ■--:■  5>   ■    /.  .   .  •     ' '    *  .    i    ._     ,    ^ 

The  town  next  to  Bdfton,  in  poinfe^of  nun^btfis-iiitl 
commertial  imporeatijee,  is  Salkm.    It  it  tbe^  blde^k 
town  in  the  ItiCe,  "except  Plymouth.      Ih  i7.(K4  ft 
contained  646  dwellinc;  houfes,  and  6700  inhiyibnt*^. 
In  this  town  a^five  churches  for  congtrgat^iliAi^f 
one  for  epiicopalia|is,  and  a  minting  houie  for^e' 
friends.    Salem  is  fifteen  miks  northeafhvat^vif 4^)IV 
ton,  aiid'is  conftdered  as  the^etfopblkof  th«<to!ui|ty  i)f  ^ 
£fle«*  m  .  - 

N  s  wb  ttiTf  P6»  T,  fort^^vc  miles  eaft  wani  ^omBo£» 
ton,  is  fitualed  On  the  fduihweft  fide  of  Jyltrraa^  nv« 
er,  about  twoMles  from  thelet.    The  town  is  «b^ 
a  mile  in  Ien|19|  md  a  f&m(ti  of  »  nM  m  4>i«adth,  and 
contains  4$o  dwellitii^'hotifes,  and  4113  naKir^l  inv 
habitants.    It  hit  on«^  ^iAropal,  one  prd(bytintaiiy 
aiid  tw^t  «of)|iigittonlrr  chufches.    The  buiu^c.  of  \ 
ftnp  bmldtnt  18  lai|eiy  c»riied  on  here*    ?1te%D»wii|L  > 
with  Mmmfadi  Ckktejet  or  CaHAtn,  end  B0b«r^  ^ 
^I^IH^  »ery,  whitli  ftir^s  the  princSU 
tij#tfef  feportadon  fhw  MaakchMfetts.         , 

H  WoRCBtTXA 


■r-r 


^Wt: 


^ 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Worcester  is  one  of  the  lai^eft^inland  towns  in 
New  £ingland.  It  is  the  ihire  town  of  Worcefter 
county,  and  is  about  forty  feven  miles  weilward  of 
Bofton. 

On  Connefticut  riycr,  in  the  county  of  Hampthirc* 
are  a  numjber  of  very  pleafant  towns.  Or ;  thefe 
Springfield  is  the  oldeft  and  largeft.  '  - 

Noxth^niptori,  Hatfield,  and  Deerfield,  «re  all  pleaf- 
ant, flouriming  towns,  fucceeding  each  other  as  you 
travel  northerly  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  river. 

Conjitution,']  The  conftitution  of  the  common* 
Tvealth  of  Maliachufetts  eftablifliedin  17.80,  contains 
a  declaration  of  rights  and  a  fr^me  of  government. 
By*the  frame  of  ^^vernment,  the  power  of  legiflation 
>i  lodged  in  a  genliA  court,  confiftmg  of  two  brainches, 
viz.  a  ienateand  a  houfe  of  reprefentatives,  each  hav- 
ing? negative  upon  the  other*  They  meet  annually 
on  (be  la/h'Tucfdjiy  in  May.  No  aft  can  be  pafled 
wlthcMit  the  approbation  of  the  Governour,  unlefs 
twr  ^.hird^  of  bothbranches  are  .in  favour  of  it.  Sen- 
ators are'chofen  by  difirifts,  of  which  there  canpot  be 
lefs  than  thirteen.  The  number  of  counfellors  and 
fenatots,  for  the,  whqle  commonwealth,  is  forty  ;  the 
nunyber  of  each  difbrift  is  in  proportion  to  their  pub- 
lick  taxes  ;  but  no^ftrid:  fhall  be  ib  large  as  to  have 
n^ore  than  fix.  Sixteen  fen ators  make  a  quorum, 
"^Che  repr^lcDtatives  are  chofen  l>y  the  feveraf  (owns, 
Bccof ding  to  their  number  of  rateable  polls.  For  1 50 
polls  one  is  elefted  ;  and  for  every  addition  of  225,  an 
additional  one.  The  fupreme  executive  |iuthority  k 
veiled  in  9  Govetnour,  who  ijselefted  annually  by  the 
people,  and  has  a  council  confifting  of  the  Lieutenant 
fcovernour,  and  nine  gentlemen  clv:>fen  out  of  the  for- 
ty, who  are  returne4  for  counsellors  an4  fenators. 

Official  qualifications  are  as  follows;  For  a  voter* 
twenty  one  years  age,  one  year%  i-efidence,  a  free- 
liold  of  three  pounds  annual  value,, or  ftxty  pounds  of 
"any  other  eftatei  for  a  reprefentative,£',ioo  freehokl 
or  £'^S^  other  eftate,  and  one  year's  refidtnce  ;n  the 
town ;  for  a  fenator,  £*.30o  freehold,  or  £.600  oAor 
«(Ute  injiiie  coxnmDnwealtb,  and  iive  ye<Mrs  re/idcnoe  . 


•.I 


:*• 


♦    -       .'.  1  1-'. 


M  AS  S  A  C  iaU  S  ETTS.       ^If 

m  the  di."irift ;  for  Govcmour  or  Lfcutcnant  Gov- 
crnour,  Aiooo  freehold,  and  fcvcn  years  relidcnc^* 
Every  Govcmour,  Lieutenant  Gbverhour,  cmihfcl- 
lor,  fenator,  or  rcprcfentative,  mud  declare  thalt  "Kc 
believes  the  Chriftian  religion,  and  has  the  legal  qviA- 
ifications.  In  1795,  if  two  thirds  of  the  qualifii^d 
voters  defire  it,  a  coi\vent!«ii  fhall  be  called  to  rtiviie 
the  cobftitution. 

Bridges.l  The  principal  bridge  in  this  ftate,  or  in 
iny  of  the  United  States,  is  that  which  wa&  built  Qver 
Charles  river,  between  Bofton  and  CharleftoWn,  in 
« 786,  1503  feet  in  length. 

This  bridge  wascompleted  in  thirteen  months ;  ,«nd 
while  it  exhibits  thegreateft  eff|B#^bf  privaite'iiittr- 
prlze  i^^ithih  the  Uhited  States,  is  a  moft  plealtng  jxro^f 
how  certainly  obj^fts  of  magnitude  itnay  be  attairra 
by  fpirited  exet-tions.  , 

Another  bjrtdge,  of  a  (imilar  conftriicliotiy  lias  beeh' 
erefted  over  Myftrck  river,  between  Charlellotv'niiiiU 
Maiden;  aihd  pother  at  Beverly,  which  Cohneifits 
■that  flouriihiiif  little  town  with  Salem,  i^ht'k  Ate 
Works  df  miich  enterprtze,  ingenuity,  ;mtl  ^jpoblfcfk- 
fpiiit;  and  ferve  to  mew  thatarChite£bure,  ih  itliy|ts  Hijiti^ 
has  arifen  to  a  high  pitch  of  improvement^  ^l^ii^ 
cohfideration  hot  iirt worthy  of  being  here  tlou^| 
that  While  many  other  nations  aie  ^yaJKiiig  d^  prt 
iant  efforts  of  genius,  in- montiments  of 'f^gehioas  1^« 
ly,  to  perpetuate  tl^eir  pride  ;  the  Amerif^i,  -d^M- 
iiig  to  iHfc  tru-e  fpirit  of  repdhlicaniim,  are  eiiij;»l(^al 
almbfterttirlly  in  work^of  pubKck  and  prilyate  litrnty. 

Trade,  ManufaSures  and  4gricuUure^'j  Itithey^r 
,  tySf;,  the  exports  frcnn  this  ftate  exceed<^'tm^'ii^« 
ports,  llie  exports  from  the  port  of  Boltb^,.  f Q  'fl}e 
Vear  1788,  Gonnftinrp  6f  fifli,  dil,  Niew  ^rgli^d  rum, 
lomber  of  Varidus  kinds,  ^otatid'^earl  a'Oidi|laxl^<^, 
furs,  pork,  l^ef,  com,  n  Jur,  butter,  cheefe,  h<b^i^, 
peas)  Mr  irdfi,  hollow  w^ij-e,  brick's,  whale  bon«i,  'i»- 
low  and  ^rmaceti  candles,  foajfr,  IbaFfugai',  W^l 
cards,  leather,  (hoes,  naval  korcs,  fftnlerrg,  tdba^cb, 
Itolts  dutk,  hemp,  cio^daMe,  hails*  «c.  am'butit^d  to 
|i|»ward8  of  ^•345)00^6  lawful  mority;   "Wjsw  Eng- 

^  .    .      t   land 


i4 


m 


T.- 


r...** 


"jss. 


16 


M  A-  S3  A  C  H  U  S  E^  T  T  «. 


land  rum,  potafh,  lumber,  fifli,  sund  the  produe«  of 
the  fifhery,  are  the  principal  articles  of  export. 

Jiifiory,']  On  the  19th  of  March,  1627,  the  Ply- 
mouth council  I'caled  a  patent  to  Sir  Henry  Rofwell, 
and  five  others,,  of  all  thait  part  of  New  England,  in- 
chided  between  a  line  drawn  three  miles  fouth  of 
Oiarles  dver,  and  anoti«^r  three  miles  nortl^of  Mcr- 
j^inak  river,  from  the  Atlantick  to  the  South  Sea. 
This  traA  of  country  was  called  Massachusctts 
Bay.  The  MafTachufetts  tribe  of  Indians,  lived  f- 
round,  and.gave  their  name  to  the  large  bay  at  the 
bottom  of  this  tra£(,  hence  the  name  Maflfachufetts 
Bay.    The  Indian  word  is  Mais  Tchufae^,  Agnifying 

the  country  this  •(j|4®^c^il^* 

In  tSyy,  fevent^en  fhips  from  difFcrent-  poi:ts  in 
England^  arrived  in  Mauachufetts,  with  more  than 
1500  paflenoers,. among  whom  were  many  per fons  of 
diftin^on.     Incrcdibln  were  the  hardihips  they  en- 
dured.    Expofed  to  the  relentlels  cruelties  of  the^  In- 
Idians,.  whoj.a.few  months  before, liadfsntered  into  i 
^general  cttif^iracy  to  extirpate  the  £nglt0l  ;  reduced 
to  a  fcalily  pittance  of  proviHons,.  and  that  of  a.  kind 
to  "W^b  dicy  had  not  been  accuftomed,  apd  deftitute 
^of^aP^^fry  accommodations,  numbers  Ackened  and 
''dw^  fa  that  before  the  end.of  the  year,,  they  loft  aoo 
.^of^ir  number.    Abput  this  time,  iettlements  were 
J ma^^ ^i  Chtrleftown,  Boflon,  Dorchefter,  Cambridge, 
jK,^^Bury,jijiid  Medford.    The  firil  General  Court  c-f 
]Mlaflachu(«ts  was  held  on  the  19th  of  Odober,  163 1, 
not  by  xeprefentatioa,  but  b^  the  freemen  of  ^he  cqs- 
Jporation  at  large. 

;  f  Itt.thejrears  163^2  and  1633,  great  additions  we^e 
inade  to  th«  colony. 

*I1it  yeaiM:637,  was  diftinguiflied  by  the  Pcquot 

.^ars.  ia  ^htch  were  flain  five  or  fix  hundred  Indians, 

and  me  tribe  almoU  wholly  deftroyedf^  This  ftruck 

'  fucH  terrour  into  the  Indians,  that  for  totiy  years  fuc- 

ceeding,  they  tiever  openly  comtnence^  hpftilities 

with  the  Englifh. 

Tile  >car  1638,  was  rendered* faiemorable  by' a  vci^ 
grea  t  eart]R[uake  throughout  N&w  Engjanjd, . 
'  ...  '        ■  '      .  "-'^     '     '  1)0.       r 


¥ 


v^.^^-. 
i."*^ 


"r :  ^^ 


te  A  S  S  A  C  H  U  S  ife  T  T  1      % 

tn  1640,  the  i^]f»6iUtron  of  Tettfeifs  cea^  iTh^ 
toiotivts  foremri^rating  to  Hew  EngUnd  were  remov* 
ed  by  a  cHahj;e  in  the  ailairs  of  En^and.  Tliey  who 
tiien  brofeffed  to  givJB  the  bed  account,  (ay  that  in 
298  mips,  which  were  the  wh(^e  number  from  th<e 
bej^innihg  of  the  colony,  'there  arn^'ed  2t,i^oo  pal^lei)- 

?;ers,  mbn,  women  and  children  {  perhaps  about  ,^fj»Q 
amilies;  .Since  then  more  peripns^ye  rebovln 
from  Neiir  EngUnd  to  other  parts  of  the  world,  tl^n 
Aive  arriVe^d  from  thence  hither.  The  prefent  in- 
habitants therefore  of  New  England,  are  juftly  to  be 
eAifhated  ^  natural  ihcreafe,  by  the  blefling  of  Heaven, 
from  the  tirHt  21,000  that  arrived  by  the  year  1640.' 
It  was  judged  that  they  had,  at  this  time,  la/'OC  neat; 
cattle,  and  300.0  iheejp.  The  charge  of  tranfportinj; 
the  families  and  their  fubftance,  was  computed  al 
j^.  192,006  fterling. 

In  1648,  We  have  the  firll  inflicirlce  of  the  credulity- 
and  infatuation  refpe£l:mg  witchcraft,  which,,  ibr  fomjll' 
time,  prevailed  in  this  colony^  ^  a 

Margaret  JoneSj  of  Charleftown,  waii  t^^fecl  "or"^ 
having  fo  malignant  a  (Quality,  as  to  caufd  vcjiknitingy 
deaFneTsj  and  violent  pams  by  her  touch.     Sl^was 
accordingly^  tried,  condemned  and  executed. .  lUppy; 
would  it  have  been,  if  this  had  been  the  only  inftance  . 
of  this  infatuatiphw    But  why  fhall  we  wonder  at  the^ 
magiftrates  of  New  £i\gland«  when  we  find  theceie-' 
brated  Lord  Chief  Juftice  Hale,  and  ol|Krs  of  high 
rank,  in  Old  Eh^tand)  Shortly  after  chai|[eabie  with 
ais  great  delufion.     The  truth  is,  it  was  lire  spirit  bl 
tht  iimei ;  and  the  odium  of  the  witchcraft  and  o^i. 
infatuations,  ought  iiever  to  have  beeaiiticmt|«i|aied|^f; 
peculiar  to  New  England,  or  afcribc^d  to  ^t^Wi"^^" 
bigotry  aiid  fuperftition,  as  has  b^eii  in}u||l(M|pPl(M' 
by  many  European  hUldrians.    lhe£ms^ 
vailed  at  thfc^me  in  England,  and  was  very  j^r^bn', 
brought  from  thence,  as  were  xnofl  of  the  Is^ws  .^tt^J 
<iufloms  of  the  firH  fettlers  iii  Amierica.  ^  Tlie  £ip)0: 
infatuation  fprang  up  in  Pennfyl,vaiua  Iood  after  it* 
fettleiikeat. 


^M 


tim 


Mm 


M^Mit* 


m 


m 


>N 


'^' 


^ 


fl        MASSACHUSETTS. 

•  ♦■■         •  * 

.  The.  icruDulgurnefft  of  the  people  appears  to  have 

trifen  to  its  height  an  1649,  and  was  indeed  ridicu* 
lous.  The  cuKom  of  wearing  long  hair,  *  after  the 
manner  of  rulHans  and  barbarous  Indians,'  as  theV 
germed  it,  was  deemed  contrary  to-the  w6rd  of  Goa, 

*  ill^ch  fays  it  is  a  fhame  for  a  man  to  wear  Ions  hair/ 
1^^  expreflion  of  the  Apoftle  Paul,  induced  thefo 
.WM^  people  to  think  this  cuftom  cnminal  in  all  ages 
MM  nations.  Hn  a  clergyman  it  was  peculiarly  of*  • 
fenfive,  as  they  were  required  in  an  efpecial  manner 
to  go  patentibus  auriius,  wjth  open  ears, 

Theufe  of  tobacco  was  prohibited  under  a  penalty ; 
and  the  fmoke  of  it,  in  fome  manufcripts,is  compared 
to  tiie  fmoke  of  the  bottomleOi  pit.  The  ficknets  fre* 
quently  produced  by  fmoking  tobacco  was  eonfider- 
ed  as  a  (peci^s  of  drunkennefs,  and  hence  what  we 
now  term  fmoking,  was  then  often  called  <  drinking 
tobacco.*^  At  length  fome  of  the  clergy  fell  into  ther 
j>ra6lice  of  fmoking,  and  tobacco,  by  an  a6i  of  gov* 
otnment,  »  was  fet  at  liberty.' 

hf  t6^&J)egan  what  has  been  generally  called  the 
perfeciitotm  of  the  Quakers.  The  fit  ft  who  openly^ 
profeflffithe  principles  of  thisfe^St in  this  colony,  were 
MargpRhpr  and  Ann  Aultin,  who  came  from  Bar- 
l>»d^^in'July  of  this  year.  A  few  weeks  after,  nine 
others  arrived  in  the  (nip  Speedwell  from  London. 
On  the  8th  of  September  they  were  Wought  before 
the  court  of  AfTiftants.  It  feems  they-  had  before  af- 
firmed that  %iey  were  fent  by  God  to  reprove  the 
people  for  their  fins ;  they  were  accordinglyq|ieftioned 
howlhey  c^uld  make  it  appear  that  Gbdfent  them  7  ■ 
After  paufing,  they  anfwered  that  they  had  the  fame 
call  tha^  Abmiam  had  to  go  out  of  his  country.  To 
othef  queflions  they  gave  rude  and  contemptuous  an- 
fwers,  which  is  the  reafon  afTigned  for  commiUine 
them  to  prlfon.  A  great  number  of  their  bpoks,  which 
fkey  had  brought  over  with  intent  to  fcaiter  them 
aM>ut  the  country,  were  feized  and  referved  for  the 

fire. 

'Severe  laws  were  ena^d  agamftthe  QuakeH,  a* 
mong  which  were  the  following : — Any  Quiiker,  after 


""  '^s.m^ 


%-^': 


MASSACHOSETTS.        f| 

tke  firft  convidiooi  if  a  man,  wai  to  Iqtc  one  car,  an*^' 
lor  the  fecond  offence,  the  other — a  woman  to  be  eacb  -• 
time  fevereljr  whipoed— and  the  third  time,  whether 
man  or  woman»  to  have  tkeir  tongact  bored  througb 
with  a  red  hot  iron. 

The  perfecution  of  any  religious  feffc  ever-^s 
and  ever  will  have  a  tendency  to  increafe  their  r 
ber.  Mankind  are  companionate  beingi.;  and 
■a-  piincipleof  pi^  they  will  often-  advocate  a  caul 
which  their  judgment  difowns.-  Thua  it  was  in  the 
cafe  of  the  Quakers ;  the  fpeftators  comMflionated 
their  fuffcrings,  and  then  adopted  their  lentiments* 
Their  growing  numbers  induced  the  legiflature,  in 
their  c5£lober  feHion,  to  pafs  a  law  to  puniih  with 
death  all  Quakers  who  ihould  return  into  the  jurif- 
di£lion  after  banifhment.  Under  this  impolitick  at 
well  as  uniuft  law,  four  perfons  only  fuffered  death, 
and  thefe  had,  in  the  lace  of  prudence  as^^U  as  of 
law,  .returned  after  having  been  banifhed.  That  fom« 
provifion  was  neceflary  agaioft  theie  people  fo  far  af^^ 
they  were  difliurbers  of  civil  peace  and  ord^r,  ev^^ 
one  will  allow  ;  but  fuch  fanguinary  laws  agai^part 
ticular  do^lrines  or  tenets  in  religion  are  not  to|^  de- 
JTended. 

The  mofl:  that  can  be  faid  for  our  ahceftoH  is 
that  they  tried  gentler  means  at  firft,  which  they 
found  utterly  inefiieflual^  and  that  they  followed  thtf 
examples' of  tke  authorities  in  moA  other  ftates  and  in* 
mofl  ages  of  the  workl^  who  with  the  lilc^  abfurdity 
have  fuppofed.  every  perfon  could  and  ought  to  thinlc 
as  they  did,,  and  with  the  like  cruelty  have  puni&ied 
fuch  as  appearedto  differ  from  them.  We  may  add 
that  it  was  with  relu£lance  that  thcfe  unnatural,  laws 
were  carried  into  execution* 

The  laws  in  England  at  this  time  were  very  feverer 
againlt  the  Qt^akers;  and  though  none  were  a6biaUy 
put  to  death  t)y  publick  execution,,  yet  many  vt^&rd^ 
confined  in  prifon,  where  they  died  in  conlcqueilce 
of  the  rigour  of  the  law.  King  Chao'Les  the  lecond 
alio,  in'  a  letter  to  the  colony  of  Maflachufetts,  appmv- 
ed  of  their. feverity*    The  condudo(  the  (^akcrf,  at 

I'everai 


» ; :  •■ 

'■  i 


.* 


m 


Massachusetts^    " 

veral  tioies,  #aft  fuch  as  renderej  theni  proper  fub^ 
jefts  of  a  mad  houfe,  or  a  houre  of  cort^Aion ;  and  it 
II  to  be  lamented  that  ever  any  greater  Teverities  were 
dfedt     I  will  mention  on^ or  two  infUncei  oftheit 
'  f  4|Dndu£b,  which  clearly  manifeft  a  fpecies  of  madhefiK. 
ft^f  hotnal  Newhoufe  Wfcnt  into  the  meeting  houfe  at 
'  1mS3I9'^  ^^^^  *  couple  of  glafs  bottles^  and  broke  them 
/^^IPIIre  the  congregation,  and  threatened,  Tkus  will  thi 
T^drd  brti^  ifou  tn  pieces.    Another  time  M.  firewftef 
came  in  with  her  race  fmeared  as  black  as  a  coal.  Deb* 
orah  Wiifon  went  through  the  ftreets  of  Salem,  naked 
BS  the  was  born.'    While  we  condemn  the  feverity 
with  which  the  Quakers  were  treated  on  th^  one 
part,  we  cannot,  at  the  fame  time,  avoid  c^nfurin^ 
*      their  imprudenti  indelicate  and  infatuated  condu6t  on 
the  other.  .  ^ 

.  In  tfga,  the  fpirit  of  infatuation  refpe£ling  witch- 
craft was  again  revived  in  New  England,  and  raged 
^  with  uncommon  vkAinet,  Several  hundreds  were 
^^  #ecufed,  many  were  condemned,  and  fome  executed* 
.  vWipus  have  been  the  opinions  refpefting  the  delu-^ 
lion  ^ich  occaHoned  this  tragedy.  Some  piouif 
people,  have  believed  there  was  fomething  fupernat- 
uralvl^  it,  and  that  it  was  not  all  the  effe6l  of  frattd  and 
impbttiife.  Many  are  willing  to  fij|[ppore  the  accuiera 
to  nave  been  under  bodily  diforders  which  affefled 
ll«eir  imaginations.  This  i)  kind  and  charitabfe,  but 
fcarcely  projbable.  tf  is  very  poiTible  that  the  whole 
was  a  fcone  of  fraud  and  iinpoflure,  began  by  young 
girls,  wbo  at  firft  p^rhipi  thought  of  nothing  more 
thain  exciting  pity  and  indulgence,  and  continued  by^ 
ddult  perfons,  who  were  afraid  of  being  accufed  them4 
felves.  The  ond  and  tbe  other,  rather  than  :olifi6rs 
their  fraud,  fufiered  the  llv^s  of  fo  many  innocents  to 
be  taken  away,  through  ^  credulity  of  judges  and 

If  "That  tb6  odium  of  tbis  tragi^k  condu^  m^ight  not 
Deft  upon  the  New  Engbnders  alone,  it  ou|^t  here  to 
beobterved,  thatttht  fame  infatuation  wasaf  thiatimo 
eithcnt  in  Bngland.  The  law.  by  which  witches 
w«i«  cotKktMedi  wit*  copy  of  tbt  statute  in  Bng- 

land  I 


:# 


PROVINCE   OF   MAIl^.         «»   * 

knd ;  and  the  prance  of  the  courts  mms  regulaled  bff- 
precedents  there  afforded.  Some  late  indances  prove 
Ihat  England  is  not  entirely  cured  of  that  delufion. 

In  i/aii  the  frnall  pox  "ttiade  great  havock  in  Bof* 
ton  and  the  adjacent  towns.     Of  5889  who  took  it  ifb>  ^    " 
Bodon,  844  died.     Inoculation    was  irvtroiiuced  1^^ 
this  occafion,  contrary  however  tathe  minds  of.  th#^j 
inhabitants  in  general.     Or.  C.Mather,  one  of-l^jr    *^ 
principal  miniiiers  of  Bofton,  had  obfcrved)  in  tnt 
philotophical  tranfa6lions,  a  letter  from  Timonious 
from  Conflantinople,  giving,  a  favourable  account  of 
the  operation.     lie  recommended  it  to  the  phylicians 
of  Bofton  to  make  the  experiment,  but  all  declined 
but  Dr,  Boylflon.    To  fhew  his  confidence  of  fuccefs^ 
he  began  with  his  own  children  and  (ervants.     Many       * 
pious  people  were  flruck  with  hotrour  at  the  idesi  and 
v/ere  of  <^inion  that  if  any  of  his  patients  fliq|dd  die, 
he  ought  to  be  treated  as  a  murderer. 

All  orders  of  men  in  a  greater  pr  lefs  degree,  con*  ^     ^ 
demned  a  pra£lice  which  is  now  univerfally  apprbtr<i       ^ 
ed,  and  to  which  thoufaodsowe  the  prefervationof 
their  lives.  I  '  '     - 


~T^ 


PROVINCE  OF  MAIN, 

lacluding  the  lands  which  Ke  eaft^  a«  far  at  Nova  Scott*. 
(Belonging  to  Maffachufcttsi) 


felw. 


nrcadtn  104  J  1 4    •*i<'  '  •  Aaii  x<oogitu<ic. 

BOUNt>ElS  North,  by  the  Province  of  Qiebeck^;^ 
Eafl,  by  the  river  St.  Croix,  and  a  line  dnt%iFii 
due  north  from  its  fource  to  the  high  lands,  which  d|» 
yides  this  territory  from  Nova  Scotia;  Southeaft|]>}r 
the  Atlantick  ocean  \  Weft,  by  New  HampfBii^et^  V 

Civ^divi^nJ^    The  whole  Province  of  Main,]  |ft4| 
the  territory  to  the  eaft  of  it  as  far  as  the ,  >ifieAMM' 
l>oundary  of  Nova  Scotia,  were  foimerly  in  omc^qTiu^ 
ty,,  by  tike  name  of  Yorkfhire.     In  xjSt^  this  extfn- 
jG^^  county  was  divided  into  three;  coiintics.,  JThe^ 


# 


'f4 


PROVINCE    or    MAIN. 


0 


cafternmoft,  called  Lincoln,*  contains  all  lands  eafl 
of  Sagadahok,  and  feme  part  of  Main. 

A  great  part  of  tliiscounty  is  yet  in  a  (late  of  nature. 
It  is  however  rapidly  fettling.     The  frontier  inhabit- 
,  antson  each  fide  of  the  Canada  linCf  are  but  a  few 
.miles  apart. 

Next  to  LIncolnisCuMBiRLAND  county,  of  which 
Portland  is  the  county  town,  and  capital  of  the  whole 
territory.  This  county  contains  nearly  half  the  Old 
Province  of  Main.  The  reft  of  the  Province  of  Main 
is  included  in  York  county.  Thefe  three  counties 
are  fubdivided  into  ninety  four  townfhips,  of  which 
■I'incoln  contains  fifty  three,  Cumberland  twenty,  and 
York  twenty  one.  Thefe  counties  in  1778,  had  fiJc 
•vegiments  of  militia. 

Rivirj,']    St.    Croik,   Kennebeck,  Sa^adahek  or 
Amerafcoggin,  and  Saco,  befides  fmaller  nvers. 

Bays  and  Capa*']    The  fea  coaft  is  itidentied  with 

innumerable  bays.    Thoft  worth  noticing  are  ?cnob> 

icot  bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Penobfcot  river,  which  is 

•kmg  and  capacious..   Cafoo  Bay  is  between  Cape 

£iiza|)eth  and  Cape  Small  Point.    It  is  twenty  five 

miles  wide,  and  aoout  fourteen  in  length.    It  is  a 

mbft'beautiful  b^y,  interfperfed  with  fmall  iflands,  and 

foniM  theeiitranoe into  Sagadahok.    It  has  a  fumcient 

-depth  of  Water  for  veflels  of  any  burden.    Wells  bay 

Jiies  between CafM  Neddik,and  Cape  Porpoife. 

CkufTou>H.2    Portland,  which  (lands  on  a  pe- 

ninfula,  and '  was  formerly  pa  rt  of  Falnjouth .   In  July  ^ 

.  1786,  l}ie  combaQ;  part  of  tne  town,  and  the  poVt,  were 

incorporated  by  the  name  of  Portland.    It  has  an  e^- 

'ctllent,  fafe  and  capatious  harbOiir,  but  incapable  of 

djuftnte,  except  by  a  navy,  and  carries  on  a  foreign 

trade,  ktidthe  fim^ry,  ahd  buildis  fottie  (hips.    The 

town  is  growing,  and  cajpable  of  trreat  improvements* 

Th«'old  town  of  Falmouth,  which  included  Portland^ 

<«eontained  ihore  than  700  ^nnilies,  in  Aourifli'irig  cir- 

':«uiliftaiices,  when  the  Britiih  troops  burnt  it  in  1773* 

4  It  if  now  chiefly  rebuilt. 

'^frUt  cootity,  as  has  lieroreb^eh  oKfenred,  hat laM]^  tbeil'tfl- 
videii  into  LliiCoIn,  WaihioKtoa  aod  Hancock  coaatiei.    ~ 


PROVINCE.OF   MAIN.         gg. 

Climatt.']  The  heat  in  fuinmer  is  intenre,  and  the 
cold  in.  winter  equally  extreme.  All  frefli  water 
lakes,  ponds  and  rivera  are  ufually  paflfable  on  ice, 
from  Chriflmas,  until  the  middle  of  Mt^ph^  The 
longed  day  is  fifteen  hours  and  fixteen  minutes,  and 
the  (hc'^til  ei^ht  hours  and  forty  four  nunutes.  The 
climate  1  ^ery  healthful.  Many  of  the  inhabitinti 
live  ninety  years. 

Fac€  of  the  Country^  Soil  and  Produce,"]  The  face  of 
the  country,  in  regard  to  evennefs  or  roughnefs,  is  fim- 
ilar  to  the  reft  of  the  New  England  States.  Through- 
out this  country,  there  is  a  greater  proportion  of  dead 
fwamps  than  in  any  other  part  of  New  England*  The 
fea  coaft  is  generally  barren.  In  many  towns  the  land 
is  good  for  srazing.  WelU  and  Scarborough  have 
large  tra£ls  of  fait  marfh.  The  inland  parts  of  Main 
are  fertile,  but  newly  and  thinly  fettled.  The  low^ 
fwamps  are  ufelefs. 

The  grain  raifed  here  is  principally  Indian  com—* 
little  or  no  wheat—fome  rye,  barley,  oats  and  peat. 
I'he  inhabitants  raife  excellent  potatoes,  in  larse  quaa- 
tities,  which  are  frequently  ufed  inftead  of  bread* 
Their  butter  has  the  preference  to  any  in  New  Eng- 
land,  owing  to  the  goodnefs  of  the  grafs,  which  it  < 
very  fwcet  and  juicy.  Apples,  pears,  plumbs,  peach- 
es and  cherries  grow  here  very  well*  Plenty  of  cy- 
der, and  fome  perry,  is  made  in  the  foutherp  and  welt- 
er n  parts  of  M!ain.  The  perry  is  made  from  choak 
pears,  and  is  an  aareeable  liquor,  having  fomething  of  ' 
the  harfhnefs- of  claret  wine,  joined  with  thefweetncfa 
lOf  metheglin. 

Tradei  ManufaSmres,  &C.3     From  the  firft  fettle-  . 
•ment  of  Main  until  tha  year  1774  or  1775,  '^®  inhab- 
itants generally  follo^Am|^  lumber  trade  to  the  n^le6b 
of  agriculture.    This^ffiArded  an  immediate  profit. 
Large  quantities  of  com  and -other  grain  vfwfi  annual* 
ly  imported  from  fio(k)n  and  other  places,  withoiit^»i|gr 
which  it  was  fiippofed  the  inhabitants  could  not  have  7^ 
fubfifted.    But  the  late  War,  by  rendering  llu;^'  re- 
sources pre<!artou8,  put  the  inhabitants  upon  their  tilllki^     '^ 
4atei«ftii.  i  e»  the  cultivation  of  their  lands,  whi€h,'atjfe« 

litde^. 

.......  4  '■•   ■ 

<-  ^m'.'  .  .  ■ 


|S! 


I'll'? 


...;^. 


^l 


■•an 


*«• 


*»«« 


1^         PROVINq^    OF    MAIN. 

little  diftance  from  the  Tea,  are  well  adapted  for  ris- 
ing grain.  The  inhabitants  now  raile  a  fufficicnt 
quantity  for  their  own  confumptibn  ;  though  too 
many  archil  more  fond  of  the  axe  than  of  the  plough. 
Iixports!j  This  country  abounds  with  Itjmber  of 
various  kinds,  fuch  as  mads,  which  •  of  late,  how- 
ever, have  become  fcarce,  white  pine  boards,  fhip 
timber,  and  every  fpecies  of  fplit  lumber  manufafiur- 
'ed  iVom  pine  and  oak ;  thcfeare  exiK>rted  from  Quam- 
pheebn  in  Berwick,  Saco  falls  in  BidSeford  and  Pep- 
perilborough,  .  Prefumfcut  falls  in  Falmouth,  and 
Anierafcoggln  falls  in  Brunfwick.  The  rivers  abound 
with  falmon  in-  the  Spring  feafon.  On  the  fea  ccaft 
lifli  of  various  kinds  are  caught  in  plenty.  Of  thefe 
the  cod  fifti  are  the  principal.  Dried  mh  furniflies  a 
capital  article  of  expdrt. 

CCharaffer  and  Religion.']  The  inhabitants  are  a 
hardy,  robuH  fet  of  people.  The  males  are  early 
taught  the  ufe  of  the  rouiket,  and  from  their  frequent 
uie  of  it  an  ^fowUng^  are  «xpert  markfmen.  The 
people  in  gcneraLare  humans  and  benevolent.  The 
common  people  ought,  by  law,  to  have  the  advantage 
of  a  fchooL-eaucation  ;  but  there  is  here,  as  in  other 
parts  of 'N«w<-£ngland,  too  vifible  a  neglejE^. 

.As  to  religion,  the  people  are  moderate  Calvinifls. 
'  Notwithftanding  Epifcopacy  was  eflabliihed  by  their 
former  charter,  the  churches  are  principally  on  the 
Congregational  plan^  but  are  candid,  catholick  and 
t<^rant  towards  thofe  of  other  perfuafions.  In  1 785, 
they  had'i*ev.cnty  two  religious  aiTemblies,  to  fupply 
which  were  thirty  four  minifters.^ 

mifioryJ]  The  firll  attempt  to  fetttle  this  country 
was  made  m  1*607,  ^^  ^^^  v/t^  fide  of  Sagadahok, 
near  the  fea*  No  permanent  iisttlement  however  was 
at  this  time  effeded.  1 1  does  not  appear  that  any  fur- 
ther attempts  were  made  until  between  the  y^ars  t6ao 
and  1630. 

In  1635,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  obtained  a  grant 
fk-om  the  council  at  Plymouth,  of  the  tra£fc  of  counHy 
ll0illPe«i3L  the  rivers  Pilcataqua  and  Sagadahok,  which 
l|l|brilioutli  of  Kennebeck  ;  and  up  JKenndyck  fo 
-  far 


RHODE      UPLAND. 


n 


lur  as  to  form  a  fquare  of  i20  miles.  It  is  fuj^pofed 
that  Sir  Ferdinand  £ril  infiituted  government  in  this 
Provincej  Ai 

In  16^9,  (Gorges  obtained  from  the  crdPh  a  charter 
of  the  foil  and  jurifdiition,  containing  as  ample  pow- 
•crs  perhaps  as  the  King  of  England  «vef  granted  to 
any  fubjecl. 

Government  was  adminiftered  in  this  form  until 
165  S)  when  this  inhabitants  fubmitted  to  the  MafTa- 
chufetts,  who,  by  a  new  conftruAion  of  their  charter 
which  was  given  "tb  RoflWell  and  others,  in  16281 
■claimed  the  Toil  and  iurifdi6^ion  of  the  Province  oif 
Main  as  far  as  the  middle  of  Cafco  Bay.  Main  then 
fir  (I  took  the  name  of  Ybrkfhire  *,  and  county  courli 
were  held  m  the  number  they  were  in  MalTachufetts, 
and  the  towns  hid  liberty  to  (end  their  deputies  to 
the  general  court  at  Bofton. 

This  country,  from  its  firfl  fetdement,  has  beeii 
greatly  harradfed  by  the  Indians.  In  1675,  all  ikp 
lettlements  were  in  a  manner  broken  up  and  deflroy- 
•«d.  From  about  i^gt  until  about  1 70S,  was  one  con* 
tinned  fcene  of  killing,  burning  and  deftroying.  I1i^ 
inhabitants  fulfered  much  i'oj  feveral  years  preceding 
and  following  the  year  1724.  And  fo  late  as  1744 
«nd  1748,  perfons  Ivere  killed  and  captivated  by  tnt 
Indians  in  many  of  the  towns  next  the  fea.  Sincd 
this  period,  the  inhabitants  have  lived  in  peace,  ium| 
have  increafed  to  upwards  of  50,000  fouls.  .   ; 


grant 
mtry 
rhich 
ikfo 
far 


RHODE    ISLAND. 


nnei.  _^  ■  . 

Length  68 7  t„^^.„  Si    *^i  4**  Eaft Longitude.  i 

Breadth  40  }  between  |  Jjo  ^nd ^o  Norih  Latitude.  ! 

BOUNDED  North. and  Eaft,  by  the  Commofk. 
wealth  of  MafTachufetts ;  South,  by  the,  Atlikntv 
ick  ;  Weft^  by  Conneflicut.  Thefe  limiti  comproi 
hend  what  hai  been  called  Rhodelfland  andProvil 
d«ace  Plantations.  ..;  | 

1  a^ 


M 


■-es 


RHODE  *I  S  L  A  W  D. 


Civil  Divifions  and  Population. 
cd'into  five  counties,  which  are 
townfliipsi^  follows : 


J     This{lateisdivi<!< 
lubdivided  into  thirty 


Counties. 


ToMrnihips. 


Newport, 


fNewport, 

J'  Portfunoutb, 
Tame  flown, 
Nj^iddletown, 
J  Tiverton, 
I  Little  Compton,, 
I  New  Shoreham, 
C  or  Block  ifland. 

rWefterly, 
j  North  Kingfton 
I  South  Kingfton. 
WafliIngton,<  Charleftown, 
I  Exeter, 
I  Richmond, 
LHopkinton. 

rWirwick, 
I  E.  Greenwich, 
I  W.  Greenwich, 
LCoventry. 

fProvidence, 
Smithficld, 
Scituate, 
Gloucefter, 
Providence,  <  Cumberland, 
Cranfton, 
Johnfton, 
N,  Providence, 
Jcfter.^ 

fBriftoI, 
Briftd,        <  Warren, 

(^Barrington. 


Kent,: 


-•*« 


Totel,  £ve.  I  Thirty 


No.  of 
inhabit. 


5530 
1350 

674 

1959 
1341 


1720 
2328 
2675 

1523 
2058 

1094 

»735 


2112 
160Q 
1698 
2107 


4310 
2217 
1628 
2791 
1548 
1589 

698 
1763 


1032 

534 


3^>^9^ 


■   w 

O  w  V  vn»#t 
•a  a  ^  to  ^ 

li"3".'2   0^^0 


-       —    "»    « ;  ^ 


2!J< 


«2  o*=  ul 

•"^  C  torn 
V 

s  !«(*.  . 
.S.Sc{$S 

■— «^  tjvo 

3    U  •Of* 


^ 


The 


RHODE      I  S  L  A  N 


The  inhabitanta  arq  chiefly  of  EngUfh  cxt«a£lion. 
The  orig^inal  fettlers  inigrated  from  Maflachufelts. 

Bays  and  Ifiands.']  Narraganfet  Bay^makcs- up 
from  fouth  to  north',  between  tke  main%nd  on  ths 
ead  and  v\rell.  It  embofoms  many  fertile  iflands,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Rhode  Ifland,  Conannicut, 
Prurience,  Patience,  Hope,  Dyer's  and  Hog  iflands. 

Rhode  Ifland  is  thirteen  miles  long  from  north  to 
fouth,  and  four  miles  wide,  and  is  divided  into  three 
townfhips,  Newport,  Pottfraouth,:and  Middlctown. 
It  is  a  noted  refort  for  invalids  fiomfuuthern  climater. 
I'he  ifland  is  eHceedingly  pleafant  and  healthful ;  ai^til 
is  celebrated  for  its  fine  wom'cn.  Travellers,  with- 
propriety,  call  it  the  Eden  of  America.  It  fuifcrefl 
much  by  the- late  war.  Some  of  its  mofl:  ornaments^ 
country  (:»ts  were  dellroyed,  and  their  fine  groves,- 
orchards,  and  fruit  trees,  wantonly  cut  down.  Tlip 
foil  is  of  a  fuperiour  quality..  .    .^ 

Rivers.^  Providence  and  Taunton  rivers  both  fair 
into  Narraganfet  Bay  ;  the  former  is  navigable  as  far 
as  Providence,  thirty  miles  fi om  the  fea  ;  the  latter  is 
navigable  for  fmall  veflels  to  Taunton. 
.  tiimate'  ]  R  hode  I  fland.  is  as  healthful  a  country  as 
any  part,  of  North  America.-  The  winters,  in  the 
maritime  parts  of  the  Hate,  are  milder  than  in  the  in- 
land country ;  the  air  being  foftened  by  a  fea  vapour,, 
which  alfo  enriches  the  foil;  The  fummers  are  d^- 
hghtfal,  efpedally  on  Rhode  Ifland,  where  the  ex- 
treme heats,  which  prevail  in  other  parts  of  Americaf. 
are  allayed,  by.  cool  and  ^efrelhing  breezes  from  the 
fea.. 

Soil  and  P'roduQions.']  This  (late,  generally  fpeah- 
ing,  is  a  country  l\>r  pafliure,  and  not  for  grain.  It 
however  produces  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats  and  flax,  and 
culipary  plants  and  roots  in  great  variety  and  abund- 
ance. Its  natural  growth  is  the  fame  afs  in  the  other 
.New  England  ftates.  The  weftcrn  and  nortbweflern 
parts  of  the  (late  are  but  thinly  inhabited,  and  are  b«r- 
wn  and  rocky.  In  the  Narraganfet  country  the  laodi 
is  fi-n*  for  grazing.  The  people  are  generally  farflaers,. 
and) raife  great  numbers  of  the  finelt  aiid  largeft  nf«ci 

eattle. 


i*m 


•¥■ 


lid        4t  H  d  0  E      I  ^  L  A  I^  1^. 

^ttle  in  America  ;  f'otne  of  them  iveighing  from  tS 
to  1800  weight.  They  keep  l»rge  dairies,  and  make 
butter  aridcheefe  of  the  bed  quality,  imd  in  targe 
quantities Irh*  exportation.  Narraganfet  is  famed  for 
mn  excellent  breed  of  pacing  horfes.  They  are  ftrong, 
And  remarkable  for  their  fpeed^  and  for  their  excel* 
lency  in  enduring  the  fatigues  of  a  long  journey. 

Trade.2  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^*  ^^^  merchants  in  Khode 
Ifland  imported  from  Great  Britaiti,  dry  goods  ;  from 
Holland,  money ;  from  Africa,  flaves  ;  from  thte 
Weft  Ind'es,  fugats,  coffee  and.molafles  ;  and  froiQ 
^e  neighbouring  colonies,  lumber  and  provificns. 

The  prefent  exports  from  the  ftate,  are  flax  feed, 
lumber,  horfes,  cattle,  fifti,  poultry,  onions,  dieefe  and 
Wley.     The  imports,  confifting  of  European  and 
Weft  India  goods,  and  logwood  from  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
iiuras,  exceed  the  exports.    Abbui  60b  veflels  enter 
and  clear  ani^ually  at  the  difierent  ports  in  this  ftate. 
•    C/lt«/  T9wns,2    Newport  and  Providence  are  the 
two  principal  towtis  in  the  ftate.    Newport  lies  in 
,  ht.  4>*>  35'.    its  harbour,  which  is  one  of  the  fineft 
in  the  world,  fpi^ads  wcftward  before   the  town* 
The  entrance  iseafy  wtid  fafe,  and  a  lai;g^  fteet  may  an- 
chor in  Jt  and  ride  m  perfeft  fecurity.    The  town  lies 
north  and  fouthupon  a  gradual  afcent  as  you  proceed 
eaftwa^d  from  the  water, >ilid  exhibits  a  beautiful  view* 
ifrom  the  harbour,  and  from  the  neighbottring  hiUs 
whkch  lie  weftward  upon  the  Main.    Newport  con- 
tains about  1000  houfcsj  built  chiefly  of  ^ood,  and 
/^|53o  inhabitaots.     It  haS  nine  houfes  for  puolick 
.worfhip  :  Three  for  the  Baptifts,  two  for  .Coqgrcga- 
^onalifls,  one  for  Epifcopalians,  one  for  Quakers,  cne 
ffor  Mbravians,  and  a  fynagogud  for  the  Jews.     The 
other  publtck  buildings  arc,  a  ftate  houfe,  and  an  «di- 
Hce  for  the  publick  library.    The  fituaticn,  fomvand 
«rchite6lure  of  the  ffca^e  houfe,  give  it  the  prcfcfcnce 
to  moft  publick  biilldings  in  America.    It  ftands  fuf- 
ilcietitly  elevated,' arid  ai  long  wharf  at«i  paved  parade 
ijiead  up  to  it  frdrfi  the  harbour. 

^rovidericfe  is  fitUated  on  PrOyidihce  rivci*,  about 
iStaxff  nates  north  weft  of  Newport,  in  latitutfe  41^5*1 ' 

north. 


ICH'O  D  B      IS  LAN  D,        torn 

nortK.  'it  is  at  prefent  by  far  the  rood  flourifliing^*: 
town  in  the  ftatc.     It  contains  70ohoureii,  and  up- 
wards of  4300  inhabitants.     I  ts  pubUck4>uildings  arc, 
a  college,  an  elegant  church  tor  Baptift^^  two  for 
Congregationallftsr  befides  others  for  other  denomina- 
tions.   This  town  carries  on > a  large  foreign  trader- 
and  an  exCeniive  and  gainful. traffick  with  the  fur^ 
rounding  country.      The  town  is  fituated  on  both 
fides  of  the  river,  and  isxonne&cd  by  a  commodious  • 
bi:idi;e.' 

Fiflies,']  In  the  rivers  and  bays  are  plenty  of  fifh» , 
to  tHe  amount  of  more  than  feventy  different  kinds,, 
fo  that  in  the  feafonsof  fifh.  the  markets  are  alive  with  ■ 
them.  Travellers  are  agreed  that  Newport  furnilheji  > 
the  bed  fiRi  market iin  the  world.'.  u-u 

ReUgunu']    The  conftitution  of  the  .ftiteSimits  of' 
no  religious  eftabiilh^ients,  any  further  than  dependl 
upon  the  voluntary  choice  of  individuals.     All  men 
profefling  one  Supreme  Being, .  are  equally  prote6lei  . 
by  the  laws,  and  no  particular  fe^k  can  claim  preemi* 
nence.     This  unlimited  liberty  inreligion,  is  one  prin*  • 
cipal  caufe  why  there  is  fuch -a  variety  of  religious 
fe£bs  iti  Rhode  liland.>.  The  bapiiflsare  the  molt  nu- 
merous of  any  denomination  in  the  (late.    They,  as  . 
well  as  the  other  baptifts  in  New  Eneland,  are  chiefly 
upon  the  Calviniftick  jplan  as  to  doarine%  and  ind&>  • 
pendents  in  regard  to  church  government. .  The  bapt-  - 
ills  in  general.refufe  to  communicate  with  other  d< 
nominations;  for  they  hold  thatimmerfion  isnecefla 
to  baptifm,  and  ihat-baptifm  is  neceflaity  to  commu 
ion.    Therefore  theyfuppofe  it  inconfiflent  for  themT 
■to  admlt.unbaptiled  perfons  (as  others  are  in  their - 
view)  to  join  with  them  in  this  ordinance. .  The  num-  • 
ber  of  their  congregations  in  N^w  England,  in  1784, . 
was  155.    Of  thele,  feventy  one  were  in  MaflTachia-- 
fetts ;  twenty  five  in  New  Hampfhire  ;    thirty  in  t 
Rhode  Ifland,  and  twenty  .nine  in  Conne^cut.- 

Thc  other  religious  denomin-itions  in  Rhode  Ifland  4 
are  congrcgationalifts,  friends  or  quakfers,  epifcopak 
ians,  rooravians^  and  jews.    Beficfes  thcfe,  there  ismt 
•oafiderable  number  of  the  people  who.caa.be  red^i*^. 

1a-  ciL 


%f» 


RHODE      I  S  L  A  If  a 


•d  to  no  pai!ticular  denomination,  and  arcj  at  ta  relig^ 
ion,  ftri^ly  Nothingarians*  ' 

Literature.']'  The  literature  of  tkit  ftate  is  confined 
principailjr  to  the  towns  of  Newport  and  ProvideiKe. 
There  are  men  of  learning  and  abilities  fcattcred 
through  other  towns,,  but  they  are  rate.  Tlie  bulk  of 
the  inhabitants  in  other  parts  of  the  ftate,  are  involved 
in  greater  ignorance  perhaps  than  in  any  other  part  of 
New  EdQgland*  An  unpaitiai  kiftory  of  their  tranf- 
SkAions  fince  the  peace,  would  evince  the  truth  of  the 
i^>ove  obfervations. 

At  Provideq.ce,  is  Rhode  Ifbnd  college.  The  char- 
^  ter  for  founding  this  Seminaiy  of  Learning,  was 
granted  by  the  ^eral  affembly  of  the  flatr,  in  1764. 
ThiSj^ftitutton  was  firft  founded  at  Warren,  in 
1759*  mid  in  the  year  1770,  the  colUge  was  remov- 
ed to  Providence^  whece  a  large, degant  building  w»s 
ere^od  for  itt  accommodation,  by  the  generous  dona- 
tions of  individuals,  molUv  h-om  the  town  of  Provi- 
dence. It  is  fituated  on  a  bill  to  the  eaft  of  the  town ; 
and  while  its  elevated  fituation  renders  it  deKghifiil, 
by  commanding  an  extenfive,  variegated  prol'pe£l,  it 
luinilhes'it  wtthapure^fadubriousair.^  The  edifice  is 
of  brick,  four  ftories  high,  150  feet  long,  and  46  wide, 
with  a  projeAion  of  ten  feet  each  fide*  It  has*  an'  en- 
try lengthwife,  with  rooms  on  each  fide«  There  are 
forty,  eight  rooms<  for  the  accommodation  of  fiudents, 
^      and  eight  larger  ones  for  publick  ufcs.    Thorcof  is 

m.  ^povercd  with  flate, 
^i    This  inftitution  is  under  the  inftru£lion  of  a  prefi- 

.  dent,  a  profeflor  of  natural  aiKi  experimental  phiiofo- 
phy,  aprofefforof  mathematicks  and  ailronomy,  a 
profeflor  of  natural  hiftory,  and  three  tutors.  The 
feveral  claffes  are  inflniAed  in  the  learned  languages, 
and  the  various  arts  and  ficiences.  Theinflttution  has 
9i  library  of  between  twoand  three  thoufiind  volumes, 
containing  a  valuable  collection  of  aneieni  and  mod- 
.  ern  authons;  Alfo  a  iaiall,  h\A  valuable  philofophical 
,  apparatus.  Nearly  all  the  funds  of  the  college  a'-e  at 
intereft  in  the  treafury  of  thei  ftate,  and  amaount  t» 
«U|)Diil!MO  thoufimd  pounds*  -' 

*  •  CurioJUiesm'] 


A* 


\  .W 


RHODE      I  S  L  A  ^r  0. 


toi$ 


CurioJitUs*']  In  PawtucHet  river,  four  milct  ftotn 
Providence,  is  a  beautiful  fall  of  water,  dire6lly  oV«r 
which  a  bridge  has  been  bu'lr,  which  divides  the  com- 
monwealih  of  Nfaflachufetts  from  the  ftate  <»f  Rhode 
Iftand.  The  fall,  in  its  whole  lengrh,  k  upwards  of 
fifty  feet.  The  water  paifes  through  feveral  ehafms 
in  a  rock  which  runs  diametrically  acrofs  the  bed  of 
the  ftreara,  and  ferves  as  a  dam  to  the  WMer,  Sev- 
eral mills  have  beenere£led  upon  thtffe  fa*!s ;  and  the 
fpouts  and  channdy  which  have  been  cenftrufled  to 
condufl  the  (ireams  to  their  refpeftive  wheels,  and  the 
brid^i^j  have  taken  Very  much  from  the  beauty  and 
grandeur  of  the  fcene  ;  which  would  dtherwife  have 
been  indefcriba^ly  charming  and  romantiek. 

ConJlUntiaH*']  The  conftitution  of  this  ftate  is 
founded  on  the  charter  granted-  by  Charles  II.  in  thfe 
fourteenth  year  of  his  reign  ;  and  the  frame  of  Gov- 
ernment was  not  eflentially  altered-  by  ^e  revolution. 
The  legiftature  of  the  ftate  confifts  of  two  branches  ; 
a  iisnatd  or  upper  houfe,  corapofed  of  ten  members, 
called  in  the  charter  djij^antstt  and  a  houfe  of  repre- 
fentatives,  cpmpofied  of  deputies  from  the  feverai 
towns.  The  members  of  the  hgxf^^iart  are  chofen' 
twice  *year ;  and  there  are  two  Jeflions  of  this  bcwly 
annually,  viz.  on  the  firlk  Wedn^ayof  May,  and  the 
laft  Wednefday  in  O6^ober. 

Hi/lory.']  This  State  was  lirft  fettled  from  Mafla- 
chufetts.  "Motives  of  the  fame  kind  with  thole  whicli 
are  well  known  to  have  occafioned. the  fettlement  of 
mod  of  the  other  United  States,  gave  birth  to  this?. 
The  emigrants  from  England  who  came  to  Mafla- 
chufetts,  though  they  did  not  perfe6):Iy  agree  ifi  relig- 
ious fentiments^  had  beeh  tolerably  united  by  their 
common  zeal  againfl  the  ceremonies  of  the  church  of 
England.  But  as  f6on  as  they  were  removed  from 
eecTefiaflical  courts,  and  polTefled  of  a  patent  allow- 
ing liberty  of  confcience,  they  fbll  tnto  difputes  and 
contentions  among  themfelv^s;  And'  m)t\Vithftand- 
inf  ail  their  ftiflerings  andcompiarnts in'England', ex- 
cited by  the  principle  of  umfbrmity  (Rich  is  hti- 
iQin  nature)  themajority  hens  vrer^ -'island' of  t|N 

princiyl 


If 


v«P4 


RHO-DE      ISLAN.D; 


Srinciple,  as  thofc  from  whofe  perfccution  they  had' 
cd. 

The  trae  ground* of  religious  liberty  were  nof  em* 
braced  or  underftood  at  this  time  by  any>  (e£h  While 
all  disclaimed  perlecution  for  the  fakn  of  confcience',  a 
regard  for  the  publick  peace,  and  for  the  prefervation 
of  the  church  of  Chriu  from  infe£lion|  together  with 
theobflinacy  of  the  hereticks,  was  urgei  inju(liE» 
cation  of  thaly  which,  ftripped  of  all  its  difguiles,  the 
light  of  nature  and  the  laws  of  Chrift,  in  the  mofl. 
folemn  manner  condemn. 

Mr.  Roger  Williams,  a  mi'nifter,  who  came  over  te 
Salem  in  1630,  was  charged  with  holding  a  variety 
of  errours,  and  was  at  length  baniibed  Fr<>m  the  thea 
colony  of  Maflachufetts,  and  afterwards  from  Plym-- 
outh,  as  a  dijlurbtr  of  the  ptacs  of  the  Church  and  Con> 
nonufeaith;  and,  as  he  fays,  *  a  bull  of  excommunica- 
tion was  fent  after  him.'  He  had  fevcral  treaties  with  • 
Myantonomo  and  Canonicus^  the  Narraganfet  Sa- 
chems,  in  1634  and  1635 ;  whoaiFur/ed  him  he  fliculd 
not  want  for  land.  And  in  1634-5  he  and  twevity 
others,  his  followers,,  who  were  voluntary  exiles, 
came  to  a  place  calkd^by  the  Indians  MooihafUfuck, 
and  ':>yhim  Providence*.  Here  th^y  fettled,  and  though 
fejcured  from  the  Indians  by  the  terrour  of  the  Eng- 
lifh,  they  for  a  confiderable  time,  greatly  fufFercd: 
through  fatigue  and  want. 

As  the  original  inhabitants  of  this  State  were  perr 
fecuted,  at  leaftin  their  own  opinion^  for  the  fake  of 
co'ifcience,  a  mod  liberal  and  free  toleration  was  ef- 
tal liihed  by  them.  So  little  has  the  civil  authority  to  • 
do  with  religion  here,  that,  as  has  been  already  hinted, 
no  contr^fl  between  a  minifler  and  a  focicty  (unlefs 
incorporated  for  that  purpofe)  is  of  any  force.     It  is 

Erobably  for  thefe  realons  that  fo  many. different  feds 
ave  ever  been  found  here ;  and  that  the  Sabbath  and 
all  religious,  inllitutions,  have  been  more  tiegle^led  in 
this,  than  in  any  other  of  the  New  England  States. 
Mr.  Williams  is  faid  to  have  become  a  fiaptift  in  a 
few  years  after  his  fettling  at  Providence,  and  to  hav«  : 
liroicd  a  church  of  that  perluafion. . 
^  Through* 


#' 


Tht 
Great 

ifeded 
gallant 
tlic  fe< 


B" 


on 


CONNECTICUT. 


tos 


Through  the  whole  of  the  late  unnatur^  war  with 
Great  Britain,  the  inhabitants  of  (his  State  have  marv* 
ifefled  a  patriotick  fpirit ;  their  troops  have  behaved 
gallantly,  and  they  are  honoured  in  naving  produced 
tiic  i'econd  general  in  tlie  field** 


*  General  Greene* 


BBJH 


CONNECTICUT. 


HiBcr. 


Length  92 1  k.»„.„-  J  41  °  and  azO  % » North  Latitude. 
Breadth  57  J  «>'«*«"  I ,  o  50'  aiiJ  30  20'  Eaft  Longit««Je. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Maffachufetts ;  Eaft,  hj 
Rhode  Ifland  1  South,  by  the  found,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Long  Ifland ;  W-eili  by  die  fUte  of 
New  York. 

Rivers,']  The  principal  rivers  in  this  ftatc  arc  Con- 
ne£licut,  tioufatonik,  the  Thames,  and  their  branches. 
The  Houfatonick*  pafles  through  a  number  of  plcar* 
ant  towns,  atHl  empties  into  the  found  betweeri  otrat- 
ford  and  Milford.  It  is  navigable  twelve  miles,  to 
Derby.  I  n  this  ri vcr^  between  Saliibury  ai^d  Canaai?, 
is  a  catara£l)  where  the  water  of  the  whole  riyef*, 
which  is  150  yards  wide,  falls  about  fixty  feet  per- 
pendicularly, in  3k  perfe&ly  white  (heet.  A  copious 
mifl:  aiifes,  in  which  floating  rainbows  are  fcen  in. va- 
rious places  at  the^  faine  time,  exhibiting  a  fcciie  ex- 
ceedingly grand  and  beautiful. 

The  Thaines  empties^into  l^ong  Iflapd  found  at  N^w 
London.  It  is  navigable  fourteen  tpiles,  to  Norwich 
Landing.  Here  it  lofes  its  liame^  and  brai)ches  into 
Shctucket,  on  the  eaft,  and  Norwich  or  Little  river, 
on  the  weft.  The  ci^  of  Norwich  ftands  on  the 
tongue  of  land  between  -thefc  rivers,  iiittle  river, 
about  a  raile  from  its  moutji*  has,. a  reiliiarjt^bie^a^d 
very  romantick  catarad:.  A  rock  ten  or  twelve  ft^t 
in  perpendicular  height,  extends  quite  acrofs  the  chat)- 
nel  of  the  river.  Over  this  the  whole  river  pitche^^ 
in  one  entire  fticet  upon  a  bed  of  rocks  below.     Here 

the  river  is  comprefled  into  f.  very  narrow  channel  %- 

tweeir 

,*  "An  Indian  name,  fignlfying  Ovsr  tie  MauntaiH,  *M- 


I 


93 


io6 


CONNECTICUT. 


?*■: 


tween  two  craggy  cliffs,  one  of  which  towers  to  a  eon- 
fiderable  ficight.  The  channel  defccnds  gradually, 
is  very  crooked  and  covered  with  pointed  rock).  Up- 
on thefe  the  water  fwiftly  tumbles,  foaming  with  the 
mofl  violent  acitation,  fifleen  or  twenty  rods,  into  a 
broad  bafon  which  fprcads  before  it.  At  the  bottom 
of  the  perpendicular  falls,  the  rocks  are  curioufly  ex- 
cavated by  the  conflant  pouring  of  the  water.  Seme 
o^the  cavities,  which' are  all  of  a  circular  form,  are 

ve  or  fix  feet  deep.  The  fmoothnefs  of  the  water 
above  its  defccnt — the  regularity  and  beauty  of  the 
perpendicular  fall — the  tremendous  roughnefs  of  the 
other,  and  the  craggy,  towering  cliff  which  impends 
the  whole,  prefent  to  the  view  of  the  fpe£lator  a  fcene 
indefcribahly  delightful  and  majeflick.  On  this  river 
are  fome  of  the  fihell  mill  feats  in  New  England. 

Harbours.']  The  two  principal  harbours  arc  at 
New  I.oridon  and  New  Haven.  Thfe  former  opens 
to  the  fouth.  From  the  light  houfe,  Which  (lands  at 
the  mouth  of  the  harbour,  to  the  town,  is  about  three 
miles ;  the  breadth  is  three  buarters  of  a  mile,  and  in 
fome  places  more.  The  harbour  has  from  five  to  fix 
fathoms  water— a  clear  bottom — tough  ooze,  and  as 
far  as  one  mile  above  tht  towh  is  entirely  fecure^  and 
commodious  for  large  fliips^ 

New  Haven  harbour  is  greatly  inferiour  to  that  of 
New  London.  It  is  a  'bay  which  (ets  up  northerly 
from  the  found,  about  four  miles.  Its  entrance  is 
about  half  a  mile  wide.  It  has  very  good  anchorage, 
and  two  and  an  half  fathoms  at  low  Water,  and  three 
fathoms  and  four  feet  at  common  tides. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Productions.']  Connefticut,'  though 
fubje6t  to  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  in  their  (eaf- 
ons,  and  iq  frequent  fudden  changes,  is  very  health- 
ful. As  many  as  one  in  forty  fix  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Connefticut,  who  Wfcre  living  in  1774,  Were  up- 
wards of  feventy  years  old.  From  accurate  calcula- 
tion it  is  found  that  about  one  in  eight  live  to  the  age 
of  feventy  years  and  upwards,  one  in  thirteen,  to  the 
age  of  eighty  yearS}  and  one  in  about  thirty  to  the  a(|[c: 
.«f  ninety. 

Conne£ii.ct;u^ 


CONNECTICUT. 


lo; 


'<?■ 


Conncfticut  is  generally  broken  land,  made  up  of 
mountains,  hilU  and  vallies;  and  is  exceedingly  well 
watered.  Some  fmall  parts  of  it  arc  thin  aiid  barren. 
]t  lie»  in  the  Hfth  and  (ixth  northern  climate.^;,  and  has 
a  (Irong,  fertile  foil.  Its  principal  produ6iions  arc 
Indian  corn,  rye,  wheat  in  many  parts  of  the  ftatr, 
oats  and  barley,  which  are  heavy  and  good,  ahd  of 
late  buck  wheat — flax  in  large  quantities — fome  hemp, 
potatoes  of  fuveral  kinds,  pumpkins,  turnips,  peas, 
tseans,  &c.  &c.  fruits  of  all  kinds,  which  are  common 
to  the  climate.  The  foil  is  very  well  calculated  for 
pafture  and  mowing,  whiph  enables  the  farmers  to 
feed  large  numbers  of  neat  cattle  and  horfes.  The 
beef,  pork,  butter  and  cheefe  of  Connedicut,  are  equal 
to  any  in  the  world. 

Trade.']  The  trade  of  Conne£licut  is  principally 
with  the  Weft  India  Iflands,  and  is  carried  on  in  Vei-  ' 
icls  from  fixty  to  one  hundred  and  forty  tons.  Thcl 
exports  confift  of  horfes,  mules,  oxen,  oak  fiaves, ' 
hoops,  pine  boards,  oak  plank,  beans,  Indian  corni 
fidi,  beef,  pork,  &c.  Horfes,  live  cattle  and  lumber, 
are  permitted  in  the  Dutch,  Danifh  and  French  ports. 
Beef  and  fiOi  are  liable  to  fuch  heavy  duties  in  the 
French  iflands,  as  that  little  profit  arifes  to  the  merch* 
ant  who  fends  them  to  their  ports.  Pork  and  flour 
are  prohibited. 

'  Cont^efli^ut  has  a  large  number  of  coafting  vefTels  • 
employed  in  carrying  the  produce  of  the  flate  to 
other  flates.  To  Rhode  I  (land,  Maflachufetts' aitd 
New  Hamplhire  they  carry  boric,  wheat,  corn  and  - 
rye. — To  North  and  South  Carolinas  and  Ceorgia, 
butter,  cheeie,  fiadtedbbef,  cyder,  apples,  potatoes,  hay, 
&c.  and  receive  in  return  rice,  indigo  and  money. 
But  as  New  York  is  nearer,  apd  the  flateof  the  mark- 
ets  always  well  knovirn,  much  of  the  prodiii^e  of  Con- 
ne6licut,  cfpecially  of  the  weflern  paits,  is  carried 
tber^;  particularly  ^t  and  pcprl  afhes,  flax  feed,  beef, 
pork,  cneefe  and  butter,  in  large  quantities^  Mod  of 
the  produce  of. Conne£licut  river  from  the  parts  of 
MaflachuCetts,  New  Hamplhire  and  Vermont,  as  well 
a&  of  ConneAicut,  which  are  adjacent,  goes  to  the 
iame  market,  ManuJaQurex,'} 


^1 


^ 

<* 


•08  C  O  N  N  E  C  T  lib  U  T. 

Manufdlures.']  The  farmers  in  ConneQicut  and 
iheir  families,  are  molUy  clothed  in  plain,  decent 
homefpun  cloth.  Their  linens  and  woollens  arc  man- 
ufa£lured  in  the  family  way  ;  and  although  they  are 
generally  of  a  coarl'er  kind,  they  are  of  a  Oronger  tex- 
ture, and  much  more  durable  than  thofe  imported 
i'rom  France  and  Great  Britain.  Many  of  their  cloths 
are  fine  and  handfome.  A  variety  of  manufa£loriei 
have  been  eftablilhed  in  diflercnt  parts  of  Connecti- 
cut, which  arc  flourifhing  and  produ6live. 

Civil  Divihons  and  Pcpulation.']  Connecticut  is  di- 
vided into  eight  counties,  viz.  Hailfurd,  New  Haven, 
New  London,  Fairfield,  Windham,  Litchfield,  Mid- 
dlesex and  Tolland*  Thefe  counties  are  fubdivided 
into  79  townfliips,  each  of  which  is  a  corporation. 

The  following  TABLE  exhibits  a  view  of  the  pM>- 

ulation,  &c.  of  this  flate  in  1 789.    SiiKe  this  time  the 

counties  of 'Middlefcx  and  Tolland  have  l)een  confti- 

•  tuted,  and  a  number  of  new  townlhip*  have  impoU 

itickly  been  incorporated. 


GOVMTIBS. 


New  Haven. 


New  Londoa. 


FairiieM. 


Towns  where 

the  Coura 

are  held. 


Hartford, 
Hardbrd.      JMiddhtown,* 
Tolland.* 


New  Haven. 


Nev  London, 
Norwich. 


Fairfirld, 
Danbury. 


Windhain.4ft  Windham. 


e  S 

S6H 


■*  "-  o 


21 


10 


Litctifidd. 


LlrhfieM. 

i'it«-» 


Total. 


12 


>9 


:79 


10,815 


4»77« 


5,884 


5»755 


5»36» 


"55 


5S.«47 


»5,C9» 


*9»7*» 


>8,i85 


^>t97 


39*388 


33»i*7 


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*    Conne^iAt^ 

•  Mlddletown  affd  TsJ^iTic^  trt  "af-  c}'  (hire  .vwat  ci  Middl?- 
•fex  and  ToKand  counties.  C  jt*«i  a. A;  i»ir»lle]J  $  "  ?IK»d4slll>^^l|i«il 
if  the  iMklf  fltiretowaof  Mitirliei'c:^    ountf*  ,   -; 


CONNECTICUT,  t«| 

Conne&icuCiis  the  moft  populous,  in  proportion  im 
its  extent,  of  any  of  the  thirteen  ftatei.  U  u  Uid  out 
in  fmall  'arms  trom  fifty  to  three  or  four  hundred 
acre«  each,  which  are  held  by  the  farmers  in  fee  fiinple. 
The  whole  ftate  refembles  «  well  •cultivated  garden^ 
which,  with  that  degree  of  induftiy  that  is  noceflary 
to  happinefs,  produces  the  noceflanes  and  conveniai- 
cies  oflife  in  great^lenty.. 

CharaSer,  Manners^  T'  'ti  addition  to  wliat  hu 
been  already  faid  r  tuv  c  7.  Oculars,  under  Ne«r 
England,  it  may  be  ohl'ervcd,  t»»at  the  people  of  Con- 
nefticut  arc  ren^rkabiy  .id  of  having  an  their  dif- 
putes,  even  th  i-  f  the  moft  trivial  kind,  Jeitled  ac- 
cording  toiaw.  i  he  prevalence  of  this  litigious  fpirit, 
aflords  employment  and  fupport  for  a  numerous  body 
•of  la  wyers.  The  tiumbcr  of  aClions  entered  annually 
upon  the  feveral  dockets  in  the  ftate,  juftifies  the  above 
oofervations.  That  party  fpirit,  ho%v«ver,  whidi  i« 
'the  bane  of  political  happinefs,  bas  not  rated  witk 
fuch  violence  in  this  ftate  as  in  Maflfachuietts  and 
Rhode  Ifland.  Publick  proceedings  have  been  con- 
-duAed,  generally,  and  efpecially  of  late,  with  muth 
calmnefs  and  catidour.  Tne  people  are  well  informed 
in  regard  to  their  rights,  and  judicious  in  the  methoda 
tliey  adopt  to  focure  themi  The  ft«te  was. never  in 
.greater  political  tranquillity  than  atprefent. 

ReU^ten,']  The  beft  in  the  wond,  pei'haps,  'for  c 
repubhcan  government.  As  to  the  mode  of  exercif- 
ing  church  government  -and  diicipliAe,  it  might  not 
improperly  be  cilled  a  republican  religion.  Each 
church  is  a  feparate  jurifdraion,  and  claims  authority; 
to  choofe  their  own  nrinifter,  to  exercife  govern- 
TAtr.if  and  enjoy  gofpel  ordinances  within  hUit,  The 
ditrches,  h'  '  'ver,inJenot  independent  of  each  other  ; 
4ti-y  are  aflbciated'for  mutual  benefit  anjiconvenience. 
The  aflbciations  liave  power  to  licenfe<candidates  for 
the  miniftry»  to  confult  for  the  general  welfare,  and  to 
recommend  meaAires  to  be  adi^ed  by  the  churches, 
imt  have  no  autbority  to  enforce  thetn.  When  dif. 
putes  arife  in  churches,  councils  are  called  by  the  part- 
«efi  to  fettle  them ;  but  their  power  is  on^  adviiory^ 
K  Then 


•  .♦ 


r 


^^. 


no 


CONNECTICUT. 


There  arc  as  many  affociations  in  the  ftate  as  tliere  are 
counUes  ;  and  they  meet  twice  in  a  year.  Thefe  arc 
all  combined  in  one  general  aflrociation^  who  meet  an- 
nually. 

All  religions  that  are  confident  with  the  peace  of 
fociety,  are  tolerated  in  Connefticut.  1  here  arc  very 
£l*w  religious  fciU  in  this  flate.  The  bulk  of  (he  people 
are  conwrpgationalifts.  E  "  des  thefe,  there  are  epif- 
copaliar)s>  anH  baptifts.  The  epifcopalian  churches  are 
rclpeflable,  <iad  are  under  the  fuperintendence  of  a 
Biihop.  There  were  twenty  nine  congregations  of 
the  baptifts,  in  1784,  Thefe  congregations,  wiih 
thofc  in  the  neighbouring  ftates,  meet  in  affociations, 
by  delegation,  annually.  Thefe  affociations  confifl  of 
ineffengers  ^hofen  and  fent  by  the  churches.  Some 
of  their  principles  are,  *«  The  imputation  of  Adam's 
fin  to  his  pofterity  ;  the  inability  of  man.  to  recover 
hiq^lf;  effc^al  calling  by  foVercign  grace  ;  juflifi- 
cation  by  imputed  righteoitfnefs  ;  immerfion  for  bapt- 
ifm,  and  that  on  prafeflion  of  faith  and  repentance ; 
congregational  churches,  and  their  independency  ;  re* 
ception  into  them  upon  evidence  of  found  converlion." 
3'ne  baptifts,  during  the  late  war,  were  a6live  friends 
I0  their  country  ;  arvd  by  their  early  approbation  of 
the  new  form  of  government,  have  manifefled  the 
continuance  of  their  patriotick  fentiments. 

Chief  Towns.l^  There  are  a  great  number  of  very 
pleafant  towns,  both  maratime  and  inland,  in  Connec* 
ticut.  It  contains  five  incorporated  towns  or  cities, 
viz.  Hartford,  New  Haven,  New  London,  Norwich, 
and  Middletown.  Two  of  thefe,  Hartford  and  New 
Haven,  arc  the  capitals  of  the  ftate.  The  general  af- 
fcmbly  is  holden  at  the  former  in  May,  and  at  the  latr 
ter  in  Oftcbcr,  annually. 

Hartfor*  is  fuuated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  M'cft  fide  of  Conncfticut  river,  about  fifty  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  found.  Its  buildings  arc,  a 
ftate  houfe  ;  two  churches  for  congregationalifts  ;  a 
diftillery,  befides  upwards  of  300  dwelling  houfcs,  a 
tsumber  of  which  are  handfomely  built  with  brick. 
Hartibrd  is  advantageoufty  fituated  for  trade,  has  a 


C  O  N  N  E  C  T  I  C  U  T. 


Ill 


ifcry  fine  back  country,  enters  largely  into  the  tnanu- 
ia£turing  bufinefsi  and  is  a  rich  flourifhing  commercial 
town. 

New  Haven  lies  round  the  head  of  a  bay,  which 
makes  up  about  four  miles  north  from  the  found.  It 
covers  part  of  a  la^e  plain,  which  is  circumfcribed  on 
three  fides  by  high  hills  or  mountains.  Two  fmall 
rivers  bound  the  city  eaft  and  weft.  The  town  was 
originally  laid  out  in  (i^uaies  of  fixty  rods.  Many  of 
thefe  fquares  have  been  divided  by  crofs  ftrects. 
Four  ftreets  run  northweft  and  foutheaft,  thefe  are 
crofled  by  others  at  right  angles.  Near  the  center  of 
the  city  is  the  publick  Iquare  i  on  and  around  which 
are  the  publick  buildings,  which  are  a  ftatdioufej 
college  and  chapel,  three  churches  for  congregation- 
alifts,  and  one  for  eplfcopalians.  Thefe  are  all  hand- 
fbme  and  commodious  buildings.  The  college,  chap- 
el, ftatc  houfe,  and  one  oi  the  churches,  are  of  bricK. 
The  publick  fquare  is  encircled  with  rows  of  trees, 
which  render  it  both  convenient  and  delightful. 

There  are  about  500  dwelling  houfes  in  the  city,  and 
between  3  and  4000  fouls.  About  one  in  feventy  die 
annually  ;  this  proves  the  healthfulnefs  of  its  climate. 
Indeed  as  to  pleafantnefs  of  fituation  and  falubrity  of 
air.  New  Haven  is  not  exceeded  by  any  city  in  Amer- 
ica. It  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  Niw 
York  and  the  Weit  India  tflands. 

New  London  ftands  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  river 
Thames,  near  its  entrance  into  the  found.  It  has  two 
places  for  publick  worftiip,  one  for  epifcopalians  and 
one  for  congregationalifts,  and  about  300  dwelling 
houfes.  Its  harbour  is  the  beft  in  Conneflicut.  A 
confiderable  part  of  the  town  was  burnt  by  the  infamous 
Benedi6b  Arnold,  in  1781.     It  has  fince  been  rebuilt, 

Norwich  ftands  at  the  head  of  Thames  river,  la 
or  14, miles  north  from  New  London.  It  is  a  com- 
msrcial  city,  has  a  rich  and  extcri  five  back  country, 
and  avails  itfelf  of  its  natural  advantages  at  the  head 
of  navigation.  Its  fituation  upon  a  river  which  af- 
fords a  great  number  of  convenient  feats  for  mills  and 
water  ma{:hines  of  all  kinds,  renders  it  vtry  eligible  "ift 


Mft 


CONNECTICUT;. 


a  raanufa£lural  view.  The  inhabitants  are  not  neg^- 
)e£lful  of  the  advantages  which  nature  has  fo  liberalljr 
given  them.  They  manufaflure  paper  of  ail  kind«y- 
ilockirgSi  clocks  and  watches,  chaifes,  buttons,  flon« 
andcarthern  ware,  wirc,.oil,  chocolate,  bells,  anchors, 
and  all  kinds  of  forge  work.  The  city  contains  about 
450  dwelling  houfes,  a  tourt' houfe,  and  two  churchef 
for  congregationalift^  and  one  for  epil'copalians. 

M I D  o  L  E  i  o  w  N  is  pleafantly  Atuated  on  the  weftem 
bank  of  Connefticut  river,  fifteen  mifes  fouthof  Hart* 
ford.  It  is^tlie  principal  town  in  Middlefex  county— 
has  about  300  houies— a  court  h6ufe— one  church- 
for  congregationaliftfr— one  for  epifcopaiians — a  na- 
ysX  office— and  carries  on  a  large  and  increafing  trade* 

Four  miles  foulh  of  Hartferd  is  WaTHEasiiBLO^ 
a  very  pleafant  town,  of  between  two  and  thrae  hun^i 
4rcd  houfes,  fitin^tcd  on  a  fine  foil,  with  an  elegant  brick 
church  for  congregationaliils»  This  town  is  noted  for 
jraifing  onions. 

LitenUure  and  CoUege.']  In  no  part  of  ihie  world  if 
Ihe  education  of  all  ranks  of  neople  more  attended,  to 
than  in  Conne£iicut«.  The  levcral  townfkips  in  ^tm 
jB»te  ane  divided  into  di Ari&s,  and  in  each  diilrift^, 
9  fehooLia  kept  a  gteater  or  lefs  part' of  every  year.—* 
More  than  one  third  of  the  monies  raifed  by  a  tax  oh: 
Jhe  poUs  and  rateable  eftate  -yf  tlie  inhabitants^  is  ap- 
propriated to  the  fupport  of  ichools.  Grammar 
tehools  are  kept  in  various  parts  of  the  ftal*.  At 
Greenfield,  Plamfield,  NoFwicn,and  Windbam»acad- 
«mies  have  been  inilituted  ;  and  fomo  of  them  ar# 
jBourifhing  andrefjpe£iable. 

The  only  college  in  this  ftate  is  Yale  CoLLSGi,  at 
Kew  Haven,  founded  in  the  year  %y<M>,  It  was  nam-* 
cd  after  Govemour  Yale,  who  was  one  of  it^  principal 
iNsnefaflors..  The  buildings  are,  Conne6iicut  Hall,^ 
aoo  feet  long  and  40  wide,  with  ga  convenient  tooms^ 
a  Chapel,.in  which  are  the  Library  and  Mufeum,  and 
»  lajrgc  and  convenient  dining  half,  ali  built  of  brick* 
The  college  library  confifls  of  2500  vofumes.  Th» 
|>hilofophical'  appavatu»  confifla  of  the  principal  ma*> 
chtns&neceilary  for  exhibiting,  tsoft  of  the  experiment^ 

lA 


CONN  E  CT  I  C  U  T. 


i»3? 


in  the  whole  couife  of  experimental  philofophy.    An 
addition  of  j^*300  worth  is  (hortly  to  be.  added  to  it.  . 
The  regulation  of  the  college  is  committedi  by  charter, 
to  eleven  minifters  of  the  gofpel,  who  are  a  corporate 
body»  and  hold  eflates,  appoint  officers,  confer  degrees^ 
&c.    The  prefent  officers  of  the  college  are,  a  rrcli-  • 
dent,  who  is  alfo  a  Prpfeflfor  of  Eccleftaftical  Hiillory ; 
a  Profeflbr  of  Divinity,  and  three  Tutors.     Upwards  . 
of  2000  have  received  the  honours  of  this  univerfity  ; 
of  whom  about  640,!iave  been  ordained  to  the  work . 
of  the  miniftry.     As  many  as  five  fixths  of  thofe  who 
have  been  xducated  St  this  college,  were  natives  of 
Conne£iicut.  r 

Covemment.']  This  ftate  has  no  other  conflitution 
than  what  originated  from  the  charter  of  Charles  IJ^ 
granted  in  1662.  Agreeably  to  this  charter,  the  legii* 
lative  authority  is  veflcd  in  a  GovemouT,  Deputy 
Governour,  twelve  counfellors,  and  the  leprefenta* 
lives  of  the  people,  (not  exceeding  two  from  each 
to'vn)  ftyled  the  Genera!  AJimhly,  This  aflTembly  is 
divided  into  two  branches,  called  the  upper  stnd  lower 
houfes ;  the  former  is  compofed  of  the  Govemoursi 
and  counfellors,  who  are  chofen  annually  in  May; 
the  latter  of  the  reprefentatives^  who  are  chofen  twice 
a  year,  to  attend  the  two  annual  feffians  on  the  fecond 
Thurfdays  of  May  and  Ofluber.  The  qualifications 
of  freemen,  who  eleft  all  the  members  of  the  General 
AlTembly,  are  maturity  of  years,  quiet  and  pcaceabte 
behaviour,  a  civil  conversation,  and  fdrty  ihiliings 
freehold,  or  forty  pounds  perlohal  eftate. 

Hijlory.']    The  firft  Englifh  fettlements  in  Connec- 
ticut, were  made  in  the  fall  of  1635,  by  emigrants  fi^pm 
Newtown,  Dorchefler,  and  Water  town,  in  MafTacbuv 
fetts.     The  firfl  court  held  in  Conneflicut,  was  at 
Hartford,  April  26th,  1636. 

About  the  year  1644,  a  war  broke  out  between  the 
Mohegan  and  Narraganfet  Indians.  A  perfonal  quar- 
rel between  Myantonomo,  fachem  of  the  Narragao- 
fets,  and  Uncas  fachem  of  tdie  Mohegans,  was  the 
foundation  of  the  war.  , 

K  a  J^yantonomo 


-^ 


m 


et4 


CO  BTKEcrr  ctrr» 


Myantonomo  raifed  an  army  of  900'Warriouny  anil 
marcned  towards  the  Mohegan  country*    Uncas^  by 
his  fbies,  received  timely  notice  of  their  aoproachw 
.His  (eat  of  vefidenee  waa  in  fome  part  of  Norwich^ 
He  quickfyec^fted  600  of  hisbraveft  warrioars,  and- 
told  them,  **  The  Narraganfets  muft  not  come  into  our 
tdwn,  we  muft  Bieetthem."  THey  aceot-dingly  mMrch-' 
cd  about  three  milte  to  a  large  pkin,  where  the  two 
armies  met,  and  halted  within  bow  &ot  of  each  other.- 
A  parley  was  propofed  by  Uncas,  and  agreed  to  by 
Myantonomo*    The  £schems  met,  and  Uncas  addreflP* 
edhis  enemy  as  follows  :  «  Yotl  have  a  great  many 
brave  men^— ^fo  have  I  ;  you  and  I  have  quamlled, 
but  thefe  warriours,  what  have  they  done  ?  Shall  they 
die  to  avenge  a  private  parrel  bettveen  us  ?    No. 
Come  like  a  brave  man,  as  you  pretend  to  be,  and  let 
us  fight.    If  you  kUl  me,  my  men  fhall  be  yours,  ifl 
kill  you,  youvmcn  fhall  be  mine."    Myantonomo  re> 
pliea,-  **  My  men  came  to  fight,- and  they  fhaU  fight." 
Uncas,like  an  experienced  warriour,awaTe  of  Uie  lefulf 
of  the  conference  from  the  fuperiour  force  of  his  ene- 
my^  had  previoufly  (ignified  to  his  men,  that  if  Myan- 
tonomo refilled  to  fi^hthimin fingle combat,.he  would 
immediately  fall,  which  was  to  be  th^  fignal  for  them  to^^ 
begin  the  attack.     As  foon  therefore  as  Myantonomo 
had  finifhed  his  laconick  ipeceh,  Uncas  dropped,  ki» 
.    Bien  inflantly  obeyed  the  fignal^  and  poured  in  a  fhow- 
er  of  arrows  upon  the  unfuTpe^ing  Narraganfets,  and- 
ruChing  on  with  their  horrid  yells  and  lavage  fierce- 
nefSf  put  them  to  dight.    Many  were  killed  on  the 
fpot ;  the  reft;  were  clolely  purfued,-  and  fome  were 
precipitately  driven  down  craggy  precipices,  and  dafli- 
ed  in  pieces.     At  a  place  caued,  from  this  event,  Sa- 
%chem's>  Plain,  Uncas  overtook  and  feiaed  Myantono- 
mo by  the  (hould<r.    They  fat  down  together  ;  andr 
Uncas,  with  ahoop,-calkd  in  hismen^and  the  battle- 
^ceafed.    Doubtful  what  to  do  with  the  royal  prifonftr, 
Uncas  and  his  warriours^  in  council,-  determined  to^ 
carry  him  to  the  Govemour  and  council  at  Hartford, 
and  oe  advifed  by  them.     Thither  he  wa«  accordingly 
conduftcdt    The  G^vdmour  haying  advifed  with  iii% 

council 


coNNECTjcar. 


tfj 


eouncily  told  Uncas,  that  the  Engjlifh  weve  not  then  at 
war  with  the  Nanagaafett,  and  of  courfe,  that  it  W4» 
not  proper  for  them  to  intermeddle  in  the  matter*, 
Uucas  was  left  to  do  with  hiia  a»  ho  pleafed;  Myan-j 
tonomo  was  conduced  back  to  the  plain  where  he*' 
was  taken,  and  put  to  death  by  Uacaa  himfelf.  Tho^ 
tragick  fcene  did  not  end  with  hi»  death.  Uucas*  af' 
ter  the  muiner  of  the  Indians,  with  his  tomahawky. 
cut  off  a  large  piece  of  fleib  from>  the  ihoulder  of  hit- 
flaughtered  enemy,  broiled  and  ate  it,  faying,  withan- 
air  of  favage  triumph,  « It  isthe  fweeten  meat  I  evev 
ate ;  it  makefr  me  hafie  a  ftout  heart."  His  body  was' 
afterwards  buried,  and  a  pillar  erefiied  over  it,'ther«>r 
mains  of  which  are  vifible  to  diis  day. 

» The  hiftory  of  Ck>nne£licut  is  marked^  with  traces* 
ef  the  fame  (pirity  which  has  been  mentioned  aaehai^ 
a^eriftick  oJT  the  MaflEichufetts,  in"  difiRerent  ftages  of 
their  hiftory.  Indeed,  as  MafFachufetts  was  the  ihofh 
whence  Connediicut  proceeded,  this  ia  to  be  expe£^ed» 
Thercolony  of  Connedicutexprei&d  their  ditappre* 
^tion  of  the  uTe  of  tobacco,  in  an  a£l  of  their  general 
afilembly  at  Hartfor^  in  ^647,  wherein  it  was  ordered* 
**  That  no  perfon  under  the  age  of  twen^  yaars»  nor 
any  other  that  hath  already  accuAomed  him&lf  to  the 
nfe  thereof,  (hall  take  any  tobacco,  until  he  (hall  have- 
brought  a  certificate  from  under  the  handof  fome  who 
are  approved  for  knowlec^  and  (kill  in  nhyfick,  that 
k  is  u(eful  for  him  ;  and  alfo  that  he  hatn  received  a  ' 
Ucenfe  from  the  court  for  the  (ame.  AH  o^rs  who 
had  addidfed  themfelves  to  the  ufe  of  tobacco,^  were^F 
by  the  fame  court,  prohibited  taking  it  in  any  compa- 
ny,  or  at  their  labouny  or  on  their  travels,  unlefs  they 
were  ten  miles  at  leaft  from  any  houfe,  or  more  Uiam 
once  a  day,  though  not  in  company,  on  pain  of  a  fia|| 
ef  ^  peme  for  each  time ;  to  be  proved  by  one  fulw 

ftantial  evidence.    The  conftable  in  each  town  to 
make  prefentment  of  &ch  tran%reflions  to  thepartioa- 

lar  court,  and  upon  eoavidion)-  the  fine  to  be  paid 
without  gatnfayingr 

Nor  were  the  Conne£bicut  (etders  behind  thpr 
Wetbcea  in  MaSachu&tts  Id  reg.afd  to^^  ^ir  foverityv 

againli 


iiS 


CONNECTICUT. 


aga^nll  the  Quakers  ;  and  they  have  the  fame  apoI<v» 
gy.*  The  general  court  of  New  Haven,  1658,  pafied- 
a  fevere  law  againfl  the  Quakers.  They  intrcduced 
their  law  with  this  preamble : 

*(  Whereas  thete  is  a  curfed  fe£l  of  heriticks  lately 
fprung  up  in  the  world,  commonly  caNled  Quakers, 
who  take  upon  them  that  they  are  immediately  fcnt 
from  God,  and  infallibly  affifted  by  the  fpirit,  who  yet 
fpeak  and  write  blafphcmous  opinions,  defpife  govern- 
ment, and  the  order  of  God  in  church  and  common^ 
health,  fpeaking  evil  of  dignifies^  &c. 

*(  Ordered,  That  whofoever  ihall  bring,  or  caufe  ta 
be  brought,  any  known  Quaker  or  Quakers,  or  other 
blafphemous  hereticks,  (hall  forfeit  the  fum  of  £^.50.". 
Alfo,  if  a  Quaker  come  into  this  junfdi6lion  on  civil 
bunnefs,  the  time  of  his  ftay  ihall  be  limited  by  the 
civil  authority,  and  he  (hall  not  ufe  any  means  to  cor- 
rupt or  feduce  pthers.  On  his  firft  arrival,  he  (hall 
appear  before  the  magtftrate,  and  from  him  have  li- 
cenfe  to  pafs  on  his Inifinefs.  And  (for  the  better 
prevention  of  hurt  to  the  people)  have  one  or  more 
to  attend  upon  him  at  his  charge,  &c.  The  penal- 
ties in  cafe  of  diibbedience,  were  whipping,  impriibn- 
ment,  labcmr,  and  a  deprivation  of  all  converfe  with 
any  perfon.  For  the  fetond  oiFence,  the  perlbn  was 
to  be  branded  in  the  hand^with  the  letter  H  ;  to  fuffer 
imprifonment,  and  be  put  to  labour.  For  the  third,  to 
be  oranded  in  the  other  hand,  imprilbned,  &c.  as  l^e- 
fore.  For  the  fourth,  the  oiFender  was  to  have  his 
tongue  bored  throiigh  with  a  red  hot  iron,  imprifonedr 
and  kept  to  labour,  until  lent  away  at  their  own  charge; 
Any  perfon  who  (hould  attempt  to  defend  the  fenti" 
ments  of  the  Quakers,,  was,  for  the  third  oiFcncs,  to 
^e  fentenced  to  banifliment.  » 

'  Had  the  pious  framers  of  thefe  k  's  paid  a  due  at- 
tention to  the  excellent  advice  of  that  K^gacious  dodor 
0f  the  law,  Gamaliel,  they  would,  perhaps,  have  been 
prevented  from  the  adoption  of  fuch  fevere  and  unjufl- 
ifiahle  meafures.  This- wife  man,  when  his  country* 
noen  v^ere  about  Co  be  outrageous  in  perfecuting  the  a- 
poftles,  addrefted  them  in  the  following  words,,  wbtok 


•  See  Hiftc  MaflachufettS;  p.  91. 


ment 


eOWNECTICUT. 


ttf 


merit  to  be  engraved  in  letters  of  gold  :  *<  Rbprain 

rKOM  THESE  MEN,  AjIO  LET  THEM  ALOME  .*  FOR  If 
1HIS  COUNSEL  OE  THIS  WORK  BE  OF  MEN,  IT  WILI. 
COM«  ro  NOUOHT  :  BUT  IF  IT  BE  OF  GoD,  YE  CAN* 
HOT    OVEATHROVir    IT;     LESTHAFLYYE    BBFOUNQ 

EVEN  TO  FIGHT  AGAINST  Goo.  This divine  maxim 
was  but  little  attended  to  in  times  of  perfecution» 
Our  anceftors  feem  to  have  left  it  to  poAerity  to  make 
the  important  difeovery,  that  perfiecution  is  the  direft 
method  to  multiply  its  c4>jcCls. 

But  thefe  people,^  who  have  been  fo  much  ceaTure^ 
and  ridiculed,  had  perhaps  as  many  viaues  as  their 
pofterity ;  aiid  bad  they  an  advocate  to  defend  their 
caufe,  he  no  doubt  might  find  as  broad  a  field  for  ridt* 
cule,  and  as  juft  a  foundation  for  cenfure,  in  the  fudr- 
vey  of  modem  manners,  «s  has  be(m  aftorded  in  any 
period  fince  the  fistdement  of  America.  It  would  hie 
wile  then  in  themodenis»  who  ftand  elevated  iq>on 
the  (houldera  of  their  anceftors,  with  the  book  oftheiw 
experience  fprtad  before  theaa^ ,  to  improve  ibsAt  vir- 
tues and  veil  their  ^Milts. 

In  >672,  the  law»  of  tlie  colony  were  revifed*  and 
the  general  court  ordered  them  to  be  printed  ;  and^. 
aUb,  that  <*  every  fismily  fhould  buy  one  of  the  laut 
books.  Suck  as  pay  in  (Uvei)  to  have  ai  book  fof 
twelve  pence  ;  fueh  as  pay  in  wheats  to  pay  a  peck 
and  a  half  a  book  ;  ana  ^h  as  pay  in  peafe,  to  fVf 
two  fhilKngs  a  book,  the  peafe  at  three  {hillings  tmr 
buihel.'*  Perhaps  it  is  owuig  to  this  early  and  unir* 
verlal  fpread  of  law  books,,  that  the  people  of  Goimec* 
ticut  are,  to  this  day^  fo  fond"  of  the  iavc> 

ConnefHcut  has  ever  made  rapid  advances  in  pmmt 
ktion.  There  has  been  more  emigra/tione  Irom  tnis» 
than  from  any  of  the  other  itktes,  and  yet  ilris  at-  pre(1^ 
ent  full  of  inhabitants.  This  increaie^  under  the  dX* 
vine  benedidnon,  may  be  afcribcd  to  Cbverat  caules* 
The  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  are  induftrious,  fagaciouA- 
hufbandnienv  Their  farms  fumilh  them<  with  all  the 
fieceflaries,  moil  of  the  conveniencies,  and  bul  few  of 
the  luxuries  of  life.  They  of  courfe  mud  be  generall^r 
teOipefiUe^  and  if  tbey  choole^  can.  fubfift  with  as  mucb 

independence- 


fi8 


CONNECTICUT. 


independence  as  is  confident  with  happinefs.  TFie 
fubfidence  of  the  farmer  is  fublUntial,  and  does  not 
depend  on  incidental  circumftances,  like  that  of  moll 
.  other  profeflions#  Thcrr  is  no  ncceflity  of  ferving  an 
apprenticcfhip  to  the  bufmeff,  nor  of  a  large  (lock  of 
money  to  commence  it  to  advantage.  Farmers,  who 
deal  much  in  barter,  have  lefs  need  of  money  than  any 
other  clafs  of  people.  The  eafe  with  which  a  com- 
fortabk  fubfiftenre  isr  obtained,  induces  the  hufband- 
man  to  marry  young.  The  cultivations  of  his  farm 
makes  him  flrrong  and  healthful.  He  toils  cheerfully 
through  the  day ;  eats  the  fruit  of  his  own  labour  with 
a  gladfome  heart ;  at  night,  devoutly  thanks  his  boun- 
teous God  for  his  daily  bleflings,  retires  to  reft,  and 
his  fleep  is  fweet.  Such  circumftances  as  thefe  have 
greatly  contributed  to  the  amazing  increafe  of  inhabit- 
ants in  this  ftate. 

Be  fides,  the  people  live  under  a  free  government, 
and  have  no  fear  of  a  tyrant.  There  are  no  over-^ 
grown  eftates,  with  rich  and  ambitions  landlords,  tot 
have  an  undue  and  pernicious  influence  in  the  elec- 
tion of  civil  officers.  Properly  is  equally  enough  di-  ' 
vided,  and  muft  continue  to  be  fo,  as  long  as  eftateir 
deicend  as  they  now  do«  No  peffon  is  prohibited 
from  voting,  or  from  being  ele6l«d  into  office,  on  ac- 
count of  his  poverty.  He  who  has  the  moft  merit, 
not  he  who  has  the  moft  money,  is  generally  chofcn 
into  publick  office.  As  inftances  of  this,  it  is  to  be 
obferved,  that  many  x>f  the  citizens  of  Conneflicut, 
from  the  humble  walks  of  life,  have  arifen  to  the  firft 
offices  in  the  ftate,  and  filled  them  with  dignity  and' 
reputation.  That  bafe  bufinefs  of ele£lioneering,  which 
is  Co  direflly  calculated  to  introduce  wicked  and  dc^ 
iigning  men  into  office,  is  yet  but  little  known  in  Con- 
ne6licut.  A  man  who  wiihesto  be  chofien  into  cffice, 
a£ls  wifely,  for  that  cndy  when  he  keeps  his  defires  to 
kimfelf. 

The  revolution^  which  fo  eflfentially  affefted  the 
govemnwnts  of  moft  of  the  colonies,  produced  no  very 
perceptible  alteration  in  the  government  of  Conne6li- 
cut.     While  under  the  jurifdidlion  of  Great;  Bridun^ 

they 


NEW      YORK. 


119 


they  defied  their  own  Governour:  and  all  fub^^rdi- 
Hatc  civil  officers,  and  mad-;  their  ownla.vs,  in  the 
lame  manner,  and  with  as  little  control  as  they  now 
do.  Connefticut  has  ever  been  a  renublick,  and  per- 
haps as  pcrfeft  and  as  haopy  a  republick  as  has  ever, 
cxided.  While  other  (lates,  more  monarchical  in 
their  government  and  manners,  have  been  under  a 
neccITity  of  undertaking  thedifHcult  tafk  of  altering 
their  old,  or  forming  new,  conftitutions,  and  of  chang- 
ing their  monarchical  for  republican  manners,  Con- 
ne£licut  has  .uninterruptedly  proceeded  in  her  old 
track,  both  as  to  government  and  manners  ;  and,  by- 
thefe  means,  has  avoided  thofe  convulfions  which 
have  rent  other  dates  into  violent  parties.  • 


N    E    W     Y    O    R   K. 


milfi. 


Xeng^h    350 1  i,,t^„_  740°  40'  and450  V/rt!i  LatltuJe. 
Breadth  300  i  «>«*"n  j  ^o  vVeft  and  i"  30'  fail  Longitu  !e. 

BOUNDED  Southcaftwardly,  by  the  Ailanticki 
ocean  ;  Eafl,  by  Connetlicut,  MafTachufetts  and 
Vermont  ;  North,  by  the  45th  degr<»e  of  latitude, 
which  divides  it  from  Canada  ;  Northwcftwardly,  by 
the  river  Iroquois,  or  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  Lakes, 
Ontario  and  f^rie  ;  Southwell  and  South,  by  Penn- 
Cylvania  and  New  Jerfey.  The  whole  ftate  contains 
about  44,000  Iquare  miles,  equal  to  28,160.000  acres. 

Rivers,']  Hud/bn*s  river  is  one  of  the  larged  and 
fined  rivers  in  the  United  States.  It  riles  in  the  moun-. 
t^inous  country  between  the  Lakes  Ontario  and 
Champlain.  Its  length  is  about  250  miles.  The 
courfe  of  the  river  from  Lake  George  to  New  York, 
where  it  emptie^  into  York  bay,  is  veiy  uniformly 
Ibuth,  1 2  or  1 5°  wed.  From  Albany  to  Lake  George 
is  fixty  five  miles.  This  didance,  the  river  is  navi- 
gable only  for  batteau^,  and  has  two  pottages,  occa- 
fioned  by  falls,  of  half  a  mile  each. 

Th(;  tidie  flows  a  few  miles  above  Albany,  which 
is  160  miles  fromi  New  York.     It  is  navigable  for 

Hoops 


HmMiMMMIimiWnMi 


■««-«•  u   •.  ^mj 


iao  NEW      YORK. 

iloops  of  80  tons  to  Albany,  and  for  (hips  to  Hudfoa. 
About  60  miles  ab9ve  New  York,  the  water  becomM 
frefli. 

The  river  St.  Lawrence  divides  this  (late  from  Can- 
ada. It  rifea  in  Lake  Ontario,  runs  northeaftwardf 
embofoms  Montreal,  which  ftands  upon  an  illandt 
^afles  by  Quebeck,  and  empties  by  a  broad  mouth  into 
•the  bay  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Onondago  river  nfes  in  the  lake  of  the  fame  name, 
runs  weftwardly  into  Lake  Ontario  at  Ofwego. 

Mohawks  river  lifes  to  the  northward  of  Fort  Stan- 
wtx,  and  runs  fouthwardly  to  the  fort,  then  eaftward 
« 10  miles,  into  the  Hudlon.  The  Cohoez,  in  this 
j-iver,  are  a  great  cuiiofity.  Theyare  about  two  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  Hudfon.  The  river  is  about 
>&oo  yards  wide  ;  the  rock  over  which  it  pours,  as 
over  a  milLdam* extends  almoft  in  aline  from  one  (ide 
^of  the  river  to  the  other,  and  is  about  thirty  feet  per- 
pendicular height.  Including  the  defcent  above,  the 
fall  is  as  much  as  {ixty>or  feventy  feet.  The  rocks  be- 
lowf  in  fome  places,  are  worn  manyiret  deep  by  the 
conftant  friftion  of  the  water.  The  view  of  this  tre- 
mendous! cataraft  is  diminifhed  1>y  the  height  of  the 
shanks  on  each  fide  of  the  river. 

Tyoga  river  rifes  in  the  Allegany  mountains,  runs 
eaftwardly,  and  empties  in  t^e  Suiquehannahat  Tyo- 
ga point,    it  is  boatable  about  fifty  miles. 

Seneca  river  rifes  in  the  Seneca  country,  and  emp- 
>ttes  into  the  Onondago  river,  a  little  above  the  falls. 
Ht  is  hoatable  from  tht  lakes  downwards. 

'Ghene(lee  river  rifes  near  the  fource  of  the  Tyoga, 
and  runstiorthwardli)  by  the  Chene(reecaftleand  flats, 
and  empties  into  LakeOntario»eighty  miles  eaft  of  Ni- 
agara fort. 

Thefettlements  aheady  madein  this  (late,  are  chief- 
ly upon  two  narrow  oblongs,  extending  from  the  city 
of  New  York,  eaft  and  north.  The  one  eaft,  is  Long 
Ifland,  which  is  140  miles  longhand  narrow,  and  fur- 
rounded  b"^  the  fea.  TTie  one  extending  north  is 
about  forty  miles  in  breadth,  and  bifefled  by  the  Hud- 
(bn.    And  Xuch  is  the  iatarfcfUKi-^  the  whole  (UtO) 


>I    E    W      Y    O    R    X. 


tn 


■by  the  branches  of  the  Hudfon,  ttie  Delaware,  the 
Sufquchannahf  and  other  rivers  which  have  been 
mentioned,  that  there  are  few  places  throughout  its 
wlfi^le  extent,  that  are  more  than  fifteen  or  t%i'enty 
milw  from  feme  boaiableor  navigable  dream* 

Bays  and  Lakes.']  York  1)ay,  whwJh  is  nine  miles 
loiTg  and  four  bioad,  Tpreads  to  the  fouthward  be/bro 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  is  formed  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Ead  and  Hudfon's  rivers,  and  etnbofoms 
feveral  fmall  iflands,  of  which  Governour's  ifland  is 
the  principal.  It  communicates  with  the  ocean 
through  the  Narrows ^  between 'Stattfn  and  Long  iflandsy 
which  are  fcarceJy  two  miles  wide.  The  paflage  uj» 
to  New  '.,'ork,  from  Sandy  Hook,  the  point  of  land 
that  extends  fax  theft  into  the  fea,  isfafe,  and  not  above 
twenty  miles  in  length.  The  common  navigation  is 
between  the eaft  and  weft  banks, inaboul  twenty  two 
feet  water.  There  is  a  light  houfe  at  Sandy  Hook,  oa 
Jerfey  fhore. 

South  bay  is  the  Touthern  braiKh  or  head  o'f  Lake 
Champlain.  It  commences  at  the  falls  of  a  creek, 
which  is  navigable Tevcral  miles  into  the  country,  and 
tfbrms  moft  cxoellent  meadows,  from  the  'falls  to 
Ticonderoga,  is  thiily  miles.  The  "bay  is  generally 
half  a  mile  wide  near  t'le  head,  but  in  feveral  places 
t)elow,  a  mile.  Its  1>anks  are  ft^p  hills  or  clifFs  of 
rocks,  generally  inacceflible.  At  Ticonderoga,  this 
"bay  unites  with  Lalce  George,  which  comes  from  the 
fouthweft,  towards  the  HudTcn,  and  is  about  thirty  . 
"five  miles  long,  and  one  mile  broad.  After  their  u- 
nion,  they  are  corrtra£ttd  to  a  fmall  breadth,  between 
Ticonderoga,  on  the  wefty  and  Mount  Independence,^ 
on  the  eaft.  They  -then  open  into  Lake  Champlatti 
before  deferibed. 

Oneida  Lake  l\t%  about  twenty  miles  weft  of  Foit 
Stanwix,  and  extends  wdftward  about  25  miles. 

Salt  Lake  is  fmall,  and  empties  irtto  Seneca  river. 
Toon  after  its  junflion  wifli  the  Onondago  river.  This 
lake  is  ftron^ly  impregnated  with  faline  particles, 
which  circumftance^avc  rife  to  its  name.  The  In* 
•"dians  uake  their  fait  froiaii.      ' 

4.  .  jL«4e 


-4*4  ,  ^.,.,^  ..  .^. 


isa 


NEW      YORK. 


/Me  Ot/egOf  at  the  head  of  Sufquchannah  river,  *j  . 
st^out  nine  mites  long,  ar.d  narrow. 

Caniaderago  Lake  is  nearly  as  large  as  Lake  Otfcgo, 
and  fix  miles  wefl  of  it.  A  dream,  by  the  namepf 
Oaks  Creek,  ifTues  from  it,  and  falls  into  the  Sufque- 
hannah  river,  about  five  miles  below  Otftgo.  The 
bell  cheefc  in  the  (late  of  New  York  is  made  upon 
this  creek. 

Ciiatoque  Lake  is  the  fource  of  Coruiwongo  river, 
which  empties  into  the  Allegany.  From  the  nonh- 
wcfl  part  of  this  lake  to  Lake  Eric,  is  nine  miles,  and 
was  once  a  communication  ufed  by  the  French. 

Face  of  the  Country ^  Soil  and  P  roduSlions.j  The  (late, 
to  fpcak  generally,  is  interfcfted  by  ridges  of  moun- 
tains nmning  in  a  northcafl.and  fouthweft  dirc6lion. 
Beyond  the  Allc;gany  mountains,  however,  ihecoun- 
tiy  is  a  dead  level,  of  a  fine,  rich  foil,  covered  in  its 
natural  Aate,  with  maple,  beach,  birch,  cherr)',  black 
walnut,  locud,  hickory,  and  fome  mulberry  trees. 
On  the  banks  of  Lake  Erie,  are  a  few  chefnut  and  oak 
ridges.  Hemlock  fwamps  are  interfpcrfcd  thinly  thio* 
the  country.  All  the  creclcs  that  empty  into  Lake  Eric, 
have  falls,  which  aiford  many  excellent  mill  feats. 

Eafl  of  the  Allegany  mountainfi,  the  country  is  brok- 
en into  hills  with  rich  intervening  vallies.  The  hills 
are  clothed  thick  with  timber,  and  when  cleared,  af- 
ford fine  pafture  ;  the  vallies,  when  cultivated,  produce 
wheat,  hemp,  flax,  peafe,  grafs,  oats,  Indian  corn. 

Of  the  commodities  produced  from  culture,  wheat 
is  the  ftaple,  of  which  immenfe  quantities  are  railed, 
and  exported.  Ird"an  corn  and  pcafe  are  likewife 
raifcd  for  exportation  ;  and  rye^  oats,  bailey,  &c.  for 
home  confumption. 

The  bell  lands  in  this  flatc,  lie  along  the  Mohawks 
river,  and  weft  of  ihc  Allegany  mountains,  ^ndare  y»t 
in  a  flatc  of  nature,  or  are  juft  beginning  to  be  fettled. 

Civil  DivifonSf  Population,  £?c.]  This  Hate,  agreea- 
bly to  an  aft  of  their  Icgiflaturc,  paffed  in  March  1788, 
is  divided  into  fixtecn  couhties  ;  which,  by  another 
afl  paiTed  at  the  fame  time,  were  divided  into  town- 
fiiipss,  as  in  the  following  T  A  B  L  jB, 

CjQUNTI£««    \* 


NEW      Y     O     R     K. 


123 


CoUntiei. 

Chief  Tcwn*. 

TotJNo. 

(it" 
rihal,i'.'ti. 

« 

•Apportion- 
inf  It  of  a 

H«  tit 

;^  24,CC0 

t  ■ 

'S 
8 

;    6 

.6 

4 

New  York, 

New  York, 

City, 

»3,6ii 

2103 

jC-fiioo 

Albany, 

Albany, 

72,360 

4f)9c 
106? 

2550 

Suft'ilk, 

Haft  Hampton, 
Huntington, 

13.793 
13,084 

2COO 

Queens, 

Jimaha, 

2183 
»3'7 

2CCO 

Kinj), 

Flaiijufh, 
Brooklyn, 

3.98" 

900 

Richmond, 

Richnnond, 

3.'$» 

^3 

45° 

WeftCbefter, 

Bedford, 
WhitcpUins, 

ao,554 

1250 

1700 

21 

OrangCf 

Ga/hen, 
Orange* 

14,062 

858 

laoo 

6 

Ul.ler, 

ICingftan, 
Poughkeepfie, 

22,143 

266a 

1700 

Dutchefi, 

i*,6l( 

1645 

2550 

Columbia,* 

HuJfon, 
KinJcrhiok, 

■ 

1250 

Waihington, 

Salem, 

AAS^ 

IS 

40c 

Clinton,* 

Piattiburgh, 

< 

Montgomery, 

Jphnftown, 

'5.0S7 

405 

8co 

• 

I2C 

Cumbeilandf 

Gloucefter,|| 

238,897 

Total  Tixtren. 

18,889 

<C-24,occ 

The 

♦  Thefe  two  counties  were  not  c^nftituttd  in  1786,  when  the 
above  enumeration  wai  ma^e,  and  were  included  ip  fomc  of  the 
ether  counties. 

II  Thefe  ounties  are  claimed  by  New  York,  but  are  within  the 
Itmitf  and  under  the  jurifdidioa  of  Vermont. 

t  Njt  mentioned  in  the  aft.     . 


m 


^jtjtOlil-'-  '• 


"4 


NEW      Y    Q    R    K. 


w~ 


The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  (late,  in  t-yBSf 
iva«  338,897  ;  of  which  18,889  were  neeroes. 

The  population  for  every  {quare  mile^incltidingthe 
whole  ftare^is  only  Hvc,  (o  that  this  flfafe  is  but  a  ninth 
^art  as  populous  as  Connecticut.  But  it  is  to  be  con- 
fidered  that  Conne£lieut'has  no  wafle  lands,  and  not 
h?lf  the  ftate  of  New  Yotk  is  fettled. 

The  unhappy  fpirit  of  difaffcflion  and  jealoufy, 
which  formerly  fubfifled*  in  a  high  degree,  between 
the  province  of  New  York  and  the  New  England 
colonies,  has,  fince  the  revolution,  in  a  great  meafure 
iubfided,  and  would  perhaps  have  now  been  rxtin6)r,. 
had  it  not  been  unfortunately  revived,  of  late,  by  fome 
ttolftical  and  commercial  differences.  But  the  grow- 
Mig  liberality  of  both  parties,  and  a  wife  and  harmoniz- 
ing government,  will,  it  is  hoped,  foon  rife  fuperionr 
toalTlocal  pr^udices,  corapofe  all  difierences,  wlieth-^ 
er  they  are  of  a  political,  commercial  or  national  kirdy 
arid  form  the  whole  inta  one  tmnd  of  afFeClionate 
Broths  Rs. 

The  Englifh  language  i«  generally  fpoken  through-^ 
out  the  {late,  but  is  not  a  litue  corrupted  by  the  Dutch 
dialed,  which  is  ftiK  Ipoken  in  fome  counties.  But 
at  Dutch  Ashools  aie  almoft,  if  not  wholly  difcontin- 
U6d»  that  language,  in  a  few  generations,  will  probablr 
ceafi^  to  be  ufed  at  all.  And  the  increafe  of  Engliffi 
fchools  has  already  had  a  percepiiblecffefl  in  the  im- 
provement of  the  Englifh  langa*«e. 

The  iBaiincrs  and  .chata^er  oJF  the  inhabitants  of 
every  colony  or  (late,  will  take  their  colouring,  in  » 
i;rrater  or  lefs  deg^,  from  the  peculian  manners  of 
the  6rft  fe'tler;,  h  i$  much  more  natucal  for  immi< 
grants  to  a  fctrlcment  to  adopt  the  cufloms  of  the  orig- 
inal inhabitants,  than  the  contrary,  even  though  the 
immigrants  fhould,  in  a  length  of  time,  become  the 
Tnofl  numerous.  Hence  it  is  that  the  neatnefs,  par* 
fimony  and  induftry  of  the  Dutch  were  early  imitated 
by  the  Rrft  Englifh  fettlers  in  this  province,  and,  un- 
til the  revolution,  formed  a  diftinguilhing  trait  in  their 
provincia^'lhara^er.  It  is  (lill  difcemible,  though  in 
•  much  lefs  degree^  and  will  probably  continue  vifibbr 
many  ycais  to  cdmc  :^  Belters 


fk 


NEW     Y    O    R    k; 


13(5* 


Belides  the  Dutch  arid  Englifli  already  mentioned, 
there  ate  in  this  ftatc  many  immigrants  from  Scotlind,*^ 
Irdand^  Germany,  and  fome  from  France,*    The 
principal  part  of  thefe  are  fettled  in  the  city  of  New 
York  ;  and  retain  the  manners,  the  religion,  and  fomc  ' 
ef  them,  the  language  of  their  refpedlive  countries. 

Chief  Towm.']     There  are  three  incorporated  cities 
in  this  ftate  ;  New  York,  Albany  and  Hudfon.     New 
York  is  the  capital  of  the  ftate,  and  ftands  on  the  fouth- 
weft  point  of  an  ifland,  at  the  confluence  of  Hudfon' 
and  Ealt  Rivers.     The  principal  part  of  the  city  lies 
on  the  eafl  fide  of  the  ifland,  although  the  buildings 
extend  from  one  river  to  the  other.     The  length  of 
the  city  on  Eaft  River  is  about  two  miles  ;  but  falls' 
much  fliort  of  that  diftance  on  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
fon.   Its  breadth  on  an  average,  is  nearly  three  fourths' 
of  a  mile  ;  and  its  circumference  may  be  four  miles. 
The  houfes  are  generafly  built  of  brick^  and  the  roofi 
tiled. 

The  publick  buildings  are  j^edetil  Hallt  which  is  a 
rennovation  of  the  old  city  hall,  fitted  up  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  Congrtfs,  under  the  dire£lion  of  the 
ingenious  Monf.  I/Enfant.-— It  is  the  moft  elegant 
building  in  the"  United  States.  The  other  publick' 
buildings  are  churches,  belonging  to  the  following  de- 
nominations, vi4» 

Dutch,  3  '  Batttiftsy              a  Methodtfts,          i ' 

Prelbytcriansi  4  Roman  Cath-7  Jews    Syna-  7^ 

£pifcopaiians,  3  .      olick,             J             gogue,  j 

German,  Lu-  1  Quaker,               i  French   Prot-  ) 

theran    ahd  >z  MSravians,         i           eftant    (out  >z 

CalvJnifts,  J                                               of  repair)  > 

The  government  of  the  city  (which  was  incorpo<^ 
fated  in  1696)  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  Mayor,  Al- 
dermen and  Common  Council. 

This 
•  The  immigrants  from  France,  who  were  Proteftaots,  came 
•vcr  after  the  unjuft  revocation  of  the  eJift  of  Nantz,  in  i68c. 
It  is  remarkable  that  amoag  the  defccndanti  of  thefe  Frencit 
Proteftants,  there  have  been  three  PreHdents  cf  C^ngrefs,  viz. 
the  Honourable  Henry  Laurens,  Elias  Boudinoc^nid  John  Tav* 
Efquires.  Mr.  Laurens  and  Mr*  Jay  have  been  Ambafiaduurs at 
foreign  courti— Mr.  Jay  it  now  Chief  Juftice  of  the  Unite* 
States,  and  Mr.  Boudino^.|^.Reprefetttat*iw||^Gongrefs. 


ss6 


MEW     Y   O   It    Kr 


Thi$  city  i»eft:eetned  the  mofl  eligible  (ituation  Cor 
ttomoierce  iti  the  United  States.  It  almoft  neceflarily 
commands  the  trade  of  one  half  New  Jerfey,  mod  of 
that  of  Connedicut,  and  part  of  that  ofMafUchufettsi 
befides  the  whole  fertile  interiour  country,  which  is- 
penetrated  by  one  of  the  largeft  rivers  in  America, 
This  city  imports  moft  of  the  goods  con  fumed  betweenf 
a  line  of  thirty  miles  eaft'  of  Conne^cut  river,  and 
twenty  miles  wefl  of  the  Hudfbn,  which  is  i«>  miles, 
and  between  the  ocean  and  confines  of  Canada,  about 
350  miles  ;  a  confiderable  portion  of  which  is  the  beflf 
peopled  of  any  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  • 
whole  territory  contains  atteaA  half  a  million  people,. 
€r  one  fixth  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  union. 

A  want  of  good  water  is  a.  great  ineonvenience  to 
the  citizens ;  there  being  few  wells  of  good  water  in 
the  city.  Mod  of  the  people  are  fupplied  every  day 
with  frefh  water,  conveyed  to  their  doors  in  caik% 
from  a  pump  near  the  head  of  Queen  ffrcet. 

New  York  is  the  gayefl  place  in  America.  The 
ladies,  in  the  richnefe  and  brilliancy  of  their  dreff?,  are 
not  equalled  in  any  city  in  the  United  States.  They, 
however,  are  not  folely  employed  in  attentions  to 
drefs.  There  are  many  who  are  ftudious  to  add  to 
their  brilliant  external  accomplifhments,  the  more 
brilliant  and  lading  accomplinimeA|»*^of  the  mind*^ 
Nor  have  they  been  unfuccefsful ;  mt  New  York  can 
boad  of  great  numbers  of  refined  tade,  whofe  mind» 
are  highly  improved,  and  whofe  converfation  is  as 
inviting  as  their  perfonal  charms.  Tih6lured  with  a 
Dutch  education,  they  manage  their  families  with  good 
economy  and  fingular  neatnefs. 

An  inquirer,  who  would,  wifh  to  acquaint  himfelf 
%vith  the  true  date  oFthe  peo|^e  of  New  York,  their 
manners  and  government,  would  naturally  afk  the  cit- 
izens for  their  focieties  for  the  encouragement  of  fci- 
encrs,  arts,  manufactures,  &c,  ?  For  their  publickU- 
braries  ?  F^  the  patrons  of  literature  ?  Their  well 
regulated  wnlemies  ?  For  their  female  academy  for 
indru6lin|Bfbung  tadtof^in  geography,  hidory,  belles 
iettres,  &c.  (t4j|||H|!'^[uirics  jfe^ht  be  made  with  pro* 


NEW      YORK. 


iij 


priety}  but  could  not,  at  prefent,  be  anfwered  fatisfac- 
torily.    New  York  conUinrd,  in  1786,  3d4i||||ufe^ 
and  about  23,900  inhabitants.  "^\         -^ 

The  city  of  Albany  is  fttuated  i^n  the  wed  fi^de  of 
Hudfon'S' rivcTj  160  miles  north  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  It  contains  about  6no  houies»  buik  m  ^Ak  Old 
Dutch  Gothick  ftile,  with  the  gable  end  to  the  (Ireet, 
which  cuflom'  the  firil  fettlers  brought  with  them  from 
Holland.  The  city  contains  about  4000  inhabitants^ 
cfiUefted  from  almoft  all  parts  of  the  nortliern  world. 
As  great  a  variety  of  languages  are  fpoken  in  Albany^ 
as  in  any  town  in  the  United  States.  Adventurers, 
in  purfuit  of  wealthi  are  led  here  by  the  advantages 
for  trade  which  this  place  affords.  Situated  on  one 
of  the  (meft  rivers  in  the  world,  at  the  head  of  (loop 
navigation,  furrounded  with  a  rich  and  extenfive  back 
country,  and  the  (lore  houfe  of  the  trade  to  and  from 
Canada  and  the  Lakesyit  muft  flouriin,  and  the  inhab-- 
itants  cannot  but  grow  rich.  Hudfon,  however,  is^ 
their  rival.'    GFther  rivals  may  faring  up. ' 

The  city  o/iiiutlfon  has  had  the  moft  rapid  growth 
of  any  place  in  America,  if  we  es^cept  Baitimore,  in 
Maryland.  It  i« fituated  on  the  eafl  ftde  of  Hudfon's 
river,  130  miles  north  of  New  York,  and  thirty  mile» 
feuth  of  Albany.  It  is  furrounded  by  an  extenfive 
and  fertile  backjcountryj  and  in  proportion  to  its  fize 
and  popuIationH^arries  on  a  large  trade. 

Trade*']  The  fituation  of  New  York,  with  refpe£l^ 
to  foreign  markets,,  has  decidedly  the  preferonce  ta 
any  of  the  ftates.  It  has  at  aiU  feafonswof  the  year,  a 
ihort  and  eafy  accefs  to  the  ocean.  We  have  alread^r 
mentioned  that  it  commands  the  trade  of  a  great  pro- 
portion of  the  be  ft  fettled^  and  beft  cultivated  parts  of 
the  United  States. 

Their  exports  to  the  Weft  Indies  are^bifcuit,  pea&r 
Indian  corn,  applies,  onions,  boards,  ftaves,  horfes, 
{heep,  butter,  cheefe,  pickled  oyfter  s,  beef  and  pork, 
J^ut  wheat  is  the  ftaple  commodity  of  the  ftate,  of 
which  no  lefs  than  677,700  bulhels  weipiiBxported  in 
the  year  1775j  beftdes  2,555  ^<>^  of  bre^p^and  2,828 
tomof^o^r.  Infpe6brs  of  ficMafve  appointed  tio 
,    ,  •    ^  *-o.  •*!*  '■\^   prevent 


,"*'   % 


if8 


NEW      V   p    R    K. 


Tireve^jtimpofitions,  and  to  fee  that  none  is  exported 
uixt  tnHp^hich  is  deemed  by  them  merchantable,  fie- 
fides  me  above  mentioned  articles,  are  export»"d  flax 
feed,  cotton  wool,  farfaparilla,  coffee,  indigo,  rice,  pig^ 
iron,  bar  iron,  pot  aih,  pearl  afh,  furs,  deer  fkins,  log. 
wood,  fuflick,  mahogrny,  bees  wax,  oil,  Madeira  wine» 
rum,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  whale  fins,  fifh,  fugars,  mo- 
lalTeSjfalt,  tobacco,  lard,  &c.  but  mofl  of  th'&fe  artic  !es  are 
imported  for  re-exportation.  In  the  year  1774,  there* 
were  employed,  in  the  trade  of  this  flate,  1075  vcfirelsi- 
whofe  tonnage  amounted  to  40,81 5. 

Medicinal  springs.']  The  moft  noted  fprings  in  this' 
ftate  are  thofe  of  Saratoga.  They  are  eight  or  nine 
in  number,  fituated  in  the  margin  of  a  marih,  formed 
by  a  branch  of  Kayadaroflbra  Creek,  about  tv;elvtf 
miles  weft  from  the  confluence  cf'  Fifh  Creek  and 
Hudfon*s  River.  They  are  furrounded  by  a  rock  of 
a  peculiar  kind  and  nature,  formed  by  the  petrefaftion 
of  the  wat6r.  One  of  them  rifes  above  the  furface  of 
the  earth  five  or  fix  feet,  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid. 

The  effe£l5  which  the  wat^r  produces  upon  the 
human  body  are  various  ;  the  natural  operation  of  it^ 
when  taken,  is  cathartick,  in.  fome  in  ftances  an  emetick . 
As  it  is  drank,  it  produces  an  agreeable  fenfation  in  pair- 
ing over  the  organs  of  tafle,  but  as  foon  as  it  is  fwal-' 
lowed,  there  fucceeds  an  unpleaf(in|  ta^le,  and  the? 
eru£lations  v/hich  take  place  afterwards  caufe  a  pun- 
gency very  limilar  to  thatproduced  by  a  draught  of 
cider  or  beer,  in  a  ftate  of  fermefntation.  ' 

The  following  curious  experiitients  made  on  thcfe 
waters,  were  extrafted  from  Dr.  Mitchell's  Journal, 

<  A  young  turkey  held  a  few  inches  above  the  wa- 
ffcr  in  the  crater  of  the  lower  fpring,  was  thrown  into 
convulfions  in  tefs  than  half  a  minute,  and,  gafpingV 
Ifccwed  figns  of  approaching  death  ;  but  on  removal 
from  that  place,  and  expofure  fo  the  frefh  air,  revived',; 
and  became  lively.  On  jmmcrfion  again  for  a  min- 
ute in  the  gas,  the  biru  was  taken  out  languid  znd^ 
tnotionlefs.  t 

<  A  fmall^og  put  into  the  fame  cavity,  and  made  to 
breathe  the  contsUied  air,  was,  iu  lefs  than  one  min* 

«» J*^  utc. 


-s, 


N    E    W      V    O    R    K.  ta^ 

ufc,  thrown  into  convulfivc  mottons— made  to  pant 
for  breath,  and  laftly  to  lofe  entirely  the  powetlp  crv 
or  move  ;  when  taken  out,  he  was  too  x^|^ak  tdnandy 
but  foon,  in  the  common  air,  ac quired flrength  enough 
to  rife  and  ftagger  away. 

«  A  trout,  recently  caught,  and  briikly  fwimming  in 
a  pail  of  brook  water,  was  carefully  put  into  a  vcflTel 
ju!l  filled  from  the  fpring ;  the  filh  was  inftantly  agi- 
tated with  violent  convulfions,  gradually  loft  the 
capacity  to  move  and  poife  itfelf,  grew  ftupid  and  in- 
fenfible,  and  in  a  few  minutes  was  dead. 

*  A  candle  repeatedly  lighted  and  let  down  near  the 
furface  of  the  water,  was  fuddcnly  extinguifhed,  and 
not  a  veftigr  oflight  or  fire  remained  on  the  wick.* 

Literature.']  Sance  the  revolution  the  literature  of 
the  ftate  has  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Icgiflature. 
In  one  of  their  Tate  (eflions  an  3t8t  pafled  confiitutinv 
twenty  ons  gentlemen  (of  whom  the  govemour  and 
lieutenant  govemour,  for  the  time,  being,  are  members- 
tx  ojkiis)  a  body  corporate  and  politick,  by  the  name 
and^ftile  of  *  The  regents  of  the  univerfity  of  the  ftate 
of  New  York.*  Thejr  are  entrufted  with  the  care  of 
Iherature  in  general  m  the  ftate,  and  have  power  to 
grant  charters  of  incorporation  for  ere£lthg;  colleges  and 
academies  throughout  the  ftate — are  to  vifit  thefe  in- 
ftitutions  as  often  as  they  (hall  think  proper,  and  re» 
port  their  ftate  tc^thc  legiflature  once  a  year.    All  d«?» 

Srees  above  that  of  mafter  of  arts  are  to  be  GOnGsrred 
y  the  regents. 
Kings  college,  which  was  founded  in  1754,  is  nou* 
called  CoLVMBTA  Collkcs.  This  college,  oy an  »ft 
of  the  legiflature  pafled  in  the  (pringof  1787,  wais  puC 
under  the  care  of  twenty  four  gentlemen,  who  are  9 
body  corporate,  by  the  name  ani  ftile  of  *  llie  truft^^e^ 
of  Columbia  college,  in  the  city  of  New  York.*  This 
body  pofljfles  all  the  pov/crs  vefted  in  the  governours 
of  Kings  college,  before  the  revolution,  or  in  the  re- 
gents of  the  univerlity  irnce  the  revolution,  (bfara* 
their  power  refpeft  this  inftitutiort. 

The  library  and  mufcum  were  dcftr<^ed  during 
the  war.   The  philofophical  apparatus  coft  about  30a 

gfiineas.. 


130 


NEW      YORK. 


guineas.  Until  the  revolution  the  college  did  not 
flouraft.  The  plan  upon  which  it  was  originally 
founded,  WcTs  contrafled,  and  its  fituat ion  unfavour- 
able. The  former  ohjeftion  is  removed,  but  the  liaf- 
ter  mufl  remain.  ^.It  has  between  thirty  and  forty 
Audcnts,  in  four  clafles.  Tht  number  for  feveral 
years  has  been  increafing.  The  ofHcers  of  in{lru£lio^ 
and  immediate  government  are,  a  prefident,  profeffor 
of  languages,  profeflbr  of  mathematicks,  profefTor  of 
logick  and  rhetorick,  profeflbr  of  natural  philofophy, 
profeflbr  of  geography,  and  a  profeflbr  of  moral  phi- 
lofophy. There  are  many  other  profeflbrs  belonging 
to  the  univerfily,  but  their  profeflbr&ips  are  merely 
honoiu-ary. 

There  are  feveral  acadiemies  in  the  ftate.  One  is 
at  Flatbufh,  a  pleafant,  healthy  village,  in  Kings  coun- 
ty on  Long  I  Hand,  called  Erafmus  Hall.  Another  at 
£aR  H"nptori,  on  the  caft  end  of  Long  Ifland,  by  the 
name  o!!  Clinton  Academy.  There  are  other  acad-* 
emies,  or  more  properly  grammar  Ibhools,  in  different 
parts  of  the  ftate. 

JReligion,']  The  various  religious  denominations  in 
this  ftate,  with  the  number  of  their  refpe£tive  congre- 
gations are  as  follows.  '        _    '' 


VcMtniMtioD*.  No.  coat. 

Engriih  Prefryterian,  87 

Dutch  Reformed,  66 
(Including  fix  of  thcGcrnnaa 

language.) 

Baptins,  30 

XpifcopaHaii*,  26 

Friends  or  Quakeri,  20 


OeaominttisM. 

German  Lutheran^ 

Moravians, 

Methodifts, 

Roman  Caiholicky  . 

Jews, 

Shakers,    unknown. 


Ko.  Cm|. 

12 

2 
I 

I 


Confiitution,']  The  fupreme  Icgiflativc  powers  of 
the  ftate  arc  vefted  in  two  branches,  a  Senate  and  yj/^ 
Jembly,  The  members  of  the  fenate  are  elefted  by  the 
freeholders  of  the  ftate,  who  poflefs  freehold  eftates  to 
the  value  of  £*.ioo,  clear  of  debts.  For  the  purpolc 
of  ele6ling  fenators,  the  ftate  is  divided  into  four  great 
diftri6i:s,  each  of  which  choofes  a  certain  number. 

The  aitembly  of  the  ftate  is  compofed  of  reprefcn- 
tatives  froDi  the  feveral  counties,  chofen  annually  in 
May. 

*    ..  Every 


NEW      Y     O    R     K.. 


V3» 


Every  mule  inhabitant  of  full  age,  who  ]»as  refjded 
in  fhe  (tatc  (ix  months  preceding  the  day  of  cle6^ion,  * 
and  pofTcffing  a  frceliold  to  fhe  value  of  twenty  pounds, 
in  the  county  where  he  is  to  give  his  vote;  or  has 
rented  a  tenement  therein  of  the  yearly  value  of  forty 
fliiUings.  and  has  been  rated  and  aftually  paid  taxes, 
is  entitled  to  vote  for  reprefentatives  in  afl'cmbly.  The 
number  of  reprefentatives  is  Hmiled  to  three  hundred. 
The  prefcnt  number  is  fixty  five. 

The  fupreme  executive  power  of  the  ftate  is  veftcd 
in  a  govcrnour,  chofen  once  in  three  years  by  the  free- 
men of  the  ftate.  The  lieutenant  govcrnour  is,  by 
his  office,  prefidcnt  of  the  fenate ;  and,  upon  an  equal 
divifion  of  voices,  has  a  cafting  vote  ;  but  has  no  voice 
on  other  occafions.  The  govcrnour  has  not  a  feat  in^ 
ihe  legiflature  ;  but  ss  a  member  of  the  council  of  re- 
vifion  and  council  of  appointment,  he  has  a  vaft  in- 
fluence in  the  ftate.  The  council  of  revifion  is  com- 
pofed  of  the  chancellor,  the  judges  of  the  fupreme 
court  or  any  of  them,  and  the  govcrnour. 

There  are  three  Islands  of  note  belonging  to  this 
ftate  ;  viz.  York  IJland,  which  has  already  been  de- 
fcribed,  Long  IJland  and  Staten  I/land^ 

Lon^  JJlund  CKten^s  from  the  city  of  New  York  eafl-, 
140  miles,  and  terminates  with  Montauk  point.  It  is 
not  more  than  ten  miles  in  breadth,  on  a  medium,  atid 
is  feparated  from  Conne6ticut  by  Long  I  (land  founa. 
The  ifland  is  divided  into  three  counties  :  King's, 
Queen's  and  Suffolk, 

The  fouth  fide  of  the  ifland  is  flat  land,  of  a  light 
fandy  foil,  bordered  on  the  fea  coaft  with  large  tra£Wi'  - 
of  fait  meadow,  extending  from  the  weft  point  of  the  . 
illand  to  Southampton.  This  foil,  however,  is  well 
calculated  for  raifing  grain,  efpecially  Indian  corn. 
The  north  lidc  of  the  ifland  is  hilly,  and  bf  a  ftrong 
foil,  adapted  to  the  culture  of  grain,  hay  and  frutt.  A 
ridge  of  hills  extends  from  Jamaica  to  Southhold. 
Large  herds  of  cattle  feed  upon  Hampftead  plain,  and 
on  the  fait  marfhes  upon  the  fouth  (ida  of  the  ifland. 
Hampftead  plain,  in  Queen's  county,  is  a  curioltty. 
U  is  Qxteen  miles  in  j^ngth,  eaft  and  weft^  and  feven 

or  '^* 


J,-,. 


«3» 


NEW      YORK. 


t>r  eight  miles  wide.  The  foil  is  black,  and  to  appear- 
ance tich,  and  yet  it  was  never  known  to  have  any 
natural  growth,  but  a  kind  of  wild  grafs,  and  a  few 
(hrubs.  It  i$  frequented  by  varft  numbers  of  plover« 
Rye  grows  tolerably  well  on  Ibme  parts  of  the  plairu 
The  mofl  of  it  lies  common  for  cattle,  horfcs  and 
Iheep.  As  there  is  nothing  to  impede  the  profpe£l  in 
the  whole  length  of  this  plain,  it  has  a  curious  but 
tirefome  cffc€t  upon  the  eye,  not  unlike  that  of  the 
ocean.    The  ifland  contains  30,863  inhabitants. 

Staien  Ifland  lies  nine  miles  fouthweft  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  forms  Richmond  county.  It  is  about 
eighteen  miles  in  length,  and,  at  a  medium,  fix  or 
feven  in  breadth,  and  contains  3152  inhabitants.  On 
the  fouth  Ade  is  a  confiderable  traA  of  level,  good 
land  ;  but  the  ifland  in  general  is  rough,  and  the  hilU 
high.  Richmond  is  the  only  town  of  any  note  on  the 
ifland,  and  that  is  a  poor,  inconfiderable  place.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  Dutch  and  Freixch. 

Hiftory.']  Hudfon's  river  was  firft  difcovered  in 
1608,  by  Heitry  Hudfon,  an  £ngli(hman,  who  Told 
his  claim  to  the  Dutch* 

In  1614,  the  States  General  granted  a  patent  to  fev- 
cral  merchants,  tor  an  excludve  trade  on  the  river 
Hudfon.  The  fame  year  this  company  built  a  fort  on 
the  weft  (ide  of  the  river,  near  Albany,  and  named  it 
Fort  Orange. 

In  1614,  (^i^ptain  Argall,  under  Sir  Thomas  Dale, 
Govemour  of  Virginia,  vifitedthe  Dutch  on  Hudfon's 
river, "who  being  unable  to  refifl:  him,  prudently  fub- 
mitted  for  the  prefent,  to  the  King  of  England,  and 
under  him  to  the  Governour  of  Virginia.  Determin- 
ed won  the  fettlement  of  a  colony,  the  States  General, 
in  16a  1,  granted  the  country'  to  the  Weft  India  com- 
pimy  ;  and  in  the  year  1629,  Wouter  Van  Twiiler 
arrived  at  Fort  Amfterdam,  now  New  York,  and  took 
upon  himfelf  the  government. 

In  Auguft'27, 1664,  Govemour  Stuyveiant  furren- 
•dered  the  colony  to  Colonel  Nicolls,  who- had  arrived 
in  the  bay  a  few  days  before,  with  three  or  four  fliips 
aid  about  300  foldieca,  having  a  commiffion  from 

King 


NEW      YORK. 


«3S 


jCing  Charles  the  II.  to  reduce  the  place,  which  theit 
was  called  New  Am{lerdam,  but  was  changed  to  New 
York,  as  was  Fort  Orange  to  Albany,  in  honour  oHiis 
Royal  Mighneis  James  Duke  of  York  and  Albany. 
Very  few  of  the  inhabitants  thought  proper  to  remove 
out  of  the  country  ;  and  their  numerous  dclccndants 
are  ftill  in  many  parts  of  this  ftate,  and  New  Jerfey. 

In  1667,  at  the  peace  of  Breda,  New  York  was  con- 
firmed to  the  Engiifh,  who  in  exchange,  ceded  Suri- 
nam to  the  Dutch. 

The  Engiifh  kept  peaceable  poflcflion  of  the  coun- 
try until  the  year  1073,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
Dutch,  but  was  rciiorcd  to  the  Engiifh  the  following 
year. 

The  French,  in  1689,  inordor  to  detach  the  fix  na- 
tions from  the  Britifh  inlerefl,  fent  out  feveral  parties 
againfl  the  Engiifh  colonies.     One  of  the  parties,  con- 
filling  of  about  200  French,  and  fome  of  the  Caghnu- 
aga  Indians,  commanded  by  D'Ailldebout,  De  Mantel 
and  Le  Moyne,  was  intended  for  <New  York.     But 
by  the  advice  of  the  Indians,  they  determined  firfl  to 
attack  Skeneflady.     For  this  piace  they  accordingly 
dircftcd  their  courfe,  and  after  twenty  days  march^ 
in  the  depth  of  winter,  through  the  fhow,  carrying 
their  provifions  on  th?ir  backs,  they  arrived  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Skenetlady,  on  the  8th  of  February, 
1690.     Such  w^as  the  extreme  diftrefs  to  which  they 
were  reduced,  that  they  had  thoughts  of  furrendenng 
themfelves  prifoners  of  war.     But  their  fcouts,  who 
were  a  day  or  two  in  the  village  entirely  unfufpefted, 
icturned  with  fuch  encouraging  accounts  of  the  abfb- 
lute  fecurity  of  the  people,  that  the  enemy  determined 
on  the  attack.    They  entered  on  Saturday  night,  aboui 
eleven  o'clock,  at  the  gates,  which  were  found  un- 
fhut ;  and  that  every  houfe  might  be  tnvefted  at  the 
fame  time,  divided  into  fmall  parties  of  fix  or  feveni 
men.    Tlie  inhabitants  were  in  a  profound  fleep,  and 
unalarmed,  until  their  doors  were  broke  open.     Never 
were  people  in  a  more  wretched  conflernation.     Be- 
fore tney  were  rifen  from  their  beds,  the  enemy  enter- 
ed their  houfes,  and  began  the  perpetration  of  the  moft 
M  inhuman 


184         N    E   W     J    E    R    S    E    Y. 

inhuman  barbarities.  No  tongtic  can  cxprcfs  the  cru- 
elties that  were  committed.  The  whole  village  was 
indantly  in  a  blaze.  Women  with  child  ripped  open, 
and  their  infants  cafl  into  the  flames,  or  dnifhed  againfl 
the  pofls  of  the  doors.  Sixty  perfons  perifhed  in  tlvo 
fnaflacrei  and  twenty  lisven  were  carried  into  captiv- 
ity. The  reft  fled  naked  towards  Albany,  through  a 
deep  fnow  which  fell  that  very  night  in  a  terrible 
-ftorm ;  and  twenty  five  of  the  fugitives  loft  their 
Jimbs  in  the  flight,  through  the  feverity  of  the  frolt; 
The  news  of  this  dreadful  tragedy  reached  Albany 
about  break  of  day,  and  univerfal  dread  leized  the  in- 
habitants of  that  city,  the  enemy  being  reported  to  be 
one  thouf'and  four  hundred  ftrong.  A  party  of  horfe 
was  immediately  dii'patched  to  Skene£lady  ;  and  a  few 
Mohawks,  then  in  tow.i,  fearful  of  being  inter- 
cepted, were  with  difficulty  fent.to  apprize  their  own 
caftles. 

The  Mohstwks  were  unacquainted  with  this  bloody 
icene,  until  two  days  after  it  happened,  our  meilen- 
((crs  being  fcarcely  able  to  travel  through  the  great 
depth  of  the  fnow.  The  enemy,  in  the  mean  time, 
pillaged  the  town  of  Skene£bidy  until  noon  the  next 
day  ;  and  then  went  off  with  their  plunder,  and  about 
forty  of  their  beft  horfes.  The  reft,  with  all  the  cat- 
tle they  could  find,  lay  flaughtered  in  the  ftreets. 


NEW    JERSEY. 


Breadth  52  i  (rfdianof 


°  and  41°  24'  North  Latitude. 

'y  of  the  (Vate  lies  between  the  me- 
Philadeiphia)  and  1°  EaftLong. 

BOUNDED  Eaft,  by  Hudfon's  river  and  the  fca ; 
South,  by  the  fea  ;  Weft,  by  Delaware  bay  and 
river,  which  divides  it  from  the  ftates  of  Delaware  and 
Pennfylvania  ;  North,  by  aline  drawn  from  the  mouth 
of  Mahakkamak  river,  in  latitude  41*^  24',  to  a  point 
pn  Hudfon's  river,  in  latitude  4 1°»  Containing  about 
83 :u}  fquare  miles,  equal  to  5,3243*00  acres. 

JRiveri,li 


NEW     JERSEY. 


13$ 


Rivers.']  New  Jerfey  is  w.i'hcd,  on  the  cafl  and 
Ibuthead,  by  Hudfon's  river  and  the  ocean  ;  and  on 
the  weft,  by  the  river  Delaware. 

The  rivers  in  this  ftate,  though  not  large,  are  nu*> 
fncrouy.  A  traveller,  in  pafling  the  common  road  from 
New  York  to  Philadelphia,  croGTes  three  confidcrable 
rivers,  viz.  the  Hakkenjak  and  Pofuik  between  Bergen 
and  Newark,  and  the  Raritan  by  Brunfwick. 

The  catarafl  in  Pofuik  river,  is  one  of  the  greatcfl 
natiiral  curiofities  in  the  ftate.  The  river  is  about 
forty  yards  wide,  and  moves  in  a  (Tow  gentle  currenty- 
until  coming  within  a  (hort  diftance  of  a  deep  cleft  in 
?•  rock,  which  crofles  the  channel,  it  defcendi  and  falls 
above  feventy  feet  perpendicularly,  in  one  entire  (heet. 
One  end  of  the  cleft,  which  was  evidently  made  by 
fomt  violent  convulfion  in  nature,  k  clofed  *,  at  the 
other,  the  water  ru(hes  out  with  incredible  fwiftnefs,. 
forming  an  acute  angle  with  its  former  dire£lion,  and* 
is  received  into  a  largebafon,  whence  it  takes  a  wind- 
ing courfe  through  the  rocks,  and  fprt^dsinto  a  broady. 
fmooth  ftream.  The  cleft  is  from  four  to  twelve  feet 
broad.  The  falling  of  the  wat;er  occafionsacloud  of  va« 
pour  to  arife,  which,  by  floating  amidft  the  fun  beams, 
prefents  to  the  view  rainbows,  that  add  beauty  to  the 
tremendous  fcene.  The  weftenr  bank  of  this  river, 
bstween  Newark  and  the  faUs,  afFords  one  of  the* 
pleafanteft  roads  for  a  party  of  pleafure  in  New  Jerfey. 
The  bank  being  high,  gives  the  traveller  an  elevated 
and  cxtenfive  view  of  the  oppolite  (hore,  which  i8< 
low  and  fertile,  forming  a  landfcape  pi6lurefque  and 
beautiful.  Many  handfotne  country  feats  adorn  the 
fides  of  this  river ;  and  there  are  elegant  fituations  for 
more.  Gentlemen  of  fortune  might  here  difplay  their 
tafte  to  advantage.  The  fifh  of  various  kinds  with 
which  this  river  abounds,  while  they  would  furnilH 
the  table  with  an  agieeable  repaft,  would  afford  the 
fportfman  an  ii\nocent  and  manly  amufement. 

Civil  Divifionst  Populationy  ^c]  New  Jerfey  is  di- 
vided into  13  counties,  which  are  fulxlivided  into  t^ 
fownlhips  or  pr«cin6ls,  as  in  the  following  T  AB  L^. 

Counties* 


»s*» 


NEW     JERSEY. 


ii 

o 

elf 


C0U1«TI£S. 


Ci^iC  May, 


Cumbcilaml, 


Salem. 


Is 


Gloucefler, 


BurlingtODi 


Hunterdnn, 


.Suflex, 


Bergen, 


Eflex, 


I 


Middlefex, 


Monmouth, 


r  Somerfet, 


i 


Morris, 


i'rlnclpal  towni. 


None, 


Bfidprtown. 


SJem. 


Wondbury  and 
Glouccfter. 


riurlingtvn  and 
Burdentdwn. 


Trenton. 


Newtown. 


Uakkcnfak. 


Newark  and 
Elizabettuown^ 


Amboy  and 
Brunt  wick* 


Shrewsbury  and 
Frcchi 


ury  ai 
lofd. 


Boundbrook. 


Morriftdwn. 


Acrei  of 

mprovcd 
land. 


36,16c 


84.582 


1 19,297 


156,979 


194,60c 


267,193 


240^55 


130,84? 


109^17 


166,14s 


197,065 


»73.»a4 


X  ^6,8cc 


Totat  2,032,587 


Do.  un- 
improv- 
ed. 

• 
U 

'i. 

c 

. 

0 
Z 

q 

|i 

.X 

0 

Z 

2«,C23 

74.543 
36.5^- 

9 

410 
1200 

"34.C49 

9 

11 

IC 

12 

3 

a6co 

55.4*5 

,  i£,ii6 
29,628 

14.398 

9,418 

10,79a 

7 

6 

1 

J 

94 

1     1 

42,868 

2,763 

30.42? 

4^4.954 

In- 1784)  »  cenfus  of  the  Inhabitants  was  made  by 
•Tder  uf  the  kgifl^ture,  when  they  tkmountcd  to 
i>40,435,  of  which  10,501  were  blacks.  OF  thcfe 
lliacks,  1939  only  were  flavcs;  fo  that  tlie  proporti«>n 
afflaves  to  the  whole  of  the  inhabitant*  in  the  (tatc, 
Ma«oneto  fevcnty  fix.  The  populatign  for  evcty 
fquare  mile  is  eighteen. 

In  1738,  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  New  Jcrfcy 
was  47.3t'9  ;  of  which  3981  were  flaves.  In  1745, 
there  were  61,403  inhabitants  in  the  colony,  of  which. 
4|6q6  were  Haves*    The  average  annual  increafe  cf  in» 

hdl>itant& 


» 


>   ■ 


NEW     JERSEY. 


J37 


» 

u 

oa 

•» 

a 

<£ 

c 

liJ  ,c 

un- 

S 

i»^ 

0 

"O   o 

ov- 

--« 

• 

0 

o 

Z 

MM» 

5*3 

J 

4'20 

— 

-~ 

' 

543 

/ 

I  zoo 

■— 

— 

■ 

J-2 

9 

— 

"" 

:49 

9 

— 

— 

r— 

^S 

11 

26co 

^^ 

r— 

i6 
i8 


9*   7 


6£ 


f 


made  by 
in  ted  to 
^f  thcfe 
[>porti«>n 
he  flate, 
>r  evciy 

V  Jerfcy 

t  which, 
fe  cl  in- 
itaiUs. 


habitants  in  New  Jerfcy  fince  the  year  17381  has  been 
ta  19,  exclufivc  o^  emigrations. 

Faceofthe  Country,  Soiland  Produdions,"]  The  coun- 
ties uF  Sulfcx,  Murrii,  and  the  northern  part  of  fier* 
gen,  are  mountainous.  As  much  as  five  eighths  of 
mod  of  the  fouthem  counties,  or  one  fourth  of  the 
whole  (hitei  is  a  fandy  barren,  unfit  for  cuhivation. 
The  land  on  the  fca  coad  in  this,  like  that  in  the  mofc 
fouthcrn  Hates,  has  every  appearance  of  made  vround* 
The  foil  is  generally  a  light  land  ;  and  by  diggmg,  on 
an  average,  about  fifty  feet  below  the  I'urfacc,  (which 
can  be  done,  even  at  the  didance  of  twenty  or  thirty 
miles  from  the  fea,  without  any  impediment  from 
rocks  or  dones)  you  come  to  fait  marlli.  This  date 
has  all  the  varieties  of  foil  from  the  word  to  the  bed 
kind.  It  has  a  greater  proportion  of  barrens  than  any 
of  the  dates.  The  barrens  produce  little  clfe  but  (hrub 
oaks  and  white  and  yellow  pines.  In  the  hilly  and 
mountainous  parts  of  the  date,  which  are  not  too 
rocky  for  cultivation,  the  foil  is  of  a  dronger  kind,  and 
covered  in  its  natural  date  with  dately  oaks,  hicko- 
ries, chefnuts,  &c.  &c,  and  when  cultivated,  produce* 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  com,  buck  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
dax,  and  fruits  of  all  kinds  common  to  the  climate. 
The  land  in  this  hilly  country  is  good  for  grazing.  »n4. 
the  farmers  feed  great  numbers  of  cattle  for  New 
York  and  Philadelphia  markets  ;  and  many  of  %)\em 
keep  large  dairies. 

The  orchards  in  many  parts  of  the  date  equal  any 
in  the  United  States,  and  their  cyder  is  i^id,  and  not 
without  reafon,  to  be  the  bed  in  the  world. 

The  markets  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  receive 
a  very  confiderable  proportion  of  their  (upplies  from 
the  contiguous  parts  of  New  Jerfcy.  And  it  is  wor- 
thy of  reitiark  that  thefe  contiguous  parts  are  exceed- 
ingly well  calculated,  as  to  the  nature  and  fertility  of 
their  foils,  td  adbrd  thefe  fupplies ;  and  the  interven- 
tion of  a  great  number  of  navigable  rivers  and  ci^eks 
renders  it  very  convenient  to  market  their  produce* 
Thefe  fupplies  confid  of  vegetables  of  many  kinds, 
apples,  pairs,  peaches,  pluml^,  ftrawberries,  cherriesi 
M  a  and 


138         NEW     jersey; 

vnd  other  fruits  *,  cyder  in  large  quantities  and  oftficr 
bed  quulity,  butter,  cheefei  beef,  pork,  mutton,  and 
the  I'efler  meats. 

Trade»J  •  The  trade  of  this  (late  is  carried  on  almofE 
£olely  with  and  from  thofe  two  great  commercial  cit" 
ies,  New  York  on  one  fide,  arul  Philadelphia  on  the 
other  ;  though  it  wants  not  good  ports  of  its  own. 

The  articles  exported,  behdcs  thofe  already  men- 
tioned, are  wheat,  flour,  horfes,  hve  cattle,  hams, 
which  are  celebrated  as  being  the  bell  in  the  world, 
lumber,  flax  feed,  leather,  iron,  in  great  quantities,  in 
pigs  and  bars,  and  formerly  copper  ore  was  reckoned 
among  their  moil  valuable  exports ;  but  the  mines 
have  not.  been  worked  fince  the  commencement  oi  the 
late  war* 

Manufactures, "]  Moft' oF  the  famtltcs  in  the  c6unt. 
try,  and  many  in  the  populous  tovvns,  are  clothed  in 
ilrong,  decent  homefpun  ;  and  it  is  a  happy  circum- 
itance  for  our  country,  that  this  plain  Ame  r  ican  drefs 
is  every  day  growing  more  fafhionable,  not  only  in 
this,  but  in  all  the  eadern  and  middle  flates. 

The  iron  manufafture  is  tiie  greateft  fource  of 
wealth  to  the  ftate.  Iron-  works  are  ereftcd  in  Glou- 
celler,  Burlington,  Morris  andother  counties.  The 
mountains  in  the  county  of  Morris^  give  rife  to  a  num- 
ber of  dreams  neceffary  axid  convenient'  for  thefe 
works,  and  at  the  fame  time  furnifli  a  copious  fupply 
of  woodand  ore  of  a  fuperio^»r  .juality. .  In  this  coun- 
ty alone  are  no  lefs  than  fever  rich  iron  mines,  from 
which  might  be  taken  ore  fufficient  to  fupply  the  U- 
nited  States  ;  and  to  work  it  into  iron  are  two  fur- 
jlaces,  two  rolling  and  flitting  mills,  and  about  thirty 
forges,  containitYg  from  two  to  feur  fire«  each.  Thefe 
works  produce  artnualty  about  540  tons  of  bar  iron, 
»8oo  tons  of  pigs,  befides  large  quantities  of  hollow 
ware,  flieet  iron,  and  naiF  rodSi  In  the  whole  ftate, 
it  is  fuppofed  there  is  yearly  made  about  1200  tons  of 
bar  iron,  1200  do.  of  pigs,  80  do.  of  nail  rods,  ex- 
clu(|ie  of  hollow  ware,  and  various:  other  cafling^  o£ 
which  vaft  qiiantities  are  made^  *  > 

«"*■*  '  Alihougjii 


*r* 


fTEW     JERSEY. 


n9 


Although  the  bulk  oF  the  inhabitants  in  this  (late 
are  farmers,  yet  agriculture  has  not  been  improved  (a 
few  in  fiances  excepted)  to  that  degree  which  from 
long  experience,  we  might  rationally  expc6t,  anc> 
which  the  fertility  of  the  foil  in  many  pieces,  feems  to 
encourage.  A  great  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Dutch's 
who,  although  they  are  in  general  neat  and  induftrious 
farmers,  have  very  littte  enterprize,  and  feldom  adopC 
any  new  improvements  in  huftwindry,  becaufe,  thro' 
habits  and  want  of  education  to  expand  and  liberalize 
rheir  minds,  they  think  their  old  modes  of  tilling  the 
bed.  Indeed  this  is  the  cale  with  the  gveat  body  of 
the  common  people,  and  proves  almoft  an  infurmount*- 
able  obftacle  to  agricultural  improvements. 

Mim.t.'^  This  flftte  embofoms  vad  quantities  of 
iron  and  copper  ore. 

Caves.']  In  the  townfhip  of  Shrewfbury,  in  Mow- 
mouth  county,  on  the  fide  of  a  branch  of  Naveftnk 
river,  is  a  remarkable  cave,  in-  which  there  arc  three 
rooms.  The  cave  is  about  thirty  feet  long,  and  fif- 
teen feet  broad.  Each  of  the  rooms  is  arched.  The 
center  of  the  arch  is  about  five  feet  from  the  bottom 
of  the  cave ;  the  (ides  not  more  than  two  and  an  half. 
The  mouth  of  the  cave  is  ImaU  ;  the  bottom  is>a  loofe 
fend  ;  and  the  arch  is  formed  in  a  foft  rock,  through 
the  pores  of  which  the  moifture  is  (lowly  exm|||lta^ 
and  falls  in  drops  on  the  fand  below. 

CharaSkr,  Manners  and  Cu/hmsi]  Many  circumf^ 
fiances  concur  to  render  the(e  various  in  different  parts 
«)f  the  (late.  The  inhabitants  are  a-colle£lion  of  I.ow 
Dutch,  Germans,  Englifh,  ScOtch»  Irifh,  and  New 
Englanders,  or  dieir  defcendants*  National  attach* 
ment  and  mutual  convenience  have  generally  induced 
thefe  feveral  kinds  of  people  to  fetde  together  in  a 
body  ;  and  in  this  way  their  peculiar  national  man- 
ners, cudoms,  and  chara£ler,  are  (llill  preferved,  clbec- 
ially  among  the  lower  clafs  of  people,  who  have  tiVSH 
intercourfe  with  any  but  thofe  of  their  own  nation* 
Religion,  although  its  tendency  is  to  unite  people  in 
thofe  things  that  are  effential  to  happinefs,  ^ladons 
wide  dii£erence5  as  to  manixerS;  cultoms,  nReve« 

chai^flerv- 

■  #     - 


'* 


1^         N   E   W     J    E    R   S    E   Y. 

chara£ler.  The  Prefbyterian,  the  Quaker,  the  £pif« 
copalian,  the  Baptift,  the  Gennan  and  Low  Dutch 
Calviqi(i,  the  Methodift,  and  the  Moravian,  havo 
each  their  difting>^i^i>^g  charafierifticks,  either  in 
their  worfhip,  their  difcipline,  or  their  drefs.  There 
is'ftill  another  very  perceptible  charafleriftical  difFer- 
cnce,  diilin6l  from  either  of  the  othevs,  which  arifes 
from  the  intercourfe  of  the  inhabitants  with  different 
ftates.  The  people  in  Weft  Jeriey  trade  to  Philadel* 
phia,  and  of  courfe  imitate  their  fafhions,  and  imbibe 
.their  manners.  The  inhabitants  of  Eaft  Jerfey  trade  to 
New  York,  and  regulate  their  fafhions  and  mannera 
according  to  thofe  of  New  York.  So  that  the  differ- 
ence in  regard  to  fafhions  an'ri  manners  between  £a-{l 
and  Wefl:  Jerfey,  is  nearly  as  great  as  between  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  The  people  of  New  Jerfey 
are  generally  induftrious,  frugal  and  hofpitable.  There 
are,  comparatively,  but  few  men  of  learning  in  the 
ftate,  nor  can  it  be  faid  that  the  people  in  general  have 
a  tafte  for  the  fcienceSr  The  lower  clafs,  in  which 
may  be  included  three  fifths  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
^vhole  flate,  are  ignorant,  and  are  criminally  negleflfui 
in  the  education  of  their  children.  There  are,  how> 
ever,  a  number  of  gentlemen  of  the  firlt  rank  in  abili- 
ties and  learning  in  the  civil  offices  of  the  flate,  and  in 
tht^fiurfraUearncd  profelTions. 

In^  not  the  byfinefs  of  a  geographer  to  compliment 
the  ladies  ;  nor  would  we  be  thought  to  do  it  when 
"we  fay,  that  there  is  at  leafl  as  great  a  number  of  in- 
duflrious,  difcreet,  amiable,  genteel,  and  handfome 
women  in  New  Jerfey,  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  inhabitants,  as  in  any  of  the  thirteen  ftates.  Wheth- 
er an.adequate  degree  of  folid  mental  improvement, 
anfwering  to  the  perfonal  and  other  ufeful  qualities  we 
have  mentioned,  is, .to  be  found  among  the  fair  of  this 
jlate,  is  a  more  weighty  concern.  Perhaps  it  may  be 
ftid  with  juflice,  that  in  general,  though  there  is.not 
the  fame  univerfal  tafle  for  knowledge,  difcernable 
aitiong  the  ladies  here,  as  in  fome  other  of  the  ftates, 
owin^p  a  great  meafure  to  the  ftate  of  foci^y,  and 
ihe  nflfts  of  improvement  i  there  are^  however,  many 

4  H^^ 


» 


NEW     JERSEY.  f4t 

ftgnal  inftances  of  improved  talents  among  them,  not 
furpafled  by  thofe  of  their  fiUers  in  any  of  the  othev 
itates. 

Religion.']  TTicre  are,  in  this  ftate,  about  50  Prcf- 
byterlan  congregations,  ftibje6fc  to  the  care  of  three 
Prefljyteiics,  viz.  that  of  New  York,  of  New  Brunfi- 
wick,  and  Philadelphia  ;  40  congregations  of  the 
Friends  ;  30  of  the  Baptills  ;  25  of  Epifcopalians  ; 
23  of  the  Dutch,  befides  a  few  Moravians  and  Meth- 
odifls. 

Colleges^  Academies  and  Schools*'^  There  are  two  col- 
leges in  New  Jerfey ;  one  at  Princeton,  called  Naffau 
JJall;  the  other  at  fintruwick,  called  Queens  college* 
The  college  at  Princeton  was  firfl  founded  about  the 
year  1738,  and  enlarged  by  Governour  Belcher  in 
] 747.  It  has  an  annual  income  of  about  /'•900  cur- 
rency ;  of  which  £'.200  arifes  fr'-n  funded  publick 
fecurities  and  lands,  and  the  reft  ^  '  le  fees  of  the 
ftudents.  The  preltdent  of  the  «:ol  ^  -  ^  alfo  profefibr 
of  eloquence,  criticifm,  and  chronology.  The  vice 
preftdent  is  alfo  profeiTor  of  divinity  and  moral  phi- 
iofophy.  Tliere  is' alfo  a  profeflbr  of  mathcmaticks 
and  natural  philofophy,  and  two  mailers  of  languages* 
The  four  clafles  in  college  contain  about  feventy  itu- 
dents.  There  is  a  grammar  fcho<4  of  about  thirty, 
fcholars,  conne£led  with  the  college,  under  the  fupf  r4 
intendence  of  the  prefident,  and  taught  by  two  matters. 

Before  the  war  |his  coUege  was  fumifhed  with  » 
philofophical  apparatus,  worth  /".soo,  which  (except 
the  elegant  Orrery  conftructed  by  Mr.  Rittenhouie) 
was  almoil  entirely  deflroyed  by  the  Britiib  arpiy  in 
the  late  War,  as'  was  alfo  the  library,  which  now  coil* 
lifts  pf  between  2  and  3000  volumes. 

The  college  ediike  is  handlbmely  built  with  {h>ne, 
and  is  180  feet  in  length,  54  in  breadth,,  and  4  ftories 
high ;  and  is  divided  into  forty  two  convenient  cham- 
bers for  the  accommodation  of  the  ftudents,  befides  ^ 
dining  hall,  chapel  room,  and  a  room  for  the  library. 
Its  fituation  is  exceedingly  pleafant  and  healthful? 
The  view  from  the  college  balcony  is  extenftii^and 
charming.  w 

This. 


*P 


«4S  NEW     JERSJETY. 

This  college  has  been  under  the  care  of  a  fucceflion 
of  Prtfidents  eminent  for  piety  and  learning  ;  and  has 
furnifhed  a  number  of  civilians,  divines,  and  phyficians 
of  the  fi:ft  rank  in  America.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
all  the  Preiidents  of  this  oUege,  except  Dr.  Wither- 
fpoon,  who  is  now  Pietident,  were  removed  by  death 
very  foon  after  their  eleflion  into  office.* 

The  charter  for  Queens  college,,  at  Brunswick,  was 
granted  jufl  before  the  war,  in  confeq\ience  of  an  ap- 
plication from  a  body  of  the  Dutch  church.  Its  funds, 
raifed  wholly  by  free  donations,  amounted,  foou  after  its 
cilablilhment,  to  four  thoufand  pounds ;  bui  ihey  were 
conliderably  diminifhed  by  the  war.  The  ftudents 
are  under  the  care  of  a  Piefident.  This  college  has 
lately  increafed  both  ir\  numbers  and  reputation. 

liiere  are  a  number  of  flourilhing  academies  in  thii 
ftate.  One  at  Trenton,  another  in  Hakkenfak,  others 
at  Orangedale,  Freehold,  Eliaabethtown,  Burlington, 
Newark,  Springfield,  Morriftown,  Bordentown,  and 
Amboy.  There  are  no  regular  eilablifliments  for 
common  fchools  in  the  date.  The  ufual  mode  of  ed- 
ucation is  for  the  inhabitants  of  a  village  or  neighbour- 
hood to  join  in  affording  a  temporary  fupport  for  a 
ichoolmafler,  upon  fuch  tem^s  mS  is  mutually  agreeable. 
But  the  encouragement  which  thefe  occaiional  {each* 
crs  meet  with,  is  generally  fuch,  as  that  no  perfon  of 
abilitie:;  adecjuate  to  the  bufinefs,  will  undertake  it  y 
and  of  courte,  little  advantage  is  derived  from  thefe 
fchools.  The  improvement  in  thefe  common  fchools 
is  generally  in  proportion  to  the  wages  of  the  teacher. 

Chief  Towns.J  There  are  a  number  of  towns  in  this 
ftate,  nearly  of^  e<],ual  fize  and  importance,  and  none 
that  has  more  than  two  hundred  houfes,  compa6Uy 
liuilt.  TaENTON  is  the  largeft  town  in  New  Jerfey. 
This  town,  with  Lamberton,  which  joins  it  on  the: 

fouth, 

*  AcitJfuSt  Srifidenti.  Exiuu 

M         1746,  Rey«  Jonathan  Dickinfon,  '7?|7*' 

1748,  Rev.  Aaron  Burr,  '7^* 

_jjf^%  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards,  i7$o» 

1!l^-wkf^%  Rev.  Samuel  Davie*,  J  760,. 

I.701,  Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  D.  D#.  J760. 

J767,.  Rev.  John  WJthertpoon,  D» D. 


\ 


NEW     J    E    E    S   E    Y.  X4I 

r»uth,  contains  two  hundred  houfes,  and  about  fifteen 
hundred  inhabitants.  Here  the  Icgiflature  meets,  the 
fupreme  court  fits,  and  the  publick  offices  arc  all  kept, 
except  the  fecretary'*s,  which  is  at  Burlington.  On 
4hefe  accounts  it  isconfidered  as  the  capital  of  the  ftate. 

Burlington  fckyj  Hands  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the 
Delaware,  twenty  miles  above  Philadelphia  by  water, 
and  fevcntccn  by  land. '  T'he  ifland,  which  is  the  moll 
toopulous  part  of  the  city,  is  a  mile  and  a  quarter  in 
length,  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth.  On 
the  ifland  are  160  houfes.  900  white  and  100  black 
inhabitants.  There  arc  tw  r^  houfes  for  publick  wor- 
fliip  in  the  town,  one  for  the  Friends  or  Quakers, 
who  are  the  mo(i  numerous,  and  one  for  Epifcopal* 
ians.  The  Other  publick  buildings  are  two  market 
houies,  a  court  houfe,  and  the  be  ft  gaol  in  the  ft  ate. 
Befides  thefe,  there  is  an  academy,  a  tree  fchool,  a  nail 
manufaftory,  and  an  excellent  diftiUery,  if  that  can  be 
called  excellent,  which  produces  a  poifon  both  of 
health  and  morals. 

Perth  Amboy  fcity)  ftands  on  a  iTcck  of  land  in- 
cluded between  Raritan  river  and  Arthur  KuU  found. 
It  lies  open  to  Sandy  Hook,  and  has  one  of  the  beft 
harbours  en  the  continent.  Veflels  from  fea  may  en- 
ter it  in  one  tide,  in  almoft  any  weather. 

Brunswick  (city)  was  incoroorav^d  in  1784,  and 
is  fituatcd  on  the  fouthweft  fiae  of  Raritan  river, 
-twelve  miles  above  Amboy.  It  c6ntains  about  two 
hundred  houfes,  and  fixteen  hundred  inhabitants,  one 
half  of  which  are  Dutch.  Its  fituation  is  low  and  un- 
pleafant^  being  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  under  a 
"high  hill  which  rifesback  of  the  town. 

Princeton  is  apleafant,  healthy  village,  of  about 
fighty  houfes,  fifty  two  miles  from  New  York,  and 
lorty  three  from  Philadelohia. 

Eli  zabethtown  and  Newark  are  pleafant  towns; 
the  former  is  fifteen,  and  the  latter  nine  miles  fronw 
New  York.    Newark  is  famed  for  its  good  cyder. 

ConJ^I^Uion,']  The  government  of  this  ftate  is  veft* 
ed  in  tuovemour,  legiflative  council,  and  general  «£• 
rembly«    The  Govemour  is  chofen  annusdly  ll|fr  dnr 

council 


t44         NEW     J   E  Jt  S    E    Y. 

council  and  aflembly  jointly.  The  legiflative  council 
is  compofcd  of  one  member  from  each  county,  cholen 
annually  by  the  people.  The  general  aflembly  is  com- 
poicd  of  three  members  from  each  county,  chofeu  by 
the  (re  mco. 

The  council  i^ufp  one  c?  "heir  members  to  be  Vice 
Prefident,  who,  when  the  avcrnpur  is  abfent  from 
the  ftate,  poflcfles  the  fupre.  .e  executive  power.  The 
council  may  originate  any  bills,  excepting  preparing 
and  altering  any  money  bill,  which  is  the  fole  prerog- 
ative of  the  aflembly. 

Hijtory.']  The  firfl;  fettkrs  of  New  Jerfey  were  a 
number  of  Dutch  emigrants  from  New  York,  who 
came  over  between  the  years  1614  and  1620,  and  fet- 
tled in  the  county  of  Bergen.  Next  after  thefe,  in 
1627,  came  ovef  a  colony  of  &  /edes  and  Finns,  and 
fettled  on  the  river  Delaware.  The  Dutch  and 
Swedes,  tho\^gh  nut  in  harmony  wHh  each  other,  kept 
pofleflion  of  the  country  many  years. 

In  Match,  1034,  Charles  II.  granted  all  the  territory 
called  by  the  Dutch  New  Netherlands,  to  his  brother 
the  Duke  of  York.  And  in  June,  1664,  the  Duke  grant- 
ed that  part  now  called  New  Jerley,  to  Lord  Berkley 
of  Strattqn,  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  jointly  ;  who,  in 
1665,  agreed  upon  certain  conceflions  with  the  people 
for  the  government  of  the  province,  and  appointed 
Philip  Carteret,  Efq.  their  Covernour. 

The  Dutch  reduced  the  country  in  1672  ;  but  it 
was  rcfliored  by  the  peace  of  Weflminiler,  February 
9t,h,  1-674. 

This.ftate  was  the  feat  of  war  tor  feveial  years,  dur- 
ing the  bloody  conted  between  Great  Britain  and  A- 
merica.  Her  lofles,  both  of  men  and  property,  in 
proportion  to  the  population  and  wealth  of  the  ilate, 
was  greater  than  of  any  other  of  the  thi-rteen  ilates. 
When  General  Wafhington  was  retreating  through 
the  Jeriies,  almoft  forfaken  by  all  others,  her  militia 
were  at  all  times  obedient  to  his  orders ;  andior  a  con- 
fiderable  length  of  timC)  compoled  the  ftrengthjof  bis 
army.  There  is  hardly  a  town  in  th&  flAte  th^ay  in 
tlHrjIlogrefsof  ihe  Britilh  annyi  that  wasnot  rendered 
r  iignal 


♦'. 


P  E  N  N  S  Y  L  V  A  N  I  A.    .    145 

dgnal  by  fome  enterprize  or  exploit*  At  Trenton 
the  enemy  recetved  a  check,  which  may  be  Cuid  vtlth 
J  uftice  to  hav«  turned  the  tide  of  the  vf ar.  Af  Prince- 
ton, the  feat  of  the  mufes,  they  refceived  another, 
whichi  united,  oblwed  them  to  retire  with  precipita- 
tion, and  to  take  refuge  in  dirgracel'ul  winter  quarters. 
But  whatever  honour  this  ftate  might  derive  irom  the 
relation,  it  is  not  our  bufinefs  to  give  a  particular  de- 
fer! ption  of  battles  cr  fteges ;  we  leave  this,  to  the  pen 
of  tne  hiftorian,  and  ohly /^bferve  in  general,  that  the 
many  military  atchievcroents  peffofmeffby'the  Jcrfey 
ft)ldiGm,  g^ve  this  (late  one  of  the  '^l^.|:anks  among 
her  fifters  in  a  military  vie  w^  and  entijtle  her  to  a  (hare 
of  praife  that  bears  no  p-6pcrtion  to  'her  "fize,  in  the 
accompUfhment  of  the  late  glorious  revolution.      . 


P  E  N  N  S  y  L  V  A  ,N  I  A, 


nitet. 


Breadth  is«  f  wwecn  ^  ^q  l^r^iAjl^ui ^o  ^/^ Longitude. 

BOUN:DED  End,  by  Delaware  r^vcr ;  North,  by 
the  parand  of  42P  north  latitude,  which  divides 
it  from  thie  ftate  €>F- New  Vork  v  Souihyb^  Delawar^, 
Maryland^  and- Virginia;  Weft,  by  ijpartof  VfrgifiiOi 
and  the  Wcftem  Territory  (fo  called)  *nd  from"  a  tra  jk 
of  UmcL^enty-  mil«fi  i^xivee,  which  ^ttacconfinned^O 
Conneracut  by  Congrefs.  The  nqr^hwcft  corner  of 
Penhfylvania  extends  about  one  mile  lahH  ah  halfinto 
Lake  Eric,  and  is  aboartwenty  mrles  v/eft  of  the  old 
French  for t  at'  Ptefque  Ifle.  iTjie  ft«iteires  in  the  f9rnt 
of  a  parsdklogram,  and  contains  aboul  44,90^  fqu^ire 
miles,  CQukl  to  about  ftS^SoojOOoa^rts.  '  ■       > 

r-,^Cml  Divijans.']  PcRnrylvania  is  divided  Ihio 
twcnt^comt^iics,  which,  with  their  county  towns,  fit- 
^atiqcp&c.  wcjpcntionedin  the  (pllowing  TABtE* 


N 


■■'■Pfif" 


NTfESt 


m 


>*^ 


.* 


i' 


i^46  ^-   PEI^NSYLVANIA. 


Mootgomeryt 


CoVMTIBS. 


Fhiladelph..ft..;v;| 


Chefter, 


Philadelphia, 


ttucks, 


Laocafter, 


Dauphin, 


Berks, 


Northampton, 
Luzerne, 


iJta.' 


York, 


Cumberland, 


Northumberland, 


Franklin, 


3edC9td« 
■ '.     —I  .  ■ 

Huntingdon. 


Weflmoreland,. 


^ayette. 


-«— *• 


Wwthington^ 


Aiy^ 


f'"y-  ,  , 


County  Towns.'       Situation. 


Philadelphia, 
WeftCheftrf, 


On  Delaware  R. 


Philadelphia,. 


tVcwt 


;on. 


Norrifton, 


Lancafler, 


Louiiburg, 


Reading, 


Eafton, 


Wilkfborough, 


York, 


CarliOe, 


Sunburyj 


Chamberflown, 


Pedfor4» 


Huntingdon, ' 


Ore^i^urgf 


Union, 


Wafltingtpn, 


Pi>:lburg. 


On  Siifqueb*  R- 


Qn  Delaware  R. 


On  Delaware  R. 


OnSchuylk.  Jk 


On  Sufqueh.  R. 


On  Sufqueh.  R. 
On  Schuylk.  R. 


On  Delaware  R. 


On  Sufqueh.  R 


On  Sulqueh.  II. 


On  Sufqueh.  R. 


Pn  w.  branch  S. 


On  Sufqueh.  R. 


On  Jiiniatta   R. 


On  Juniatca  R. 

ti'     -ii  1 1  111  J  .1 
On  AUegany  II. 


On'Monongahe. 
S.W.  cor.  hate, 


On  Allegany  R. 


Minea,  Arc. 


!ron  ore. 


Iron  ore. 


Iron  ore. 


Iron  ore, 

^1     ■-.. 


Coalm.&c. 


Iron  ore. 


Coalmines* 


Iron  ore. 


Lead  m.&c 


iron  m«&c. 


CoaI'minest 


Coalmines* 


Fivers.']  There  arc  fix  confiderable  river?,  which, 
wkb  their  ftumerous  bt-anches,.  peninfulate  the  whole 
flate  ;  viz.  the  Delaware,  Scho^dkillj  Sufquehannab, 
Yohogjiny,  Monongabela,  and  Allegany.  From  the 
tnouth  of  Delaware  bay,  v^here  Deljtwattet^ivet' Emp- 
ties into  the  ocean,  to  Philadelphia,  is  reckomed  1 18 
'wiles.  So  far  there  is  a  fufficient  <ttpth  of  Water  for 
llffjventy  fouf  ffan  ihM  From  Phijadelphia  to  Tren- 
ton 


%f^ 


P  E 


N  n"^ 


Y  L  V  A  N  I  A.    f   147 


ton  Falls  is  thirty  Hve  miles.  This  is  the  hea<i  of  floqp 
navigation.  The  river  is  navigabie  for  boats  that  car- 
ry eight  or  nine  tons,  forty  miles  further,  and  for  In-* 
(iian  canoes,  except  fevcral  fmall  falls  or  portages,  one 
hundred  and  Qfty  miles. 

The  Schuylkill  riles  northweft  *pF  the  Kittatinny 
mountains,  through  which  it  pafles,  into  a  fine  cham- 
paign country,  and  runs,  from  its  fource,  upwards  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  in  a  fouth  eafl  direc- 
tion, and  falls  into  the  Delaware  thres  miles  below 
Philadelphia. 

ThcSuf^uehannah  river  rifcs  in  lakeQtfcgo,  in  the  . 
flatc  of  f^ew  York,  and  runs  in  fuch  a  winding  courfe 
as  to  crol's  the  boundary  line  between  Kew  York  Snd 
Pennlylvania  three  times.  It  falls  into  the  head  o( 
Chefapeek  bay,  jud  below  Havre  de  Grace.  It  is 
abqut  a  mile  wide  at  its  mouth,'  and  t&  navigable  for 
fea  veSeliibut  about  twenty  miles,  on  account  of  its 
rapids.  The  banks  of  this  river  are  very  romantick» 
particularly  where  it  pafles  through  the  mountains. 
Thispaflage  hasTevery  appearapcetoi  having  been  forced 
through  by  the  preiTure  of  the  water,or  of  haying  been; 
burfliopen  by  fome  cbnvul'fion'  in  nature.  The  Yohc- 
glny,Monongahela,aDd  Allegaay  rivers»are  wellof  tho 
Allegany  mountains,  and  are  all  brandies  of  die  Ohio« 

Mountains,  Face  $}'  the  Country,  Soil  and  Jh^duQious,'] 
A»  much  as  nearfy  one  third  of  this  ftats  ma^  )>is  called 
mountainous;  particularly  the  ^unties  of  Bedford, 
Huntingdon,  Cumberland,  part  of  Franklirl,  Dauphipv 
and  p^of  Bucks  and  Northampton,  through  which 
pafs,  unacr  various  names,  the  numerous. ridges  and 
fpurs,  which  coUe£livcly  form  what  we  chufe  to  call, 
for  the  fake  of  clearnefs,  the  g&^at  kamge  of  aL" 

L£GAMY  MOUNTAIKI.  ^    ^        r 

There  is  ».  remarkable  difference  iietween  the  coun« 
try  on  the  eall  and  wefl  fide  of  the  range  of  mountains 
we  havQ  jull  been  defcribing.  Between  thefe  moun* 
tains  and  the  lower  falls  of  the  rivers  which  run  into= 
the  Atl^ntick,  not  only  in  this,  bu:  in  ^11  thz  fouthern 
ilatesj.are  fcveriji  ranges  of  flonej,  fand,  earths  and 
minerals,  which  lie  in  the  u^ft  confufion.    B^ 

of 


^*^l 


^  • 


.% 


^4^         P  E  N  I^  S  Y  L  V  A  It  1  A. 

of  ftcipic,  of  vafl  extent,  particularly  of  lime  ftone,  have 
their  Icvcral  l?)xrs  broken  in  pieces,  and  the  fragments 
thrown  confufedly  in  every  dire£)ien.  Between  thefe 
lower  falls  and  the  ocean,  ts  a.  very  extenfivc  colIc£lion 
of  fand)  clay,  mud  aod  (hells,  partly  thrown  up  by  the 
waves  of  the  fca,  partly  brougnt  dowrliby  floods  from 
the  upper  county,  and  partly  produced  by  the  decay 
of  vegetable  fubflances.  Tiie  country  weftward  of 
the  Allegany  mountains,  in  Ihefc  relpefts,  is  totally 
different.  It  is  very  irregular,  broken  and  variegatecl, 
but  there  are  no  mountains ;  and  when  viewed  from 
the  moft  weftfern  ridge  of  the  Allegany,  it  appears  to 
be  j»  vaft  extended  plain.  All  the  various  ftrata  of 
Jlohc  Appear  to  have  lain  undiRurbed  in  the  fitualton 
wherein  the)'  were  firft  formed.  The  layers  of  clay, 
fand  andcoal)  are  nearly  horizontal.    Scarcely  a  fin* 

Jle  inAanee  is  to  be  found  to  the  contrary.  Every 
ppearance,  iifi  fliorf,  tend*  to  confirm  thyopinio'ir, 
♦hat  the  origfnal  cruft,  in  which  the  ftone  Was  formed, 
has  never  been  broken  im  on  the  weft  fidt  of  thb 
mountains,  as  it  evidently  has  been  eaftwaiid  bf  them. 
Th^  foil  is  6f  the  various  kinf48 ;  m  (ort}6  parts  it  t» 
barren ;  a  gn;at  proportion  of  th6  ilatc  is  g66d  larv^; 
aiid  her  Jnconfiderahle  part  ii  very  good,  l^erhaps 
the  proportion  of  firfl  ratt  land  i^  riot  greater  iii  any 
of^hethiiteen  flates.  The  richefl  part  of  the  ftate 
Ihit  is  fcttlted  is  Lancaftcr  county.  The  richett  that 
is  unfcttlcdi  is  between  Allcj^any  river  and  Lake  Eric, 
in  the  north W:cfl  corner  oF  the  ftate. 
;  The  pwdtice  frofm  culture  confifts  of  wheaiH  Xvhich 
5s  the  ftapic  critnm^dtty  of  the  flate,  fome  rye,  Indian 
cor^l  buck'  tvheaf,  oats,  fptelz,  barley,  which  is  now 
raifed  in  gVtaier  quantities  than  formerly,  Occafioncd 
by  the  vaft  confuraption  ©f  it  by  the  breweries  in 
Philadelphia,'  hemp,  fla*  and  vfegeiibles  of  aU  the  va- 
iious  kinds  common  to  the  cittnatc.  Pennfylvania  is 
a  good  grazing  <^'ountry,  ''and  great  numbers  bf  cattle 
arc  fed,  an^  large  dairies  are  kept,  but  their be^f,  pork 
and  chcefe^are  hot  reckoned  fogoodasfHbfetofCon- 
•neflicut  and  the'  ot,her  parts  of  N^  Engliiid  j  but 
iheir  butter  has  bectillf|pofcd  (bpcriflur. 

»  Climatti 


1^     m.  ■^- 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


149 


r. 


Climatet  Lengevityt  (Sc"]  Nothing  different  from 
that  ofi^onnel^cut ;  except,  that  on  the  wed  fide  of 
the  mountains,  the  weather  is  much  more  regular. 
The  inhabitatus  never  feel  thofe  quick  trantitions 
from  cold  to  hfpt,  by  a  change  of  the  wind  from  north 
to  foalh,  as  thofe  fo  freciuently  experience,  who  live 
cadward  of  the  mountams,  and  near  the  fea.  The 
hot  fouthwardly  winds  get  chilled  by  palling  over  the 
long  chain  of  AUeganv  mountains. 

This  (late,  having  been  fettled  but  little  more  than 
a  hundred  years,  is  not  fufHciently  old  to  determine 
from  fads  the  (iate  pf  longevity.  Among  the  people 
called  Quakers,  who  aj:e  the  oldeft  fettlers,  theretare 
indances  of  longevity,  occafioned  by  their  living  in 
the  old,  cultivated  counties,  and  the  temperance  im- 
ofed  on  them  by  their  religion.  There  are  fewer 
.ong  liv4^  people  kmong  the  Germans,  than  among- 
other  nations,  occafioned  by  their  excefs  of  labour  and 
low  diet.  They  live  chiefly  upon  vegetables  apd  wa- 
tery food,  that  affords  too  little  nouriOiment  to';  repair 
the  wade  of  their  drfngth  by  hard  labour. 

Nearly  one  half  of  the  children  bom  in  Philadel- 
phia, die  under  two  years  of  age,  and  chiefly  with  a 
difeafe  in  the  domach  and-bowels.  Very  fe^  die  at 
this  a^e  in  the  country.- 

Populatiorty  CharaiUrt  MannersyCScJ]  In  1787,  tlio 
inhabitants  in  Pennfylvania,  were  reckoned  iSit  360,000. 
It  is  probable  they  are  now  more  numerous ;  perhaps 
400,oop.  If  we  fix  them' at  this,  the  population  for 
every  fquare  mile  will  be  only  nine  *,  by  which  it  ap- 
pears that  Pennfylvania  is  only  one  fifth  as  populous 
as  Connc;6licut.  But  Conne6ticut  was  fettled  nearly 
half  a  century  before  Pennfylvania ;  fo  that  in  order 
to  do  judice  to  Pennfylvania  in  the  comparifon,  we 
mud  anticipate  her  probable  population  fifty  years 
hence* 

The  inhabitants  pf  Pennfylvania  confid  of  migrants 
froth  Enghind,  Ireland,  Germany  and  Scotland,  The 
Fiiends  and  ^ifcopalians  are  chiefly  of  Englifh  ex- 
tra3:ion,  and  compofe  abou|||pe  third  of  the  inhabit- 
ant*.   They  live  principally  m  the  city  of  Philadel- 

N»  ♦phia, 


# 


f> 


150        P  "E  N  N  S  V  L  V  A  1^  I  A. 

phia,  and  in  th«  eounties  of  Ghcfler,  Philtdcl  jhia, 
Bucki  arid'M<Mfilgom6ry.  '  Th«  Irifli  are  th^My  rttf^ 
bytcrians.  Their  anccftors  came  from  the  ttorth  of 
Ireland,  which  Was  originally  ftttltd  i'totn  Scotiand  ; 
hence  they  have  fomeftixAe^  been  called'^otch  IHfh, 
to  denote  thdi«  doubid  d^fticnt^  But  thiey  arts  cbtn* 
inonly  and  more  properly  cali^  I  rifli,  or  the  defc<fnd- 
anti  of  people  from  the  north  of  Ineland.  They  in- 
]iabit  the  wedcrti  and  fVontier  counties,  and  are  nu» 
merou^.  7  he  Germans  eornpofb  one  quarter  at  lei /I, 
iF  not  a  third  of  the  inhabitants  of  PennfVlVania.  They 
inhabit  (he  north  parts  of  the  city  df  Philad«lplii«,  and 
ihe<;ountiesofPhi»delphia,Mi6ntgoniery,Bticics,Daii^ 
]Shin,  Lanc^fter,  York  and  Noilham|^t6n ;  moftly  in  (hfe 
ibur  lafk.  They  confift  of  Lutherans  (tv ho  are  the  mod 
numerous  fcA)  Calvinijls,  Moravians,  Mtnnoniflt, 
Tunfters- (corruptly  caHed  Dunkers)  ahd  ^w#l^f«ltersy 
who  lire  «  ^ecies  of  Quakers.  Thefe  are  all  diftinguifli- 
*d  fo'r  their  temperancej  tnduftry  aiid  economy.  Th« 
GiB^ahs  have  ufuaUy  fiftieen  of  fixty  nine  m^mbersin 
the  aflembly ;  and  fomc  6f  them  bave  afilen  toth^firil 
honours  in  the  ftate,  and  n^W  fill  a  niimbei'Ofthe  high- 
er ofileeii.  Yet  thef  lower  daft  areX'ery  i^nortmt  and  i'u* 
perflitibUs.  It  is  not  uhtrornVncn  to  fee  them  going  t6 
market  with  a  lill!e  bag  of  fait  tied  16  their  hOrl^'ihi.trsv 
for  the  purpofe,  they  Tky,  of  keeping  off  the  witches* 

The  Baptifts  (extfept  tlw;  M^nnortift  and  Tunker 
Daptifts,  \vhoarc  Gertnins)  aite  iehiefly  the  dcfcend- 
cnts  of  emigrants  from  ^ales^  *hd  are  not  nuVterous*- 
A  proportionlite  alfetnbragc  of  the  nation <(1  prejudices^ 
the  manners,  cu{lomi,rtligibns  and  political  fcntim«nf* 
of  all  thefe,  will  forni  the  Pcnnfylvanian  chara£lcr. 
As  the  leading  t'raits  in  this charafter,  thus  cOn(li|uked> 
we  may  ^enture  to  mfention  induftry,  frugality^  bor- 
dering in  Tomfe  inftanceii  on  parfimony,  enterprise,  a 
tafte  and  ability  ftjr  improvements  in  mcchanieks,  in 
manufa6hires,  ih  agriculture,  in  cbthWercB  and  in-  the 
liberal  fcientes ;  temperance,  plainnefs  aillt  fimplfcity 
in  drefs  and  manners ;  jgride  and  humility  in  their  ex- 
tremes ;  inofFenfivcntlphd  intrigUe  *,  ih  regard  to  re- 
ligion,'variety  and  barihony  j  libera^  and  its  oppo* 

0. 


PE^NSYLV^ANIA.        t^t 

fitoSf  fuperftition  and  bigotry  j  and  in  poltticki  an  un- 
happy  jargon*  Such  appear  to  be  the  dtftinguifhlng 
traits  in  the  colleilive  Pennlylvanian  chandler. 

Rei^ioi^*!  Of  the  great  variety  of  vdigiout  denom- 
i nations  in 'Wnnfy I vania,  the  Fribn^i  or  Qi^AKimf 
are  the  moft  numerous.  They  were  the  ftrii  fetlUra 
of  Pennfylvania  in  t68a,  under  WtlUam  Pciin,  and 
have  ever  Hnce  flourilhed  in  the  free  enjoyment  of 
their  leligion.  They  neither  give  titles,  nor  ufe  corn* 
pliments  in  their  converUtion  or  writings,  beheving 
that  whatjoeoer  is  more  thanytut  yta,  and  nay,  nay,  cimutk 
of  tvii*  They  conicientiouAy  avoiilt  as  unlaw  fid, 
kneeling)  bowing,  or  uncovering  the  head  to  any  per- 
ibn.  They  difcard  all  fuperfluitics  indreieoi  equipagei 
all  games,  fports  and  plays,  as  unbect>ming  the  thrifts 
ian.  *  Swear  not  at  all,'  is  jjn  article  of  their  creed, 
literally  eiiferved  in  its  utmofi extent.  Thev  believe  it 
unlawful  to  fight  in  jvny  cafe  whatever  ;  and  think  that 
if  their  tncmy /mite  thm  on  the  om  (keek,  ihey^ufkt  to 
turn  t»  him  the  other  alfo*  They  are  generaUy  hontft^ 
pun6lual,  and  even  p^lilious  in  their  dealings ;  prov- 
ident fot  the  neceflities  of  their  poor;  iriends  to  hu* 
tnanity,  and  of  courfe  enemies  to  Qavery  j  ^p<l%  in 
their  difcipline  ;  careful  in  the  obfervance  fv^lif  the 
pun^ilios  in  dreCs,  fpeech  and  mamiers,  vrhich  their 
ktcligion  enjoins ;  faithful  in  the  education  of  their 
diildnetV'^induftrious  in  their  feveral  occupations.  In 
Ihort,  WnWever  peculiarities  and  miftakes  thofe  of 
other  denominations  have  fuppofed  they  h«vc  fallen 
into,  in  point  of  religious  do£lrines,  theyfiave  proved 
tHeMYelves  to  be  good  citizens. 

Next  to  the  Quakers,  the  PassBTTEaiAWS  are  tUe 
,  |tk)ft  i:\umerous.  ' 

There  are  upwards  of  Hxty  miniftersof  theLuTHBx-' 
AN  and  Calvin  I  ST  leligton,  who«re  of  Qefman  ex> 
tra^io^i^  now  in  this  fiate  ;  all  of  whom  have  one  or 
more  congregations  under  their  cave  ;  and  many  of 
them  preadHin  fplendid  and  expeniive  churches;  and 
yet  the  firft  Lutheran  minifter,  who  arrived  in  Penn- 
fylvania about  forty  years  agoipiyas  »tiv<e  m  1787,  acd 
^ri^bably  \&  AiU^^  was  Mfo  me  fecorid  Calvirmtiiciil 
♦  ^  *  miniftcr. 


.^^ 


t'ia         P  E  N  N  S  Y  L  V  A  rll  A. 

minifter.  The  Lutherans  do  not  differ,  in  any  thing 
eflfential,  from  the  EjiKfcopiritins}  nordotheCaiviniiU 
from  the  Preibyterians. 

The  Moravians  are  of  German  extia£lion. >  Of 
this  religion  there  are  about  1300  fouls  in  Pen^ytyi^'* 
nia»  viz.  between  500  and  600  in  Bethlehem,  4^0  in 
Nazareth,  and  upwards  of  300  at  Litiz,  in  Lancafter 
county.  They  call  themfelves  the  *  United  Brethren 
of  the  Proteftant  £pifcopal  church,*  They  are  called 
Moravians,  becaufe  the  hrft  fettlers  in  the  Englifli  do- 
minions were  chiefly  migrants  from  Moravia.  As  to 
their  do£binal  tenets,  and  the  piadlical  inferences 
thence  deduced,  they  appear  to  be  effcntiaUy  right,  and 
fuch  as  v/ill  not  be  excepted  again  (I  by  any  candid  and 
liberal  pcrfon  who  haj  made  himfelf  acquainted  with 
them.  They  profels  toJive  in  flri£l  obedience  to  the 
ordinances  ofiCbnil,  {och  asi  the  ohfervatifp  of  the 
fabbath,  infant  baptifm,  and  the  Lord's  Supper ;  and 
in  addition  to  thele,  they  pra£iice  *  The  Foot  wafhing, 
the  Ki(s  of  Love,  and  the  ufe  of  th<;  Lot ;'  for  which 
their,  reafons,  if  not  conclufive.  Are  yet  plaudble. 

They  were  introduced  intp  America  by  Count 
ZindMndorf,  and  fettled  at  Bethlehem»  whicn  is  their 
princiPU  fettlement  in  America,  as  early  as  1741. 

The  TvNKERsare  (o  called  in  dcriuon,  from  the 
word  tuTiktHi  to  put  a  morfd  infauce.  The  ^ngHHi 
word  that  conveys  the  proper  meaning  of  Tw^ers  is 
Sops  or  Dipptrs*  They  are  alfo  called  Tumblers,  from 
the  manver  in  wluch  they  perform  baptifm,  which  is 
by  putting  tiie  perfbn,  while  kneeling,  head  fird  un- 
der water,  lo  as  to  refemble  the  motion  of  the  bo^y'^n 
the  a£Uon  of  tumbling.  The  Germans  found  the  let- 
ters t  and  b  like  d  and  p  \  hence  the  words  Tunkers 
and  Tumblers  have  been  torruptly  writtei)  Dunkers 
smd  Di^plers.  Tht;  f>r{l  appearing  of  thefe  people 
in  America,  was  in  the  fall  of  the  year  i7i|||[,  when 
about  twenty  families  landed  in  Philadelphiay  and  dif> 
perfed  themfelves  in  various  parts^of  Hmnfylvania. 
/They  ufe  great  plainnefs  of  drefs  and  language,  and 
.will  neither  fwear,  n9|,  fight,  nor  go  to  law,  por  take 
intetCft  for  the  money  they  lead.^hey  commonly 

.  ^  ■  %.^  W"  %        wear 


#*■ 


■JV 


P  E  HN  S  Y  L  VAN  I  A.         153 

Tvear  their  beards— keep  the  firft  day  Saboath,  except 
one  congregation— have  the  Lord's  Supper  with  Its 
ancient  attendants  of  Love  feads,  with  wafhing  of  feet,. 
kifs  of  charity,  and  right  hand  of  fellowfhip.  They 
anoiBJIthe  fick  with  oil  ibr  their  recovery,  and  ufe  the 
triiKrallnerrion,  with  laying  on  of  hands  and  prayer, 
even  while  the  perfon  baptifed  is  in  the  water.  On 
the  whole,  notwithflandifig  their  peculiarities,  they 
appear  to  be  humble,  welt  meaning  chriftians>  and 
have  acquired  the  chara£ler  of  the  harmUfs  Tunkers. 
Their  principal  fettlement  is  at  Ephrata,  fometimes 
called  Tutikers  towrt,  in  Latitfa  fler  county,  fixty  miles 
vveftward  of  Philadelphia.  The  brethren  have  adopt« 
cd  the  White  Friar's  drefs,  with  fomc  alterations ;  the 
fiders,  that  of  the  nuns  ;  and  both,  Iik6  them,  have 
taken  the  vow  of  celibacy.  All  however,  do  not 
keep  the  vow.  When  they  qiarry,  (hey  leave  theit 
cells  and  gD  am6ng  the  married  people. 
*•  The  Mbnnonists  derive  theirnamefttnuMemia 
Simon,  a  native  of  Witmars  iti  Geninany,  a  man  of 
ka  rnrng^  born  in  the  year  1  ^05,  in  the  time  of  tlio 
reformafioh bj^ Lutlier and €alvth.  Me #a»^fkifl:^i}s 
Rotnan  Catholick  preacher  till  abdut  thcycar  1531^ 
when  he  becathe  k  Baptift.  Sopte  of  Hiii  d^Htmcn 
cahie  into  Pennfylvaniiuom  NcW  Yoi-fci  ttndMled 
at  Germantown^  as  eariy  as  1692.  Thii  is  at  |irefent 
thei  r  pri  n  cipal  congregation,  and  tlie  mothei^ '  of  the 
reft.  They  m  moft  refpeas  refeitiA)!^  the  Tuoktr^ 
They  call  themfelves  the  Harttikft  dil^tlli^n^  fte* 
Vengelefs  chriftians,  and  Wfeapohlfcft  «!h¥iftiatti'":    ' 

JLitirary^ '  Himaneidridcthe^  u^^ui  SbcitH&^J\'  *  Thef* 
arcv  fbore  numerous  and  flourifhing  ih  H^nfylvania 
than  in  any  of  the  Thineen  States;'  'tht  names  of 
thefe  improving  inftitutiohs  follow.  * 
—  ir.  TfieAfniritan  PhUofopkicaiSotittyf'ftcH&t  PhtU" 
de.lphiayjar  promoting  ufeful  kiioioUdge.  2.  The  Society 
f&r  promUing  political  enquiries,  g.  The  College  'ofP'ky* 
ficidtns,  4.  The  Union  Library  Compa'ty  vf  FhilAde/jphia* 
5'.  The  Peni^haiia  Hojpital  6;  f he  Philadelphia  Di/- 
penfaryyfor  the  tnedital  relief  of  the  poor,  f<.  The  Ptnn^ 
Jylvanjia  Socitty  for  promoting  the  Abolition  of  Slavery ,  and 


»'t- 


154. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


the  reiief  of  Free  Negroes  unlawfully  held  in  bondage,  8» 
The  Society  oj  the  United  Brethren  for  propagating  the 
go/pelatnong  the  heathens,  9.  Ihe  Pennfylvania  Society 
jot  the  encouragement  oJ  nianuf&Uures  and  vfeful  arts, 
10.  The  Society  for  aileviating  the  tniferiesofpri/ons,  11. 
The  Humane  Society,  for  recovering  and  reJiori^djoMfe. 
the  bodies  of  drowned  perfons ;  befides  i'everal  others. 

Colleges,  Academies  and  Schools,^  In  Philadelphia  is- 
a  University,  founded  during  the  war.  Its  funds 
were  partly  given  by  the  ftate,  and  partly  taken  from 
tlie  old  college  of  Philadelphia.  A  medical  fchool, 
which  was  founded  in  1 765^  is  attached  to  the  uni- 
verflty  ;  and  has  profelTors  in  all  the  branches  of  med- 
icine, who  prepare  the  (ludents  (whofe  number,  year- 
ly«  is  5P  or  60)  for  degrees  in  that  fcience. 

Dickinson  College^  at Carlifle,  120  miles  wefl- 
ward  of  Philadelphia,  M^as  founded  in  1783,  and  has 
a  principal-^three  profeflbrs— a  philofophical  appa- 
ratus— >a  library  confiding  of  nearly  3000  vblumes-i. 
four  thoufand  pounds  in  funded  certificates,  anfl  io,ooo< 
acres  of  land;  the  lail  the  donation  of  the  fiate.  la 
i787,th);ro  werpieighty  (IndenU, belonging  to  this  col^ 
lege.  This  number  is  annus^y  increaftng.  It  was 
namcdafter  his  e,xcellency  John  Dickinfon,  formerly 
prefideitt  of  this  ilate. 

In  S767,  a  coJlege  was  founded  at  Lancafter,  66 
miles  fr9«i^;PHil<H}clphia,  and  honourq^  with  the  name 
ofFRAj«KL)N  CoLi*xc£,  after  Dr.  Franklin.  This 
ctdlegc^  is  for  the  Germans,  and  as  it  concenters  the 
whole  Germaaintereft,  and  has  ample  funds  to  fupport 
profeflbrs  in  every  branch  of  fcience^  has  flattering  pro^* 
pe£^s  of  growing  importance  and  extenlive  utility. 

In.  Philadelphia,  befides  the  univcrfity  and  medfcal 
fchool  already 'mentioned,  there  is  the  Protestant 
EriscorAL  AcA<»EMY,a  very  fiouriihing  inftitution— 
The  Academy  for  younc  Ladies — Another  for 
the  Friends  or  Quakers,  and  one  for  theGdrmans; 
befides  five  free  fchools.  |  ^,. 

The  fchools  for  young  men  and  womihin  Bethle- 
hem and  Nazareth,  under  the  dire£lion  of  the  people 
called  Moravians,  have  already  been  mcntionca,  and 

are 


PENNSYLVAN  I  A. 


-^55 


are  decidedly  upon  the  befteflablifhmentof  any  fchools 
in  America.  Befides  thefe,  there  are  private  fchools 
in  difFerent  parts  of  the  ftate  ;  and  to  promote  the  ed- 
ucation of  poor  children*  the  ftate  have  appropriated 
a  large  trafl  of  land  for  the  eftablifhment  of  free 
ichools.  A  great  proportion  of  the  labouring  people 
airong  theGcmnrans  and  Irifli,  are,  however,  extreme- 
ly ignorant. 

Chief  Towns.l  Philadelphia  is  the  capital,  not  only 
of  this,  but  of  the  United  States.  It  is  fituated  on  the 
weft  bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  on  an  extenfivc 
plain,  about  1 18  miles  (Ibme  Iky  more)  from  the  fea. 
The  length  of  the  city  caft  and  weft,  that  is  from  the 
Delaware  to  the  Schuylkill,  upon  the  original  plan  of 
•Mr.  Pcnn,  is'id^^d  feet,  and  the  breadth,  north  and 
foulh,  is  4837  feet.  Not  two  fifths  of  the  plot  covered 
by  th^  city  charter  is  yet  built.  The  inhabitants, 
(however,  have  not  confined  themfelves  within  the 
original  limits  of»  the  city,  but  have  built  north  and 
fouth  along  the  Delaware,  two  miles  in  length.  The 
longeft  ftreet  is  Second  ft:reet,  about  700  feet  from  Del- 
aware river,  and  parallel  to  it.  The  circumference  of 
that  part  of  the  city  which  is  built,  if  we  include  Ken- 
sington on  the  north,  and  Southwark  on  the  fouth, 
may  be  about  five  miles. 

Market  ftreet  is  160  feet  widcj  and  runs  the  whole 
length  of  the  city  from  river  to  river.  Near  the  mid- 
dle, it  is  interfetted  at  right  angl^l  by  Broad  flrreet  1 13 
feet  vfi^Cf  running  nearly  north  and  fouth,  quite  acttJfs 
•the  city.-' 

Between  Delaware  river  and  Bread  ftreet  are  14 
ftrcets,  nearly  equidift:ant,  running  parallel  with 
Broid  ftreetj  acrofs  the  city ;  and  bet#e«n  Broad  ftreet 
and  the  Schuylkill,  there  are  nin^  ft;reets  equidiftant 
from  each  other.  Parallel  to  Market  ftreet,  are  eight 
other  Urieets^  running eaft  and  wfcft  from  river  to  riv- 
er, and  interfeft' the  crofs  ftreets  at  right  angles;  all 
thefe  ftreetsare5o  feet  wide,  except  Arch  fl:reet,  which 
is  65  feet  wide.  All  the  ftreets  which  run  north  ai\d 
fouth,  except  Broad  ftreet  mentioned  above,  lure  50 
feet  wide.    Tlicrc  were  four  fquAres  of  eight  acres 

«  #  «*ch, 


>'■■ 


si56         P  E  N  N  S  Y  L  Y  AN  I  A. 

«a€h»  one  at  each  comer  of  the  city,  rriginatly  referv> 
ed  for  publick  and  common  ufes.  And  in  the  center 
of  the  <:ity,  where  Broad  ftreet  and  Market  ftreet  in- 
terfefl  each  other,  is  a  fquare  of  ten  acres,  referved  in 
like  manner,  to  be  planted  withTows  ..■■:  trees  for  pub- 
lick  walks.  .'f. 

Philadelphia  was  founded  in  168 >i,  by  thcicdebrat- 
cd  William  Penn,  who,  in  Oftober,  1701,  granted  a 
€harter,^ncorpoTating  the  town  with  city  privileges. 

Philadelphia  npw  contains  about  5000  houfes  ;  in 
general,  handfomeiy  built  of  brick  ;  i|nd  40,000  in- 
habitants,  compoled  of  a!r;ic-ft  all  nations  and  relij 
ions.    Their  places  for  religious  worlhip  are  .as 

lows. 

-  4. 

TLe  Friends  or  Quakers,  have  5  •  The  Sweififli  tutherans^ 


'Ug- 

fof. 


The  Prelbyterians,  0 

The  £4)ircopaliap$,  3 

The  German  Luftlirrans,  'a 

The  'German  Calvinifts,  i 
jThc  Catholjcks, 


The  Moravrans, 
The  Baptifts,         * 
The  Univerfa!  Baptlfts, 
The  Methodifts,     , 


3  f  The  Jewt, 

*    The  other  pubh'ck  buildings  in  the  city,  befides  the 

univerfity,  academies,  &c  already  mtntioned,  Arc,  tlic 

'following,  viz. 


*,f*'' 


A  houfe  of  .co'creftion,  ' 
>A  publick  faiftory  of  linen|  cot- 

toll  ^tid  Wboleo, 
A  publick  obfervatorv, 
Tiiree  brick  market  noufet^ 
A  fifh  market,  ^v 

A  publick  gaol. 


A  ftate  houfe  and  o(Bce8| 

A  city  court  houfe, 

A  county  court  houfe, 

^  carpeoter's  halj, 

A  philofophic^l-fociei^^s  hail, 

A  difpt'nfary,  • 

A  holpitxl  and  eiBc«««  #. 

.An  aimi  houfe* 

In  Market 'ftreet,  between  Front  and  Fourth  llrcets, 
is  the  principal  market,  built  of  brick,  and  is  1500  feet 
in  length.  This  market,  in  refpe£l  to  the  (Quantity, 
the' variety  aiMJlpeatne^  of  theprovifipns,  >s  note- 
quailed  in  America,  and  perlii^ps  npt' exceeded  in  the 

world.  ■'.',.■■:; 

The  PhJladelphHins  are  not  To  focial,  nor  perhaps  fo 

liofpitable  as  the  people  in  Bofton,*Cliai'lefton  and 

'New  York.    Vario«f$:caulie8lfi4v«  contributed  talhis 

'^ifierence, -Among  wluch  the  moft  operative«has  been 

the  prevaleoce  or  party  fpirit,  yrhich  hi«  been  and  is 

xarriol  to  greater  lengths  iii  this  « ity,  tha?i  in-tny  rOthor 


a* 


^»R 


\'t 


P'ENNSYLVANIA. 


»5? 


in  America  ;  yet  no  city  can  boaftof  ib  many  ufeful 
improvements  in  manufa6lures,  in  the  mechanical 
arts,  i^  the  art  of  healing,  and  particularly  in  the  fci* 
encc  of  luimanity.  In  (hort,  whether  we  confider  the 
convenient  local  fituation,  the  ftze,  the  beauty,  the  va- 
riety and  utility  bf  the  improvements,  in  mechanicks, 
in  agriculture  and  manufactures,  or. the  induliry,  the 
enterprize,  the  humanity  and  the  abilities,  of  the  in- 
habitants of  th(5-city  of  Philadelphia,  it  merits  to  be 
viewed  as  the  capital  of  the  Hourifliing  £\rriRE  of 
United  AMKRiCA. 

Lancaster  is  the  largell  inland  town  in  America, 
.1^  is  66  miles  weft  from  Philadelphia.  It  contains 
about  900  houfes,  belides  a  mod  elegant  court  houfe, 
a  number  of  handfome  churches  and  other  publick 
buildings,  and  about  4,500  fouls. 

Carcisle  is  the  featof  juftice  in  Cumberland  coun- 
Jy,  and  is  120  miles  weflward  of  Philadelphia.  It 
contains  upwards  of  1500  inhabitants,  who  live  in 
near  300  fione  houfes,  and  worllnp  in  three  churches. 
They  have  alfo  a  court  houfe  and  a  college.  Thirty 
four  years  ago,  thisi  fpot  was  a  wlldemcfs,  and  inhab- 
ited by  Irvdians  and  wild  beafts.  A  like  inftance  of 
the  rapid  progrefsof  th&^rtsof.civilized  life  isfcaice- 
ly  to  be  found  in  hiftory. 

PiTTSBURGjH,  on  the  weftem  fidc  of  the  Alleganv 
mountains,  is  320  m«les  weftward  of  Philadelphia,  is 
beautifully  fituatedon  apoirt  ollland  between  the  Al- 
legany and  Monongahela  rivers,  and  about  a  quarter 
©fa  mile  above  theirconiluence,  in  lat.  40°  26'  north. 
It  contained  in  1787,  140  houfes,  and  700  inhabitants, 
who  are  Preibyterians  and  Epifcopalians.  The  fur- 
]  ounding  country-  is  very,  hilly  bu||iertile,  and  well 
Ibored  with  excellent  coal.  « 

This  town  is  laid  out  on  Penri's  plan,  and  is  a  thor- 
oughfare for  the  incredible  number  of  travellers  from 
the  eaftem  and*middle  ftates,  to  the  fettlcments  on  the 
Ohio,  anJ  increafes  with  aftonilhing  rapidity. 

Curious  Springs. 1  In  the  neighbourhocd  of  Read- 
ing, is  a  fpnng  ab^at  fourteen  feet  deep,  arul  about 
;iQO  feet  Iquare.    A  full  mill  ftream  ilTues  from  it. 

.         .  O  The 


#^ 


.h. 


If'lBf '  ■• 


158 


P  E  N  N  S  Y  T,  V  A'  N  I  A. 


The  v/aters  are  clear  and  full  of  fifhes.  From  ap- 
pearances it  is  probable  that  thisfpring  is' the  opening 
or  outlet  of  a  very  confiderablr;  river,  Tvhich,  a  mile 
and  an  half  or  two  miles  above  this  place,  finks  into 
the  earth,  and  is  conVeiyed  to  this  outlet'  in  a  iubtcr- 
ranean  channel.      .  * 

In  the  northern  parts  of  Pcnnfylvania  there  h  a 
creek  callv<;d  Oil  creek,  which  empties  ihio  the  Alle- 
gany river.  It  iffues  from  a  fpnn^,  on  ilvs  top  ot 
which  floats  an  cH,  fimilar  to  that  called  Barbitdoes 
tar  ;  and  from  which  one  man  may  gather  Teveral 
gallons  in  a  day.  The  troops  lent  to  guaiu  the  weft- 
cm  pofts,  halfrd  at  this  fpring,  coiicflcd  fomc  of  the 


oil,  and  bathed  their  joints. 


relief  from  the.  rhc 
which  thev  were  aflefted. 


great 


This  gave  Iherh 
comp'iints    with 


vUh  it. 

o-vntiek 

The  vvi'ters,  o*^  which  the 
troops  drank  freely,  operated  as  .  gentle  purge. 

RcmarkabU  Caves.']  There  are  three  remarkable 
grottcs  or  cave?  in  thss  fiate ;  one  near  Carlifle,  in 
Cumberland  county  ;  one  in  the  townfhip  of  Durham, 
in  Beck's  county,  «,nd  the  other  at  Swetard,  in  Lan- 
tafter  county.  Of  the  two  former  1  Ijave  received 
no  parti  ihr  defcriptions.  The  latter  is  on  the  caft 
bank  of  bu  etara  river,  about  two  miles  abbVe  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Sufquehannah.  Its  entrance  is  fpa- 
cious,  and  del  ^-^nds  fo  much  as  that  the  furface  of  the 
river  is  rather  iugherthan  the  bottom  of  the  cave. 
The  vault  of  this  cavils  of  iblid  lime  done  rock,  per- 
haps twenty  feet  thick.  It  contains  (cveral  apart- 
xnentSj  foinc  of  them  very  high  and  fpacious.  The 
water  is  inceffantly  percolating  through  the  roof,  and 
falls  in  drops  to  U^  bottom  of  the  cave.  Thefe  drops 
petrify  as  they  jp|^'  and  have  gradually  formed  fotid 
pillars,  which  appear  as  jfl^pports  to  the  roof.  Thirty 
years  ago  there  were  ten  fui^h  pillars,  each  fix  inches 
in  diameter,  and  fix  feet  high  ;/all  fo  ranged  that  the 
place  they  cnclofed  refemblcd  a  fanftilary  in  a  Roman 
church.  No  royal  throne  ever  exhibited  more  gran- 
deur than  this  lufus  natunti  The  refemblances  of 
ieveral  ftionuments  are  found  indented  in  the  walls  on 
the  fides  of  the  cave,  which  appear  like  the  tombs  of 
,  departed 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


159 


CT>artevl 


httroes.     Sufpended  from  the  roof  is  *  the 


Sov^'i  o?  ihe  i  v  ;6Htes  are  'hi  a  colour  like  fugar 
tihndy,  ^id  othcnv  refemhle  loaf  fagar ;  but  their  beau> 
iy  is  much  defaced  by  the  country  people.  Thf.  wa- 
ter, which  per9pUtcs  through  the  root,  fo  much  of  it 
as  v  not  petrified  'n  its  courfe,  runs  down  the  declivi- 
ty, and  IS  bv'th  pleafant  and  wholefome  to  diink* 
There  are  fevcral  holes  in  the  bottom  of  the  cave,  dc- 
fccndlni.  t,  vrpendicularly,  perhaps  into  an  abyfs  below, 
which  renders  ii  dangerous  to  walk  without  a  light. 
At  the  end  of  the  cave  is  a  pretty  brook,  which,  after 
a  (hort  courfe,  lolies  itfelf  among  the  rocks.  Beyond 
this  brook  is  an  outlet  from  the  cave  b^r  a,very  narrow 
aperture.  Through  this  the  vapours  continually  pats 
outwards  with  a  ftrong  current  of  air,  and  afcend,  rc- 
fembling,  at  night,  the  fmoke  of  a  furnace.  Part  of 
thefe  vapours  and  fogs  appear,  on  afcending,  to  be  con- 
denfed  at  the  head  of  this  great  alembick,  and  the 
more  volatilt  parts  to  be  carried  off,  throug)x  the 
aperture  commuoicating  with  the  exteriour  air  ^^fore 
mentioned,  by  the  force  of  the  air  in  its  paflage. 

Con^ifytUon^l  By  the  prefent  conditution  of  Penn- 
fylvania,  which  was  eflablifhed  in  September,  1776^ 
all  IsgiOatiye  pcuyer^  are  lc>dg||L  in  a  (ingle  body  ,qx 
mtTO^  whicii  is  ftiled  *  The  gen^l  affembly  of  repre- 
r<$Ota^v<s,  o^  the  freJemen  of  Pennfylvania.'  The  qual- 
ification required  to  render  aperfon  eligible  to  this  ^C- 
iembly,  i#,  two  years  refidence  in- the  city  or  county 
for  which  he  is  chpfen.  The'cm^'fications  of  the 
ele^rs,  are,  full  age,  and^ne  ydR  refidence  in  the 
ftate,  with  payment  of  pubuck  taxes  during  that  time.. 
But  the  fons  of  freeholders  are  entitled  to  vote  for 
reprefentatives,  without  any  qualification,  except  full 
age.  No  man  can  be  ele^d  as  a  member  of  the  af- 
fembly  more  than/oar  years  in /even* 

The  reprefentatives  are  chofen  annually  on  the  fcc- 
ond  Tuefday  in  Oftober,  and  they  meet  on  (he  fourth 
Mon4ax<>f  th«  fatac  month. 


The 


:f- 


liio 


PENNSYLVANIA, 


The  fuprcmc  executive  pdwer  is  lodged  in  a  prcfi- 
dent,  and  a  council  confiding  of  a  member  from  each 
county.  The  prelident  is  eleitied  annually  by  the  joint 
ballot  of  the  auembly  and  council,  and  from  the  mem- 
bers of  council.  A  vice  preftdent  is  chofen  at  the 
.iame  time. 

The  counfellors  are  chofen  by  the  freemen,  every 
third  year,  and  having  fervcd  three  years,  they  arc  in- 
eligible far  the  four  fucceeding  years.  The  appoint- 
ments of  pne  third  only  of  the  members  expire  every 
year,  by  which  rotation  no  more  than  one  third  can 
be  new  members. 

New  Inventions.']  Thcfe  have  been  numerous  and 
ufcful.  Among^^dicrs  are  the  following  :  A  new 
model  of  the  praiiAiry  worlds,  by  Mr.  Rittenhoufei 
commonly,  but  improperly  called  an  orrery— a  quad- 
rant, by  IVIr,  Godrrey,  called  by  the  pbgiary  name  of 
lladlcy's  quadrant — a  fleam  boat,  fo  conllru^ed,  as 
that  by  the  aflifbmce  of  fleam,  operating  on  certain 
tnachinery  within  the  beat,  it  moves  with  confidcr- 
ablc  rapidity  againft  the  flream,  without  the  aid  of 
hands>  MefTieurs  Fitch  and  Rumfay  contend  with 
each  other  for  the  honour  of  this  invention.  A  new 
printing  prefs,  lately  invented  and  conflru£led  in  Phil- 
adelphia, worked  by  one  perfon  alone,  who  performs 
three  fourths  as  much  work  in  a  da/  as  two  perfons  at 
a  common  prefs.  ^  B^jjlples  thefc  there  have  been  in- 
vented many  manufacturing  machines,  for  carding, 
fpinning,  winnowing,  &c.  which  perform  an-immenfe 
deal  of  work  with  very  little  manual  afli (lance. 

Hijlory,']  PennfylVania  was  granted  by  KingCharles 
ir«  to  Mr.  Willk|i|  Penn,  fbn  of  the  famous  admiral 
Penn,  in  confidfflRion  oF^iis  father's  fervices  to  the 
crown.  Mr.  Penn*s  petition  for  the  grant  was  pre- 
fentcd  to  the  King  in  1680  ;  and  after  confiderable  de- 
lays, occafioned  by  Lord  Baltimore's  agent,  who  ap- 
prehended it  might  interfere  with  the  Mai  y land  pat- 
ent, the  charter  of  Pennfylvania  received  the  royal 
fignatur<5^on  the  4th  of  March,  i'68i. 

By  the  favourable  terms  which  Mr.  Penn-ofT^red 
to  fettlers,  and  an  unlimited  toleralioxf  of  all  religimis 

*        '    denominationS|    . 


D    E    L    A    W    A    Ry'  E. 


t6t 


denominations,  the  population  of  the  province  was  ex- 
tremely rapid.  Notwith (landing  the  attempts  of  tho 
proprietary  or  hisgovemours  to  extend  his  own  pow- 
er, and  accumulate  property  by  procuring  grants  from 
the  people,  and  exempting  his  lands  from  taxation,  the 
government  was  generally  mild«  tnd  the  burdens  of 
the  people  by  no  means  oppreflive.  The  lelfiiH 
defigns  of  the  proprietaries  were  vigoroufly  and 
conftantly  oppofed  by  the  aflfembly,  whcfe  firmneff 
preferved  the  charter  rights  of  th..  province. 

At  the  revolution,  the  ffovemment  was  abolifhed. 
The  proprietaries  were  abfent,  and  the  people  by  their 
reprefentatives  formed  a  new  conftitution  on  repub-* 
lican  principles.  The  proprietaries  were  ei.cluded 
from  all  (hare  in  the  government,  and  the  legiflature 
offered  them  one  hundred  and  thirty  thoufand  pounds 
in  lieu  of  all  quit  rents,  which  was  finally  accepted. 
The  proprietaries,  however,  ftill  poUipfs  in  Pennfyl- 
vania  many  large  tra£b  of  excellent  land* 

D  E  L  A  W  A  R  E. 


mllf*. 


Length  pa  )  i„^^„._  S  3*°  3o'  *n^  4®°  North  Latitude. 
Breadth  i6  j  *"**«*"  i  ^0°  4n4  I  °  45'  Weft  Longit^de. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Pennfylvania  ;  Eaft,  by 
Delaware  River  and  Bawjn^ South,  by  a  due  eaf): 
and  weft  line,  from  Cape  Hcmopen,  in  lat.  ^8°  3a'  to 
the  middle  of  the  peninfula,  which  line  divides  the 
ftate  frtwn  Worceiler  county  in  Maryland  ;  Weft,  by 
Maryland. 

Civil  Divifions,']    The  Delaw^MI  ftate  is  divided 
into  three  counties,  viz.  * 


Chief  Towns. 
Wilmington  and  Newcaftle, 
Dover. 
Milford  and  Lewiftown. 


Counties. 

Newcaftle, 

Kent, 

Sufiex, 

Rivers*']     Choptank,  Nanticok  and  Pocomoke,  all 
have  their  fources  in  this  ftate,  and  are  navigable  for 
veifeh  of  ^o  or  60  tons,  20  or  30  miles  into  the  coun- 
02^  try. 


IDS 


D    B^   L    A    W    A    R    Ev 


try.  They  all  run  a  wcdwardly  courfe  into  Ghcfa* 
peek  Bay.  The  eaftcm  fide  oi  the  (late,  along  Dela> 
ware  bay  and  river,  is  indented  with  a  great  number 
of  (mall  creeksj  but  none  conQdcrabie  enough  to  merit 
a  dcfcription. 

Soil  and  ProduSlitnsJ]  The  fouth  part  of  the  ftale 
is  a  lo  V,  flat  country,  and  a  conrtderablc  portion  of  it 
lies  in  forell.  What  is  under  cultivation  is  chiefly 
barren,  except  in  Indian  corn,  of  which  it  produces 
,;  Ane  crops.  In  (bmc  places  rye  and  ilax  may  be  raiJl« 
^  ed,  but  wheat  is  a  foreigner  in  thefe.  parts.  Where 
nature  is  deficient  in  one  rcfuurcc,  (lie  is  generally 
bountiful  in  another.  This  i.s  verified  in  the  tMily 
thick  forefls  of  pines  which  are  manufii6iured  Into 
boards,  and  exported  in  large  quantities  into  every 
fcaport  in  the  three  adjoining  ilates.  As  you  proceed 
norths  the  foil  is  more  fertile,  and  produces  wheat  in 
large  quantities,  which  is  the  Ilaple  commodity  of  the 
fb'c.  They  faife  all  the  otlier  kinds  of  grain  commoii' 
tc  Pennfylvania. 

Cliitf  TownsC]  Dover,  in  the  county  of  Ken f,  is 
the  feat  of  government.  Ii  Itands  on  Jones*  creek,  a 
few  miles  from  Delaware  river,  snd  confi/ls  of  about 
lOO  houfes',  principally  of  bi"  ^k.  Four  Ilreets  inter- 
feft  each  other  at  right  angles,  in  the  center  of  the 
town,  whole  incidencies  form  a  fpacious  parade,  on 
the  eall  iide  of  which  j|,an  elegant  ilate  houfe  of  brick. 
The  town  has  a  lively  appearance,  and  drives  on  a 
conliderable  trade  with  Philadelphia;  Wheat  is  the 
principal  article  of  export.  The  landing  is  five  or  TiX 
miles  from  the  town  of  Dover. 

Newcastle  i^^  miles  below  Philadelphiaj  on  the 
wed  bank  of  Deliware  river.  It  was  firfl  fettled  by 
the  Swedes,  about  the  year  1627,  and  called  Stock- 
helm.  It  was  afterwar-ds^taken  by  the  Dutch,  and 
called  New  Amflerdam.  When  it  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Englilh,  it  was  called  by  its  prefenl  name.  It 
contains  about  60  houfes,  which  have  the  afpetlof 
decay,  and  was  formerly  the  fea  of  government. — 
This  is  the  lirft  town  that  was  fettled  on  Delaware 


nver. 


WlLMlli'GTON 


■a" 


D    E    L    A    W    A-    R*^s  1^3 

WiiMiNGTOM  is  fituated  a  mile  and  a  half  wed  of- 
DcUware  liver,  on  Chniliana  creek,  28  miles  IbuHi- 
wafd  frovn  Philadelphia.     It  is  much  the  largeli  and 

f)leafantc(l  town  in  Uie  iiatey  containing  about  400 
lOuCes,  which  are  hindlomely  buiU  upon  a  gentle  ar'- 
cent  of  an  eminence,  and  fhovv  to  ||roat  advantage  as 
you  fail  up  the  Delaware. 

Befides  other  publick  buildings,  there  is  a  flouridi- 
ing  academy  of  about  40  or  50  fcholars,  who  arc  tauaht 
the  languages,  and  fome  of  the  fcienccs,  by  an  able  in- 
ltru6lor.  This  academy,  in  proper  time,  is  intended 
to  be  erc61%d  into  a  college.  Thure  is  another  acade- 
my at  Newark,  in  this  county,  which  was  incorporat- 
ed in  1769,  and  then  had  1 4  truftees. 

MiLt'ORo,  the  little  emporium  ot  Suflex  county,  is 
fituatcd  at  the  fource  of  a  fmall  river,  15  miles  from 
Delaware  bay,  and  150  fouthward  of  Philadelphia. 
This  town,  wliich  contains  about  80  houfcs,  has  been 
built,  except  one  houfe,  (ince  the  revolution.  It  is 
laid  out  with  much  tafte,  and  is  by  no  means  difagrcc- 
able.  The  inhabitants  are  Epifcopalians,^  Quakers 
and  Methodifls* 

Duck  Creek,  is  12  miles  north  weft  from  Dover, 
and  has  about  60  houfes,  which  Hand  on  one  llrcet. 
It  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  Philadelphia^ 
and  certainly  merits  a  more  pompous  name.  A  milo 
fouth  from  this  is  fituated  Goveniiour  Colhns'  planta- 
tion. His  houfe,  which  is  large  and  elegant,  flands  a 
Quarter  of  a  rpile  from  the  road,  and  has  a  pleaiing  cf- 
left  upon  the  eye  of  the  traveller. 

Trade.^  The  trade  of  this  (late,  which  is  inconfid- 
erable,  is  carried  on  principally  withpjPhiladelphia,  in 
boats  and  (hallops^  The  articles  exported  are  princi- 
pally wheat,  corn,  lumber  and  hay. 

Rdigwn.']  There  aic,  in  this  ftate,  21  Prefbyterian 
congregations,  belonging  to  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia; 
feven  Epifcopal  churches ;  fix  congregations  of  Bap- 
tifts,  containing  about  218  fouls  ;  four  congregations 
of  the  people  called  Quakers ;  bcfidesa  Swediflb  church 
at  Wilmington,  which  is  one  of  the  oldeft  churches  in 
the  United  States  j  and  a  nuijiber  of  Methodifls.    AU 

^j*,'  thcfe 


",'iv^ 


I 


164 


^t 


L    A 


W    A    R    E, 


thefe  denominations  have  free  toleration  by  the  con- 
ilitution,  and  live  together  in  harmony. 

Population  and  Chara^er,']  In  the  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia,  in  the  fummer  of  1787,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  this  ftate  were  reckoned  at  37,000,  which  is 
about  a6  for  every  iquare  mile.  There  is  no  obvious 
chara£leri(lical  difference  between  the  inhabitants  of 
this  ftate  and  the  Pennfylvanians. 

Conjlitution.^  At  the  revolution,  the  three  lower 
counties  on  Delaware  became  independent  by  the 
name  of  The  Delaware  State,  Under  their  pi  efent  con- 
ititution,  which  was  eftablifhed  in  September,  1 776* 
the  legiflature  is  divided  into  two  dihinfl:  branches, 
which  together  are  ftiled  The  General  AJfembly  of  Dek' 
ware.  One  branch,  called  the  Houje  of  AJemblyf  con- 
fifts  of  fevcn  reprefentatives  from  each  of  the  three 
counties^  chbfen  annually  by  the  freeholders.  The 
other  branch,  called  the  CoMRrt/,  confifti  of  nine  mem- 
bers, three  for  a  county,  who  mu.i  be  more  than  twen- 
ty five  years  of  age,  choTen  likr.wife  by  the  freehold- 
ers. A  rotation  of  members  is  eftabliflied  by  difplac- 
ing  one  member  for  a  county  at  the  end  of  every 
year. 

A  prefident  or  chief  magiftrate  is  chofeQ  by  the  joint 
ballot  of  both  houfes,  and  continues  in  office  three 
years*,  at  the  expiration  of  which  period,  he  is  fael- 
igible  the  three  fuctfeeding  years.  A  privy  council, 
confiding  of  four  members,  two  from  each  houfe, 
chofen  by  ballot,  is  coilllituted  to  aflift  the  chief  mag- 
iftrate  in  the  adminiftration  of  the  government. 

The  three  juftices  of  the  fupreme  court,  a  judge  of 
admiralty,  and  lour  jufflces  of  the  common  pleas  and 
orphans  courts  are  appointed  by  the  joint  ballot  of  the 
prelident  and  general  affemblyjjind  commidioned  by 
the  prefident — to  hold  their  ofmes  during  good  be- 
haviour. The  prefident  and  priv^  council  appoint 
tiie  fecretary^  the  attorney  general,  regifters  for  the 
probate  of  wills,  regiftters  in  chancery,  clerks  of  the 
common  pleas  and  orphans  courts,  and  clerks  of  the 
peace,  who  hold  their  offices  during  five  years,  unlefs 
iboner  removed  for  malcondu£l» 

Th© 


!^ 


% 


>ff 


M    A    R    Y    L    A    J4 


r6.? 


The  Court  of  Appeals  confifts  of  fcvcn  pcrfuna— Ums 
prefuienr,  who  is  a  member,  and  prefidesby  virtue  of 
(lis  o^Hce,  and  fix  otheri,  three  to-be  chol'en  by  the  Ic- 
gidalive  council,  and  three  by  the  houfu  oFalFcmblv. 
'J  o  this  court  appeals  lie  from  the  fmircme  court,  in 
M  matters  of  law  and  equity. 

In  1674,  Charles  II.  granted  to  his  brother,  Duke  of 
York,  all  that  country  called  by  the  Dutch  New  Ncth" 
erlanis  of  which  the  three  counties  of  No \vcafl.le,  Kent 
and  SufTcx  were  a  part. 

In  1683,  the  Duke  of' York,  by  deed,  dated  Auguft 
24th»  lold  to  William  Pcnn  the  town  of  Newcaftle, 
with  the  diflrifl:  of  is  miles  round  the  (ame  *,  and  by 
another  deed,  of  the  fame  date,  granted  to  liim  the  re- 
mainder of  the  territory^  which,  till  the  revolution, 
was  calbd  the  "fhree  Lotuer  CounlieSf  and  has  fince  been 
called  the  Deb  ware  State.  ..Till  1776,  thefe  three 
counties  were  oftifidered  as  a  part  of  Pennfylvania  in 
matters  of  government.  The  fame  Covernour  pre- 
fided  over  Bath,  but  thdalTembly  and  courts  of  judi- 
cature were  difllerent ;  different  as  to  their  conftituent 
members,  but  in  form  nearly  the  fame. 


4 


'M(«"i 


MARY    LA   N    D. 


nIM. 


Length   134?  u,.u,„„  S  37"  56'  and  39O  u'  North  La 
Breadth  110  J  *'"'^""  I  o^  and  40  30''  Weft  Lungicud 


Lztktwde, 
e. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Pennfylvania ;  Eaft,  by  tho 
Delaware  Hate  i  Southeaft  and  South,  by  the  At- 
lantick  Ocean,  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  ocean  over 
the  pehinfula  (dividing  it  from  Accomack  county Jn 
Virginia)  to  the  mouth  of  Patornak  river ;  thence  up 
the  Patornak  to  its  firft'fbuntain ;' thence  by  a  due  north 
line  till  it  interfe£l5th#fouthern  boundary  of  Pennfyl- 
vania^ in  lat  39°  41'  18'',  fo  that  it  haS' Virginia  on  the 
fouth,  foutliwed  and  weft.  It  contains  about  14,000 
fquare  miles,  of  which  about  one  fixth  i&water. 

ft  Ciyil  Divifions.']  Maryland  is  divided  into  i&coun- 
ties,  10  of  which  are  on  the  weftern,  and  8  on  die  eaft- 
«rn  fhofc  of  Chefapcek  Bay,  Thefe,  with  their  pop- 
ulaiiott  in^i7P2,  areasfollows;  CouNtiEs, 


0 


^ 


■#* 


>»• 


■*>, 


■  '■*--- 


»»•' 


(  • 


166,  iitA""R 

Y    L 

'  A   Nr  D# 

Cqumtixi. 

— ^ 

Fre-  males  above 
lb  years  of  age* 

Nanoberof  white 
inhabitants. 

w    ■ 

"••                ^            #•     M     «^        m 

5           c4        »  „  w     J 

00 

St.  Mary's, 

Somerfet,* 

Calvert, 

Montgomery, 

Wafliington, 

Queen  Ann's,* 

Caroline,* 

Kent,* 

Charles, 

Talbot,*    '       . 

Dorchefter,* 

Baltimore, 
,  Ann  Arundel) 

Worcefter,* 
'  Harford, 

CoBCil,* 

Frederick, 

Prince  George's. 

i,J73 

1,^98 

894 

2,i6c 

2.579 
1, 74* 
1,293 

»>394 
2,  lie 

*,47| 
1, 1^8 

3,165 

2,2Zr. 

733 
«,243 
a,ooo 

3,785 
2,259 

8,459 

7.787 

4,01a. 

10,011 

11,488 

7,767 
6,23c 
6,165 
9,8c< 

6,744 

,  9,377 

7,745 

20,495 

9,864 

0   -         00         0   <-   ^tt 

•5S   SS     ^2  2>^ 

•:'s  ^l  .2-a^s: 

JO      ifl  ^     fli  0  «  a 

I       SPo*  S?o'  «•  0  9* 

S5           ..    *      • 

Total  3s,268li70,68«|                                         \W 

N.  B.    Thofe  counties  marked  (*)  :  are  on  the  ealt,  the  reft  are 
on  the  weft  fide  of  the  Chefapeek  Bay. 

Each  df  the  countioB  fend&  four  repxtfcntativ^s  to* 
lutt  Houfe  ofDelegateS)  betides  which  the  city  of  An- 
napolis, and  town  of  Baltimore  fend  each  two,  mak- 
ing in  the  whole  76  members. 

'  Ciimate.l  Generally  mild  and  agreeable,  fuited  to 
agricultural  produ£iions,.  and  a  great  varietVjpf  fl^iit 
trees.  In  the  interiour  billy  country  the  inmkbitanfs 
Hjgf  healthy ;  but  in  the  flat  coimtry,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood ofsthe  marflies  and  ftagnant  wacerSj  they  are,  as 
in  the  other  fouthom  ftates)  iuhjeft  to  intermittents. 

Bays  ami  Rivers,'j  Chefap^  Bay,  as  we  have  al-  , 
ready  hinted,  divides  this  ilate  ifto  the  eaftern  and 
weftern  divitions.  ^  This  Bay,  which  is  th^  largeft.in 
the  United  States,wasparticu?arly  defcribf.d,  page  42. 
It  affords  feveral  good<  niheries ;  and.  in  a  commerd^l 
view,  is  of  immenle  advantage  ..to  the  flate,  ^li  re- 
ceives a  number  of  tlic  large'l  rivers  in  the  Unjted 

,    States. 
'#■  .-  *-', 


.#3 


M  ,.A  R  Y  L  M^-Sm±  ^^^ 
"States.  From  the  caf tern  fliore  ifiliar^Mi#liinong 
other  fmallcr  ones,  it  receives  Pokomoke,  Choptank, 
Chefter  and  Elk  rivers.  From  the  north  the  rapid 
"Sufquchannah  ;  and  from  the  weft  Patapfco,  Severn^ 
Patuxent  and  Patomal;,  half  of  which  is  in  Maryland, 
and.  half  in  Virginia.  Except  the  Sufquehannah  and 
Patomak)  thefe  are  fmall  rivers.        * 

Face  of  the  Countrj ,  Soil  and  ProduSlions,~\  Eaft  of 
the  blue  ridge  of  mountains,  which  ftretches  acrofs  the 
weftern  part  of  this  ftatc,  the  land,  like  that  in  all  the 
fouthern  ftates,  is  generally  level  and  free  of  ftones. 
Wheat  and  tobacco  arc  the  ftaple  commodities  of  Ma- 
ryland. In  the  interiour  country,  on  the  uplands, 
confiderable  quantities  of  hemp  and  flax  are  raifed. 

Population  and  Chara6ler.'\  The  population  of  thi« 
ilate  IS  exhibited  in  the  foregoing  table,  hy  that  it 
appears  that  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  (late  in- 
cluding the  negroes,  is  254,050  ;  which  is  18  for 
every  fquare  mile.  Tbe  inhabitants,  except  in  the 
populous  towns,  li^e  on  their  plantations,  often  fev- 
cral  miles  di#ant  from  each  other.  To  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  middle,  and-efpecially  of  the  eaftcrn  ftates, 
which  are  tRickly  populated, they  appear  to  live  very 
retired  and  unfocial  li^es.  The  effefts  of  this  com- 
parative iolit^de  are  vifible  in  the  countenances  as  well 
as  in  the  manners  and  drefs  ol^  the  countn^  people. 
You  obferve  very  little  of  that  cheerful  fprightlinefs 
of  Ioo'k  and  aftton  which  is  the  invariable  and  genuine 
offspring  of  fo  ;  ntercourfe.  Nor  do  you  find  thjit^ 
attentionpaid  v  '  :fs,  which  is  common,  and  whiqfr  • 
decen<j|||md  prop,  iciy  have  rendered  necetfary,  among 
people  who  are  liable  to  receive  company  almoft  ev- 
ery day.  Unaccuftomed,  in  a  great  meafure,  to  thdfe 
frequent  and  friendly  vifits,  they  often  fuffer  a  negli- 
gence in  their  drcfs  which  bord<!ts  on  flovenlinefs. 
There  is  apparently #difcon folate  wildnefs  in  their 
«ountQnances,  andltn  indolence  and  inaftivity  in  their 
whole  behaviour,  which  are  evidently  the  effiefts  of 
folitude  and  flavery.  As  the  negroes  perform  all  the 
n«in\jal  labour,  their  mafters^  are  left  to  faunter  away 
life  in  floth,  and  too  oftcii  inrsgnorance. ,  Thefe  ob- 

fcrvation^ 


#  ^; 


sa 


'*'ii 


#' 


•*». 


''^ 


^,  * 


168  \-j^|^k#W^    Y    L    A    N    D. 

fer^PllMKPRb^ilIlP^  in  jufticc  be  limited  to  the 

people  in  the  country,  artd  to  thofc  particularly,  whole 
poverty  or  parfimony  pr^'vents  their  fpending  a  pat>t 
of  their  time  in  populous  towns,  or  otherwiTc  min^ 
gling  with  the  wotld.  And  with  thele  limitations 
I  hey  will  equally  apply  to.  all  the  fouthern  flates..  The 
inhabitants  of  thft  populous  towns,  and  thofe  from  the 
country  who  have  intetcourfc  with  them,  are  in  their 
manners  and  cufloms  like  the  people  of  the  other  dates 
in  like  fituaticns. 

That  pride  which  grows  on  flavcry  and  is  habitual 
^  thofe,  who,  from  their  infancy,  are  taught  to  believe 
and  to  feel  their  fuperiorily,  isavifible  charafteriflitk 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland.  But  with  this  cha- 
jafteriftick  we  mud  not  fail  to  conneft  that  of  hofpi- 
iality  to  ftrangers,  which  is  equally  univerfal  and  ob- 
vious, and  is,  perhaps,  in  part  the  offspring  of  it.  The 
inhabitants  are  made  up  of  various  nations  of  many 
■different  religious  fcntiments,,  ,^. 

Chief  Towns.']  Annapolis  {"ckyj  is  the  capital  of 
Maryland,  ardfthe  wcalthieft  town  of»its  fize  in  A- 
.nierica.  It  is  fituated  juft'Stt  the  mouth  of  Severn  riv- 
er, 30  miles  Ibuth  of  Baltimore.  It  is  a  place  of  little 
note  in  the  commercial  world.  The  houfes,  about 
260  in  number,  are  generally  large  and  elegant,  indic- 
ative of;Jreat  wealth.*  The  Stadt  Houfe  is  the  ncbled 
.building  of  the  kind  in  America. 

Baltimore  has  had  themoff  rapid  growth  of  any 
town  on  the  continent,  and  is  the  fourth  in  fize  and 
the  fifth  in  trade  in  the  United  States.  It  lies  in  lat. 
^j^cf  21 ',  on  the  north  fide  of  Patapfco  riv<*jiBround 
what  is  called  the  Bafon.  The.  fituation  of  the  town 
if  low.  The  houfes  were  nymbered  in  1787,  and 
iound  to  be  1955  ;  about, 1200  of  which  were  in  the 
town,  and  the  reft  at  Fell's  point.  The  number  of 
llores  was  152,  and  of  churchts  nine  ;  which  belong 
to  Getmai  Calvinids  and  Lutherans,  EpifcopaUans,, 
Prefbyterians,  Roman  Catholicks,  Baptifts.  Method- 
ifts,  Quakers,  Nicolites,  or  New  Quaker^.  The  num- 
hcr  of  inhabitants  is  between  10  and  1 1,000.  There 
.Aie  many  yery  rcfpeftablefamilics  in  J3altimf?rf*who 


M  "^A    R    Y 

live  genteely,  -are  hofpttable  tdnpHmgflVfmWPPinam- 
tain  a  friendly  and  invprovtng  inleicourfe  with  each 
other ;  but  the  buMc  of  the  inhabitar>t8,  recently  col- 
lefted  from  almoft  all  quarters  of  the  world,  bent  on 
the  purfuit  of  wealth,  varying  in  their  habits,  their 
manners  and  their  religions,  if  thcv  have  any,  arc  un-  . 
{bcial,  unimproved  and  inhcfpitable. 

North  and  eaft  of  the  town  ibA  land  rifes,  and  af- 
fords a  fine  profpeft  of  the  town  and  bay.  Heividera, 
the  feat  of  Colonel. Howard,  exhibits  one  of  the  fineft 
landfcapes  in  nature.  The  town,  the  point,  the  {hip- 
ping, both  in  the  bafon  and  at  Fell's  pdint,  the  bay  as 
fer  as  the  eye  can  reach,  rifmg  ground  on  the  right  and 
left  of  the  harbour,  a  grove  of  trees  on  the  dsciivity 
at  the  right,  a  ftream  of  water  breaking  ov«r  the  rocks 
at  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  the  left^  aU  confpire  to  com- 
plete Ihe  beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  profpcft. 

Trade.']  ^»|^he  trade  of  Maryland  is  principally  car- 
ried on  from  Baltimore,  with  the  othelUlaies,  with  the 
Wefl  Indies,  and  with  fome  parts  of  Europe.  To 
thefc  places  they  lend  «nnually,  about  30,000  hog{- 
heads  of  tobacco,  befides  large  quantities  of  wheat, 
flour,  pig  iron,  lumber  and  ^orn— ^beans,  pork  aiid 
flax  feed  in  fmaller  quantities  ;  and  receive  in  return, 
clothing  for  themfelves  and  negroes,  and  other  dry 
goods,  wines,  fpirits^  fugars,  and  other  Weft  India 
commodities.  The  balance  is  generally  in  their  fa- 
'-Vo'ir. 

^  RcUi]ion.'^  The  Roman  Catholicks,  who  were  the 
•-firft  fettlers  in  Maryland,  are  the  moft  numerous  rellg- 
ious  ipi.  Befides  thefe  there  ate  Profeftant  Epifc<i- 
•palians,  Englifh,  Scotch  and  Irifh  Prelbyterians,  Ger- 
man Calv'inills,  German  Lutherans,  Friends,  Baptifts, 
of  whom  there  are  about  twenty  congregations,  Meth- 
odifls,  Mennonifts,  Nicdlitcs,  ol#Jcw  Quakers. 

Colki;es.~\  The  cHleges  in  this  ilafe  have  all  be?n 
founded  fincc  the  year  1782,  and  are,  yet  in  their  in- 
fancy. The  names  of  the  feverai  feminaries  are,  Wafh- 
>vigton  CoU^ge,  at  Cherftertown,  inflituted  in  1782, 
•St.j^ohns  College,  at  Annjfpolis,  founded  in  i7»4, 
*Oii^hry  College,  at  Abingdoa,  inftituted  by  the  Mcth- 
-^-'  ^       P  xjdifts 


Wi 


f 


*>»«w 


4- 


^yo 


Y    L    A    N    O. 


ndifls  ittfH^.    ^^^  ^  college  founded  by  the  Ro- 
man Catholicks-  at  G  eorgetown. 

There  are  a  few  other  literary  inflitutions,  of  inferi- 
our  note,  in  different  p4rls  of  the  ftatc,  and  provifion  is 
made  for  free  fchools  in  moft  of"  the  counties  ;  though 
fome  are  entirely  negletled,  and  very  few  carried  on 
with  any  fuccefs  ;  fo  that  a  great  propoition  of  the 
lower  ciafs  of  people  are  ignorant ;  and  there  are  not 
a  iew  who  rannot  write  their  names.  But  the  revo- 
liition,  among  other  happy  effefts-,  has  roufed  the  fpirit 
of  education  which  is  faft  fpreading  its  falufary  influ- 
ences over  tiiis  ?nci  the  ether  fouthern  flates. 

Coijfiitui'on.']  I'he  legiflature  is  compofed  of  two 
diflinft  brnn'-hes,  a  Senate  and  Houfe  of  Delegates, 
and  fliled  The  Central  Ajfembly  of  Maryland.  The  Sen- 
ate confifls  of  15  members,  chcfcn  every  five  years. 
Nine  of  thefc  muft  be  refidents  on  the  weflern  fhore, 
and  fix  on  the  eaftern }  they  muft  be  moseihan  twen- 
ty five  years  c#  age  ;  mufl  have  refided  in  the  flate 
more  than  three  years  next  preceding  the  election,  and 
]«ve  real  and  perfonal  property  above  the  value  of 
a  thoulaftd  pounds.  The  houfe  of  delegate,  is  com- 
pofed of  four  members  £r)r  each  county,  chofen  annu- 
ally on  the  fir  ft  Monday  in  Oftober.  The  city  of 
Annapolis  and  tov/n  of  Baltimore  fend  each  two  del- 
egates. The  qualifications  of  a  delegate,  are,  full  age, 
fnie  year's  refidence  in  th3  county  where  he  is  chofen, 
and  real  or  perfonal  property  above  the  value  of  five 
hundred  pounds. 

The  qualifications  of  a  freeman,  are,  full  age,  a  free- 
hold eftate  of  fifty  acres  of  land,  and  aftual  rclillfence 
in  the  coun'y  where  he  offers  to  vote — property  to  the 
value  of  tairty  pounds  in  any  part  of  the  flate — and  a 
year's  refidence  in  the  county  where  he  offers  to  vole. 

On  the  fecond  Mofi^ay  in  November,  annually,  a 
Crovernour  Is  appointed  by  tae  joint  ballot  of  both 
l.oufcs.  The  Governour  cannot  continue  in  office 
longer  than  three  years  fuccefTivelVj  nor  be  eleftcd 
until  the  expiration  of  four  years  after  he* has  been 
out  of  oiBice.  The  qualifications  for  the  chief  magif- 
U  acy,  are,.tvventy,five  years  of  age,  five  years  rcfidcncSi 


f 


U    A    R:    t    L    Mt    %i#.  171 

in  the  flate,  next  preceding  the  elcition,  ati^  teal  and 
jicrfonal  edate  above  the  value  of  five  thoufand 
pounds,  one  thoufand  oF  which  muft  be  freehold  cftatc. , 

This  conliitutron  was  edablilhed  by  a  conventioa 
of  delegates,  at  Annapolis,  Auguft  14,  1776. 

HiJiory.'\  Maryland  was  granted  by  King  Charles 
I.  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  Baron  of  Bahimorc,  in  Ireland, 
June  20,  1632,  The  government  of  the  province, 
was,  by  charter,  vefled  m  the  proprieJary  ;  but  it  ap- 
pears that  he  either  never  exerrifed  thcfe  powers  alone, 
or  but  for  a  fhort  time. 

The  Hon.  Leonard  Calver'.,  Elq.  Lord  Baltimore's 
brother,  was  the  firft  Governour,  or  I  'eutenant  Gen- 
eral. In  1638,  a  law  was  paOTedi  conftituting  the  firll 
regular  Houfe  of  Ajfemhly^  which  was  to  confift  of  fuch 
icprefentatives,  called  Burgcjfes,  as  (hould  be  eleftcd 
purfuant  to^rits  iiTued  by  the  Governour.  Thefe 
burgelTes  ptjll:{red  all  the  powers  of  the  perfons  eleBfn^ 
than  ;  but  by  any  other  freemen,  who  did  not  adent 
to  the  eleftion,  might  take  their  (eats  in  pcifon.— . 
Ttodve  burgefles  or  freemen,  with  the  Lieutenant 
General  and  fecretary,  conftituted  the  affembly  or  le- 
giflature.  This  affembly  fat  at  St.  Mary's,  one  of  the 
fouthern  counties,  which  was  the  firil  fettled  part  of 
Maryland,  . 

In  1689,  the  government  was  taken  out  of  the 
hands  of  Lord  Baltimore  by  the  grand  convention  of 
England.  Mr.  Copley  was  appointed  Governour  by 
commiffion  from  William  and  Maiy,  in  1692,  when 
the  Protejlant  religion  was  ellablifhed  by  law. 

In  1716,  the  government  of  this  province  was  re- 
ftored  10  the  proprietary-  and  continued  in  his  hands 
till  the  late  revolution  ;  when,  being  an  abientee,  his 
propertv  in  the  lands  was  confifcateu,  and  the  govern- 
ment affir.ned  by  the  freemen  of  the  piovince,  who 
formed  the  conftitution  now  exlfling.  At  the  clofe 
of  the  war,  Henry  Harford,  Efq.  the  natural  fon  and 
heir  of  Lcyd  Baltimore,  p^bitioned  the  legillature  of 
Maryland  for  his  eftate  :  ut  his  petition  was  not 
granted.  Mr.  Haiford  c  flimated  his  lois  of  quit  rents, 
at  20  years  purchafe,  and  including  arrears,  at 

£.259,-488 ; 


i7« 


VIRGINIA. 


,^ 


£'.259,488  :  5  :  () — dollars  at  'jJS  \  and  the  value  of  hji> 
manors  and  rclcrvcd  lands  at  £'.327,441  of  the  fama 
money. 


Y    I    R    G    I   N    I    A. 


and  14^ 


^       fV  ^^tit  (  3^'°  3^)'  and  4cO  North  Latitude* 

tLk  '.T»  I  between  \     The  Meridian  of  Philadclihia, 
treadth224i  (  Well  LongltuJe. 

BOUN:  yED  Eafl,  by  ihe  Atlantitk  ocean  ;  North, 
by  PennCylvania  and  the  river  Ohio  ;  Weft,  by 
the  MifTiiii^i^i ;  South,  by  Norih  Carolina.. 
■  '!  :i"^i'  boundaries  include  an  area  fomewhat  trian- 
gulav  V  ,121,525  miles, whereof  79,650  lie  wcftwari 
of  the  i-'-llc"aiiy  mountains,  and  57,034  wrllward  of 
the  meriili,  >  of  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanhaway. 
This  ftate  is  therefore  one  third  laiger  thin  the  iflan^s 
«f  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  whidi  are  reckoned  at 
88,357  fquare  miles. 

Rivers.']  The  principal  rivers  in  Virginia;,  are, 
Roanokti  Jama  rivers  which  receives  the  Rivanna, 
Apparnattox,  Chitkahominy,  Namemond  and  Eliza- 
be  Jis  rivers,  York  river,  which  is  forn'.ed  by  the  junc- 

*  liontjft'amultky  and  Mattapony  rivers,  Rappahannok, 
and  Paiotnak.  Of  thefe  rivers  the  Patomak  demands 
a  particular  defcription,  not  only  bccaufe  of  its  fize  and 
importance  to  r.avig;»Mon,  but  efpecialiy  on  acrouvit  of 

.  the  noble  and  f  xpcnfive  works  that  are  carrying  on 
>ipon  it  under  tlic  particular  dirc£lion  and  patronage 
•r  the  illuftrious  PreGdent  of  the  United  States. 

The  diftance  from  the  Capcsof  \'irginia  to  the  ter- 
aninat-ion  of  the  tide  water  in  this  river  is  above  30'^ 
miles  ;  and  navigable  for  (hips  of  the  greatpft  burtheij, 
nearly  ro  that  place.  From  tbcnce  this  river,  ob- 
llrufted  by  fi)ur  confulerable  falls,  extends  through  a 
vaft  trad  of  inhabited  country  towards  its  fou.ce. 
Thefe  falls  are,  ift,  the  Lit ik  Falls ^  three  miles  above 
tidewater,  in  which  diflance  there  is  a  fall  of  36  feet; 
2d,  the  Great  Falls^  fix  miles  higher,  where  is  a  fall  of 
76  icct  ia  one  mil'i  anda  qwarter.;  3d,  the  Seneca  Falcj^ 

fix. 


VIRGINIA. 


>73  . 


fix  miles  above  the  former,  which  form  fhort,  irregu- 
lar rapids,  with  a  fall  of  about  lo  feet ;  and  4th,  the 
Shitiandozh  Fallsr,  60  miles  from  the  Senecoj  Vihcro^ 
is  a  fall  of  about  30  feet  in  three  miles ;  From  which  • 
laft,  Fort  Cuviicrland  is  about  120  miles  diflant.  Tlic 
obftruflions,  which  are  oppofed  to  the  navigation 
above  and  between  thefe  falls,  are  of  little  confeauence. 
Early  in  the  year  17.85,  the  Icgi.latures  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland  paflfed  a6ls  to  encourage  opening  the 
navigation  of  this  river.  U  was  edimated  that  the 
expenfe  of  the  works  would  amount  to  ^.50,000 
ftcrling,  and  ten  years  were  allowed  for  their  compic-  ' 
tio;.  At  prcfent  the  pref  dent  and  diretlors  of  the  in- 
corporated company  fuppofe  that  £'.4^5,000  will  be^, 
adequate  to  the  operation,  and  that  it  will  be  accorn- 
plifhcd  in  a  Ihor'er  period  than  u as  flipulated.  Their 
calculations  are  founded  on  the  progrels  already  made, 
and  the  fummary  mode  lately  edablilhed  for  enforcing 
the  colle£lion  of  the  dividends,  as  the  money  may  be- 
come neceffary.  On  each  fhare  of  £*.  100,  the  pay- 
ment cf  only  £^.40  has  )(et  been  demanded. 

According  to  the  opinion  of  the  prefidcnt  and  di- 
refturs,  f^chs  will  be  neceffary  at  no  more  than  two 
places,  the  Great  and  the  Little  Falls  :  Itk  at  tne  form- 
er, and  three  at  the  latter.     At  the  latter  nothing  has 
yet  been  attempted.     At  the  Great  Falls,  where  the 
difiicuUies  were  judged  by  many  to  be  inhirmountable, 
the  work  is  nearly  completed,  except  finking  the  loch 
feats  and  infcrting  the  frames.     At  the  Seneca  Falls  the 
laborious  part  of  the  bufinc.'s  is  entirely  accomplifhed, 
by  removing  the  obflacles  and  graduating  the  def'cenf  : 
f{)  that  nothing  remains  but  to  finifii  tho  channel  for 
this  gentle  current  in  a  w6rkmanlike  manner.     At  the 
Shmafidoah,  where  the  river  breaks  through  the  Blue 
Ridge,  tliough  a  prodigious  quantity  of  labour  has  been 
bsflowed,  yet  much  is  Hill  to  be  done  before  tJie  pai- 
fage  «vill  oe  perfefted.      Such  proficiency  has  been 
made,  however,  that  it  was  expcfted,  if  the  fummer 
had  not  proved  uncommonly  rainy,  and  the  rivcr  Un- 
commonly high,  an  avenue  for  a  partial  navigation 
would  have  been  opened  by  the  firii  of  January,  1 789, 
Pa  "  from 


»74 


V    I    R    6    I    N    I    Av 


from  Fort  Cumberland  to  the  Great  Fall*,  which  are 
within  nine  miles  of  a  (hipping  port.  As  it  has  hap- 
pened, it  may  roquirca  conftdcidblc  pait  of  this  year 
lor  its  accomplifhinent. 

As  foon  as  the  proprietors  (hall  begin  to  receive 
toll,  they  will  doubtlefs  find  an  ample  compcnfation 
for  their  pecuniary  advances.  By  an  elliniate  madv-v 
many  years  ago,  it  was  calculated  that  the  amount,  in 
the  commencement,  would  be  at  the  rate  of /\u,^'75v 
Virginia  currency,  per  annum.  The  toll  mufl  every 
year  become  more  produftive  ;  as  the  (Quantity  of  arti- 
cles for  exportation  will  be  augmented  in  a  rapid  ratio, 
with  the  increafe  of  population  and  the  cxtcntion  of 
fetdements.  In  ihe  mean  time  the  effect  will  tc  im- 
mediately fcen*n  the  agriculture  of  die  interiour  coun- 
t»^' ;  for  th^  multitude  of  horfes  now  employed  in 
canying  produce  to  market,  will  then  be  ufcd  alto- 
gether lor  the  purpofes  of  tillage.  But,  in  order  to 
form  juft  conceptions  of  the  utility  of  this  inland  nav- 
igation, it  would  be  requihte  to  notice  the  long  rivers 
which  empty  into  the  Patom^tk,  and  even  to  take  a  fur- 
vey  of  the  geographical  pofition  of  the  IVe/lern  Waters, 

The  She>ianJjah,  which  difembogucs.  juft  above  (he 
Blue  Mountains,  may,  according'  ro  report,  be  made 
navigable,  at  a  trifling  expenii?,  more  than  1 50  miles. 
Irom  Its  confluence  with  the  Patomak  ;  and  will  rc- 
t:cive  and  bear  the  produce  of  the  richeft  part  cf  the 
ilate.  The  Scnth  Branch,  ftill  higher,  is  navigable  in 
its  aflual  condition  nearly  or  quite  loaniiles,  through 
exceedingly  fertile  lands.  Between  thefe,  on  the  Vir- 
ginia fide,  are  fcveral  Imalkr  rivers,  that  may  with  fa- 
cility be  improved,  fo  as  to  afford  a  paflagc  for  boats. 
On  the  Maryland  fide  are  the  Monocafy,  Antieiair,  and 
Conegochea«ue,  fome  cf  which  pafs  through  the  ftate 
•f  Maryland,  and  have  their  fources  in  Pennfylvania.. 

From  Fort  Cuml^rland  (or  Wilh*  creel/,  one  or 
two  good  waggon  roads  may  be  had  (where  the  difta-ic  e 
is  faid  by  fome  to  be  35  aod  by  others  40  miles)  to  the 
Yohngany,  a  large  and  navigable  branch  of  the  Mo- 
jifmgahela  ;  which  laft  forms  a  jwnftion  with  the  Al- 
legany at  Fort  Pitt ;  from  whence  the  river  takes  the, 

name 


VIRGINIA^. 


*7J 


rmnt  of  Ohio,  until  U  loofcs  itscjrrentand  name  in  the 

Mi/t/ippL 

But,  by  palling  farther  up  the  Patomak  than  Fort 
Cumbciiaml,  which  may  veiy  cafily  be  done,  a  port- 
age by  a  g<*od  waggon  road  to  the  Cheat  river,  another 
hr;5c  branch  of  the  Monongahcia,  can  he  obtained- 
tiroagh  a  f^jace  which  fome  iay  is  20,  others  22,  others- 
5,5,  and  none  more  than  30  miles. 

When  we  have  arriv^ed  at  either  of  thefe  weftera' 
waters,  the  navigation  through  ihat'imnvcnfe  region  is.. 
opened  in  a  thoufand  din-dions,  and  to  the  lake* 
in  fiveral  places  by  portages  of  Icf.i  tlian  ten  miles  ;• 
and  by  one  portage,,  it  is  aderied,  of  not  more  than  a- 
fingle  mile. 

Noiwithftanding  it  was  fneeringly  faid  by  fbme  for- 
eigners, at  ihe  beginning  of  this  undertaking,  that  thef 
Americans  were  fond  of  engaging  in  fplendid  projctU- 
wliich  they  could  never  accomplilh  ;  yet  it  is  hoped> 
the  fucccfs  of  this  firfl  eflay  towards  improving  thcic* 
inland  navigation,  will,  in  fome  degree,  rcfcuc  ihem 
from  the  reproach  intended  to  have  been  fixed  upon 
their  national  chara6ler,  by  the  unmerited  imputation. 

The  Great  Kanhaway  \sz  river  of  confiderable  note 
for  the  fertility  of  its  lands,  and  ftill  more,  as  leading, 
towards  the  head  waters  of  James  river. 

The  Little  Kanka,Ljay\s  150 yards  wide  at  the  mouth.. 
It  yields^  navigation  of  10  miles  only.  Perhaps  its- 
northern  branch,  called  Junius*  creek,  which  inter- 
locks with  the  vveflern  w.aters  of  Monrmgahela,  may 
one  day  admit  a  fliorter  palfage  from  the  latter  into 
the  Ohio. 

MownicLins.~\  It  is  worthy  notice,  that  the  mcun- 
tains  are  not  folitary  and  fcattered  con fuf^dly  over  the 
face  oF  the  country  ;  but  that  fhey  commence  at  about 
150  miles  from  the  fca  coalt,  are  diCpofcd  in.  ridges  one 
behind  anothery  running  nearly  parallel  with  the  foa 
coafl,  though  rather  approaching  it  as  they  advance 
northeaflwardly.  To  the  fouthwell,  as  the  traft  of 
country  between  the  lea  coall  and  the  MifTifippi  be- 
cornes  narrower,  the  mountains  converge  into  a  (ingle 
ridge,  which,  as  !.t  approaches  the  Gulph-of  Mexico^ 

fubfides 


m  \v 


176 


VIRGINIA. 


fiibfidc^intojilain  counfiy,  and  givrs  rife  to  fomc  of 
the  waters  of  ihat  Gulph,  and  particularly  to  a  livcr 
called  the  Apalachicola,  probably  from  the  Apalachies, 
an  Indian  nation  (ormcrly  reliding  on  it.  In  the  fame 
dire£lion  generally  are  the  veins  of  lime  flone,  coal 
-  anct  other  minerals  hitherto  difcovercd  ;  and  fo  range 
^  the  falls  of  the  great  rivers.  But  the  ccuilcs  of  the 
oreat  rivers  are  at  right  angles  with  thefe.  Jarpes  and 
Fatomak  penetrate  through  all  the  ridges  of  mountains 
eaftward  of  the  Allegany  ;  that  h  broken  by  no  water 
courfe.  It  is  in  faft  the  fpinc  of  the  coiintiy  between 
thfe  Atlantick  on  one  fide,  and  the  Miflifippi  and  St. 
Lawrence  on  the  other.  The  pallage  of  the  Pafomak 
through  the  Blue  Ridge  is  perhaps  one  of  the  mo  ft 
ftupendous  fcenes  in  nature.  You  ftand  on  a  very 
iJ^gh  point  qf  land.  On  your  right  comes  up  the  She- 
nandoah, having  ranged  along  the  foot  cf  the  moun- 
tain an  hundred  miles  to  feek  a  vent.  On  your  left 
approaches  the  Patomak,  in  qucft  of  a  paffage  alio. 
In  the  moment  of  their  jun/IU  n  they  rufli  together 
againft  the  mountain,  rend  it  aiuoder,  and  pafs  off  to 
the  fea.  The  firlt  glance  >f  th  s  fcene  hurries  our 
fcnfes  into  the  opinion,  tr  rr  this  earth  has  been  created 
in  time,  that  the  mountains  wt  \x  formed  firft,  that  the 
rivers  began  to  flow  afterwards,  that  in  this  place  par- 
ticularly they  have  been  dammed  up  by  the  Blue  Ridge 
of  mountains,  and  have  formed  an  ocean  wMch  filled 
the  whole  valley  ;  that  continuing  to  rife  they  Have  at 
length  broken  ever  at  this  fpot,  and  have  torn  the 
rhountain  down  from  its  fummit  to  its  bale.     The 

Siles  of  rock  on  each  hand,  but  particularly  ^  n  the 
hcnandoah,  the  evident  marks  of  their  difruption  and 
avulfion  from  their  beds  by  the  mqft  powerful  agents 
of  nature,  corroborate  the  imprelllon.  But  the  diP- 
taut  finifhing  which  nature  has  given  to  the  pifture  is 
of  a  very  different  charailer.  It  is  a  true  contrail  to 
the  foreground.  It  is  as  placid  and  delightful,  as  that 
is  wild  and  tremendous.  For  the  mountain  being 
cloven  afunder,  it  prefenis  to  your  eye,  through  the 
cleft,  a  fmall  catch  of  frnooth  blue  horizon,  at  an  in- 
finite diilance  in  the  plain  country,  inviting  you,  as  it 
;  wetOi 


'h 


«•■■■ 


m  -j^^^ 


VIRGIN 


A. 


177 


\t'":,  from  tlic  riot  and  ttimult  roaring  around,  to  paft 
I'jrcyugh  the  breach  an  I  partirlpatc  of  the  calm  below. 
Here  the  eye  ultinntcly  compiles  itfclf ;  and  that  way 
too  the  roal  happens  aftailiy  to  lead.  You  crofi  tine 
Patoma'.c  above  Ilicjundion,  pifi  along  its  fide  through 
the  bafj  of  the  moantairt  for  three  nxilcs,  its  torrible 
precipices  hanging  in  frao  ncnts  over  you^and  witliin 
about  20  miles  reach  Freder;  Ic  town  and  the  firwi  • 
cointry  round  that.  This  fccne  is  '.vorth  a  voyage 
ik^rofi  t!ie  Atlant'Lk.  Yet  here,  as  in  the  neigliboui*- 
hood  of  the  natural  bridge,  are  pc  i'»lc  w  ho  have  ]  afTod 
their  live:  wltliin  half  a  do/cn  miles,  and  have  never 
been  to  fuvvr/  thefe  monuments  of  a  war  between 
rivers  and  mountains,  which  muil  have  (l^uken  the 
eai'h  itfclf  to  its  center. 

Cafrada  and  Caverns. ~\  The  or»ly  remaikable  ca^ 
cade  in  this  country,  is  that  of  the  Falling  Spring,  i# 
Augu^i.  Il  is  a  water  oF  James  river,  where  it  is 
called  Jackfon'i  river,  rifing  in  the  warm  fpring  moun-* 
tains  about  20  miles  fouth  A^eft  of  the  warm  Ipring^  and 
flowing  into  that  valley.  About  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  from  its  fource,  it  falls  over  a  rock  zoo  feet  into 
the  valley  below.  The  (hect  of  wafer  is  broken  in  its 
breadth  by  the  rock  in  two  or  three  places,  but  not  at 
all  in  its  height.  Between  the  fhcet  and  rock,  at  tlie 
bottom,  you  may  walk  acrofa  dry.  This  cataraft  will 
bear  no  comparilon  with  that  of  Niagara,  as  to  th© 
quantity  of  wafer  compofiTig  it ;  the  (lieet  being  only 
12  or  15  feet  wide  above,  and  lomewhat  more  fpread 
below  ;  but  it  is  half  a&  high  again,  the  Utter  oeing 
only  156  feet. 

In  the  lime  flone  country,,  there  are  many  raverns 
of  very  confiderabie  extent.  The  mofl  noted  is  called, 
Madifon's  cave,  and  is  on  the  north  frde  of  the  Blue 
Ridgr?,  near  the  interfettion  of  the  Rockingham  and 
AuiTudaline  with  the  fijuth  fflirk  of  the  fouthcrn  river 
of  Shenandoah.  It  is  in  a  hill  of  about  200  Ibet  per- 
pendicular height,  the  afcent  of  which,  on  one  fidej 
IS  fo  lleep,  that  you  may  pitch  a  bifcuit  from  ifS'fum- 
rait  into  the  river  which  wafhes  its  bafe.  The  en- 
trance of  the  cave  is,  in.  this  fid  2,  ahout  tw-othird*  oIp 

♦  tlie 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRICT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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V    I    K    G    I    N    I    A, 


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J^  way  up.  it  extends  into  the  earth  about  ^ao  Teefr 
branchi|ig,int9  fubordinate  caverns,  fonifctimes  afcend* 
'^  ingtflitUef  but  more  generally  defeending,  and  at 
liBOglLh  terminate  in  two  difterent  placer,  ^  ba(ons  of 
watcf  of  unknown  extent.  The  vault  of  this  cave  is 
of  i(B^d, lime  ftone,  from  ioto  4o5r  5^  ftet  high, 
Ihrough  which  water  is  continually  percolating« 
V  Thist  ^ridding  down  the  ftdes  of  the  cave,  nas  tncruft- 
cd  them  over  in  the  form,  of  elegant  drapery  ;  and 
dripping  from  the  top  of  the  vault  generates  on  that^ 
and  on  the  ba&  below,  (bladites  of  a  cenica)  fornir 
fome  of  which  have  met  and  formed  maflive  columns. 

'  Anotherofthefe  caves  is  oear  the  North  Mountain, 
in  the  county  of  Frederick,  on  the  lands  of  Mr.  Zaaet 
The  entrance  into  this  is  on  the  top  of  an  extenfive 
lidge.  Youdeicend  30  or  40  feet,  tt  intoaweUr 
JBbm  whence  the  cave  then  extends,  nearly  hon'son- 
tally,  4oo€Bet  into  the  earth,  preferving  a  oreadth  of 
•frpm  20  to  50^eet,  and  a  height  of  /loni  5  to  it  feet. 

At  the  Panther  gapi  in  the  ridge  which  divides  the ' 
waters  of  the  Cow  and  the  Gait  pafture,  is  what  it 
calte^  the  ifi/caitM  Cave*  It  is  in  the  fide  of  a  hill,  it 
of  about  10a  feefaiametev,  and  emits  confttntly  a  cur*' 
M^  of  air  of  Joth  ft>rce,  as  to  keep  th^  weeds  prof* 
tratd  to  the  diftance  61  twenty  yards  bef<ye  it  This 
curroit  is  ilrongeft  in  dry  froliy  weather,  and  in  lon^- 
§peili  of  rain  weakeft.- 

\:  There  is  another  blowing  cave  in  the  Cumberland 
jmountain,  abouta  mile  frcmi  where  it  croifet  the  Caro» 
lini^line.  AU  we  know  of  this  is,  (bat  it  it  not  con* 
Hant;  and  that  a  fountain  of  water  iflfues  from  ir. 

Tht  NaturaiBru^fi  the  moil  fublime  of  nature's 
works,  though  not  comprehended  under  the  prefcnt  ' 
head,  muft  net  be  pretermittr*d.  It:  is  on  the  afeent 
of  a  hill,  which  feeros' to  have  been  cloven  through 
its  length  by  fohie  greatfconvulfion.  The  fifiui'e,  jud 
at  the  bridge,  is,  by  fome  admeafurements,  170  feft 
deep,  by  otheiltonly  205.  It  is  about  45  feet  w id*  at 
the  Dottom,  and  90  feet  at  the  top  ;  this  of  ccuirfe  d||- 
^mtnes  the  length  of  thr  bridge,  and  its  height  fro^ 
wat^^  It^^^pifilth  in  the  middle  is  aboi^l^lpef,^ 


M' 


#•#. 


^^■ 


-'■M 


■■m 


V    I    R    G    IN    I    A. 


'7^ 


hot  more  at  the  ends,  and  the  thickneni  }Df  the  mafs  at 
tbc  rumtnit  df  the  arch,  about  40  feet.    A  piit  of  this     ^ 
thicknefs  is  conftituied  by  a  coat  of  earth,  whicHgivea 
growth  to  4hiany  large  trtes.    The  reiidue,  withv^hp 
hill  on.both.fides,  is  one  folid  rock  of  lime  (lone.  ^The 
arch  afypcoachesihe  femieliptical  form  ;  but  the larj^ 
axis  of  the  ellipfis,  which  %yould  be  the  cord  of  the> 
arch,  is  many  times  longer  than  the  tranfverfe*    Tho'   "f 
the  fides  of  this  bridge  are  provided  in  feme  piarts  witht 
a  parapet  of  fixed  rocks,  yet  few  men  have  reiblutt^''  . 
to  walk  to  them  and  look  over  into  thc'abyfs.     Yoa' 
involuntarily  fall  on  your  hands  and  feet,  creep  to  the 

Sarapet  ai)d  peep  over  it. .,  X^ooking  down  from  this 
eight  about  a  minute,  gave  me  a  violeht  head  ach.    If  .'' 
the  view  from  the  top  be  painful  and  intolerable,  that 
frpm  below  is  delightful  in  an  equal  extreme.     It  i«^ 
impollible  for  the  emotions  ariling  from  the  fubliif>e,  ta^» 
be  felt  beyond  what  they  are  here ;  fo  beautiful  an  arch, 
fo  elevated,  fo  light,  and  fpringing  as  it  ^  were'  up  t^ 
Heaven,  the  rapture  of  the  fpedator  it  really  indt- 
fcribable  !  The  ftflure  continuing  narrow,  deep,  ahiS 
ilraight  for  a  confidorable  diflance  above  and  below,  the- 
bridge,  opens  a  ihort  but  very  pleaong  view  of  ihd  - 
iCorth  Mountain  on  one  fide,  and  Blue  Ridge  on  the 
other,  at  the  {Jiftance  each  of  them  6f  about  five  miles. 
This  bnidgc  is  in  the  county  of' Rockbridge,  to  which 
it  has  given  name,  and  affords  a  publick  and  commo- 
dipus  paflage  over  a  valley*  which  cannot  be  croflfed 
eUewhire  t<ff  a  confiderable  diftance.    The  ftream 
pafling  under  it  is'  called. Cedar  creek.    It  is  a  wat^ 
of  James  river,  and  fuflicient  in  the  dried  feafbns  t& 
turn  a  grift  mil),  though  its  fountain  is  not  more  than 
two  miles  above.    There  is  a  natural  bridge,  fimilar, 
-to  the  one  above  defcribed,  over  Stock  creek,  a  branch 
of  Pelefon  river,  in  Wafliington' county. 

Medicinal Springs,l      There  aire  feveral  medicinal^ 
fprings,  Ibme  of  wnich  are  indubitably  cfficu-ious, ' 
while  others  feem  to  owe  their  reputatidlVis  much  to 
fai^,  and  change  of  air  and  regimen,  as  to  their  reitd' 
virmcs.    The  mofl  efHcacious  cf  thefe  are  twofpnngii 
itit  ^^ttgjsM*9 near Uaegrft (burces CkF  Jmisrivetir  Tlie^' 


Ik- 


one 


^Wt^. 


?iflo 


V    I    R    G    IN    I    A, 


%,  •■ 


,-/-  .* 


r 


--one  i$  diflinguKhed  by  tlic  name  of  the  'Warm  Spring, 
»nd  the  oi,)ier  of  ihe  Hot  Spring.  The  Warm  Spring 
i4Iuer  with  a  very  bold  dream,  Sufficient  to  vork  a 
grift  mill,  and  to  keep  the  waters  of  its  bafon,  which 
is  30  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  vital  warmth,  viz,  96°  of 
Far^qheit'a  thermometer.  The  inatter  with  ^hich 
thefe  waters  is  allied  is  very  voktile ;  its  fmell  indi- 
9  tatiis  it  to  be  fulphureous,  as  alfo  does,  the  circumOanre 
lof  turning  filver  black.  They  relieve  rheumatifms. 
Dtbcr  complaints  alfo  of  very  different  natures  have 
been  removed  or  leffened  by  them.  It  rains  here  four 
or  five  days  in  every  week. 

The  Hot  Spring  is  about  fix  miles  from  the  Warm, 

is  much  fmaller,  and  has  been  To  hot  as  to  have  boiled 

ati  c^g.     Some  believe  its  degree  of  heat  to  be  lefTened,. 

^It  nulcs  the  mercury  in  Farenheit's  thermometer  to 

^te  degrees,  which  is  fever  heat.      It  fometimes  re- 
lieves u-^ere  the  Warm  Spring  fails.     A  fountain  of 

<  oommon  water,  iifuing  withir\  a  few  inches  of  its  niar- 
gin,  gives  it  a  fingular  appearatKc.  Thefc  fprings  are 
vejy  much  raforted  to  in  fpite  of  a  totfel  Want  of  ac- 

r  commodatiorvfor  the  fick.  Their  waters  are  flrongeft 
in  the  hot tefl  months,  whi<:h- occafions  their  being 

<  vifitcd'i^  July  and  Augufl  principally^ 

The  •fwectTprings  are  in  «he  county  of  Botetourt,  at 
»theeafiern  foot-of  the  Allegany,  about  42  milss  f^'^om 
•  the  warm  fprings.     They  are  flill  lefs  known.  v- 

ing  been  found  to  relieve  cafes  in  w hich  the  othc     ,.  ad 
/•been  inefTeftually  \ried,  it  is  probable  their  coiwpofi- 
'  tion  is  different.    They  are  different  alfo  in  their  tem- 
,  perature,  being  as  cold  as  common  v-a  cr. 

In  the  low  grounds  of  the  Great  Kanhaway,  7  miles 
above  the  moutlisof  Elk  River,  and  67  above  that  of 
rthe  Kanhaway  itfclf,  is  a  hole  in  the  earth  of  the  ca- 
pacity of  30  or  40  gallons,  frem  which iffiies  conftant- 
liy  a  bituminous  vapour  in  fb  ftrcng  a  current,  as  to 
give  to  the  fand  about  its  orifice  the  motion<whicl^  it 
^lias  in  a  boiHlfe  fpring.     On  pre fcnting  a  lighte|i^M|t;tfi- 
die  or  torch  withm  18  inches  ef  the  hole,,  it  fl^«I^M^ 
"'fn  a  column  of  18  inches  diameter,  and  fonir^if^nve 
^^(Eitfet  iii  .keight,  wl^ich  fometimqs  bufot  oiit  %i^l^90 


;:  r 


"4 


V    1    R*  Q    1    N    I    A, 


i^ 


n  their  tern* 


simutes,  and  at  othe|r  times  has  been  l(nown  to  coa- 
tinue  three  days,  and);hen  has  been  leFt  itill  burning. 
The  fiame  is  unfteady»  of  4he  dcnfity  of  that  oF  burn-  • 
ing  rpfrits,  ^nd  finells  like  burning  pit  coal.  Water 
fomstimes  colle£ls  in  the  bafon,  which  is  remarJcably 
cold,  and  is  kept  in  ebullition  by  the  vapour  ilTuing 
through  it.  If  the  vapour  be  ficed  in  that  fl'atei  the 
water  foon  becomes  (o  warm  that  the  hand  cannot 
bear  it,  and  evaporates'Wholly  in  a  (hort  time.  This, 
with  the  circumjacent  lands,  is  the  property  of  his 
Excellency  Preiident  Washington  and  of  General 
Lewis. 

There  is  a  (imilarone  on  Sanday  river,  the  fiaime  of 
which  is  a  column  of  about  12  inches  diameter,  apd  3 
feet  high.  General  Clarke  kindled  the  vapour,  ft|tid 
about  an  hour,  and  left  it  burning. 

Climate.']  ^  In  an  extenftve  country,  4t  will  be  e||» 

fe6^ed  that  the  climate  is  not  the  fame  in  all  its  parts, 
t  is  remarkable  that,  proceeding  on  the  fame  parallel 
of  latitude  weflwardly,  the  climate  beconfes  colder  in 
like  manner  as  when  you  proceed  northwaiidly.     Tfhi« 
continues  to  be  the  cafe  till  you  attain  the  fumtiiit  o'f 
the  Allegany,  v/hich.  is  the  higheO  land  between  the 
ocean  and  the  Miififippi.     From  thence,  defcehding 
in  the  fame  latitude  to  the  Miffifippi,  the  change  re- 
verfes  ;  and,  if  we  may  believe  travellers,  it  becomes 
warmer,  there  than  it  is  in  the  fame  latitude  on  the  lira 
fide.     Their  teftimony  is  llrengthet^ed  by  the  vegeta- 
1»les  and  animals  which  fubfin;  and  multiply  there  nat- 
urally, and  do  not  on  our  fea  coad*    Thus  catalpas 
grow  fpontaneoufly  on  the  Miflifippi,  as  far  as  the  lati- 
tude of  37°,  and  reeds  as  f«tr  as  38°,     Pcrroqucts  even 
■winter  on  the  Sioto,  in  the  39th  degree  of  latitude. 
In  the  fummcr  of  1 779,  when  the  thermometer  was  at 
90**  at  Montfcello,  and  96"  at  Wilhamfburg,  it  was 
110^  at   Kaikafkia.      Perhaps  the  mountain,  whidli 
overhangs  this  village  on  the  nvnrlh  fide,  may,  ^y  its 
reflexion,  have  contributed  fornewhat  to  produce 
'this  heat. 

Papulation,  and  Militia,']    The  number  of  free  in- 
1»bit^tsin  thi%.J(late  in  1782  was  296,852*.- llaves 


t^ 


V    1    R    G    l   !^    I*  A. 


. 


ft 70,76 2.  The  number  of  free  iohsbitants  were  to  the 
number  of  flaves  nearly  aa  1 1  to  10.  The  fbllQwikiE 
-'  is  a  n«ite  of  the  militijit  taken  from  returns  of  1  ;8o  and 
1781,  except  m  thofe  counties  marked  with  an  afteriOc, 
the  returns  of  which  are  fomewhat  older. 


SUua- 

t]on. 


cS 


g 

5  ?»  -' 
«  «> 


Counties* 


Lincoln 
Jeft'erfon 
Fayette  ' 
Ohio 

Monongalia 
Wafbington 
Montgomery 
Green 'Briar 


Hannpfhire 

nerkie^ 

Frederick 

Shcnando 

RoOkingbam 

Augufl^a 

Rockbridge 

Botetourt 


Loudoun 

Fauc^uier 

Culpepper     • 

Spctfylvania 

Orange 

Louiia 

Goochland 

Flyvanna 

Albcmatle 

AmherR 

Buckinghah: 

Bedford 

Henry 

PittfylTxnla 

rialifsx 

Chatlott* 

Prin.  Edwrarc' 

Cumberland 

Powhatan 

Amelia 

Lunenburg 

Mecklenburg 

Biu^fwirk 


Militia.   Situation.     Count'ei. 


a. 


SiJ 


«  Si's 

P4«S  ~ 


Ortenefviiia 

Dinwiddle 

Chefterfield 

Prince  George 

Surry 

Suffex   '■ 

SoLthampton 

i(Teo£>\i|ht 

'Vanfenond 

Norfolk 

Princcfs  Ajim 


Henrico 
HanoTer 
New  Kent 
Charles  City 
James  City 
Williatniburg 
York 
Warwick 
Elizabeth  Cit\ 


Caroline 
King  William 
Kioe  fc  Queen 
Eflex 
Middlefex 
Cloucefter 

Fairfax 
Prin.  William 
Stafford 
King  Geqrge 
Richmond 
Weftnuuiatand 
^IcrthuniJbcir. 
Lancailer  ' 


Accomack 
North  amf  ton 


Mtirtie. 


•   500 
•750 

655 

381 

380 
•7C0 

m 

•fee 

•883 
♦594 

61 

-79' 
•418 
186 

»35 

*244 

•ico 

i8e 

805 
436 

<ao 

468 

♦aio 

85a 

6$» 
614 

*<co 

4«3 
4i» 

544 
630 

302 

•i»o8 
•430 


Total  Millthi  ;49^97i 


Civil  Divijiofti.']  '  The 
eminictlltei).    3*bcy  arc 


counties  have  alrea^, been 
74  in'  numbtr,  of  vcii^'  uf^ 


were  !o  the 
c  follpwi^ 

>f  1780  and 
an  afteriflc. 


V    I    R  •  O    I    N    I    A. 


«ft 


HI 


un 


Id 


7C0 
874 

*6aa 

«^ 
•S94 


:  I'i- 

619 

.790 

•41 » 

i 

m 

»35 

ff 

'^ 

**44 

•ico 

''t> 

182 

■> iTi 


eaual  fize  aod.  population .  Of  thefe  35  are  on  theTi^e 
Wat«rS|  or  in  that  paralld  ;  sa  are  in  the  Midlan4% 
between  the  Tide  Waters  and  Blue  Ridge  of  mountaint^ 
8  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Allegany  i  and  8  we^ 
ward  of  the  Allegjiny* 

The  ftate,  by  another  divifion,  is  formed  into  par- 
ifhssi  many  o/.  which  are  com«en(urate  with  the 
counties  ;  but  fometimes  a  county  comprehends  more 
than  one  parrftt,  and  fometimesa  parifh  more  than  <mo 
county.  This  divifton  had  reUtion  to  the  religion  of 
the  ftate,  a  parfoo  of  the  Anglican  diurclii  with  a  fix- 
ed (alary,  having  been  heretofore  eftablifliei  in  rac^ 
pariih.  The  care  c^  the  poor  was  another  obje^  of 
the  parochial  divirion. 

There  are  no  tonimfliipe  in  thr  (Iriet  nor  any  town» 
of  confequenc^  Williamiburg,  which«  till  the  year 
x/Sof  was  the  feat  of  Qurgovernment«  nevercontaiil- 
^ above  i9oo  inhabitants;  and  Norfolki  the  ipolk 
populous  town  we  ever  had,  contained  but  6ooq» 
Our  towns,  ^t  more  properly  our  villages  or  ham- 
lets^ are  as  fallows- 

On  Jamti  River  and  its  waters,  Norfolk»^ortf> 
mouth,  Hampton,  Suffolk,  SmithM^,  WiUiam^ui||f» 
Peter(bupg,  Richmond  the  feat  of  government,  Man- 
chefter,  Charlottefville,  New  London* 

On  Yatk  River  and  its  watery  fYork,  Newcaftle^ 
Hanover. 

On  RappahoKno^,  Urbanna,  Port  Royal,  f  leder* 
ickfbnrg,  Falmouth.  '    ;   . 

Oa  Patotiuk  and  its  waters,  DumfHes,  Qokheftec^ 
Alexandria,  Winchefter,  Staunton.  » 

There  are  other  places  at  which,  like  foiar  of  tli0 
foregoing,  tht laws  nave Taid  there  ihali  be  towns; 
but  nature  has  &id  there  (hall  no^  and  they  remain 
unworthy  of  enumeration.  Norjdk  will  probably  be 
the  emporium  for.  all  the  trade  of  the  Chinapeek  Bay 
and  its  i/^aters ;  and  a  canal  of  8  or  »o,  miles  wUl  iM^ing 
it  to  aU  that  of  Albemarle  fodnd  and  its  watcrtt.  .  Sec- 
ondary to  tbispiace,  are  the  towns  at  the  head  of  the 
Ude  Waters,  towif,  Peferfburgon  Appama!ttoXjRich« 
tnond  on  James  River,  NewCa^le  on  York  Rifver» 

Alexandria 


*  i-»  s-  ■ 


iU 


VlRGtlflA, 


Alexandria  on  Patomak,  and  Baltimore  on  the  Patap<* 
fco.  From  thefe  the  dtft'ribution  will  be  to  fubor(^ 
natefituttioni  of  the  country.  Accidental  circum- 
ftances  however  may  control  the  indications  of  na- 
ture, and  in  no  inftanccs  do  they  do  it  more-  frequent- 
ly than  in  the  rife- and  fall  of  towns. 

To  the  foregoing  general  account,  we  add  the  fol- 
Wwing  more  particular  defcriptions* 

AtBXi^Noiii  A  (fands  on  thfc  fouth  bank  of  Patomak 
river.  Its  fituation  is  elevated  and  pleafant.  The 
foil  is  clay  ;  and  the  water  fo  bad,  that  the  inhabitants 
are  obliged  to  fend  nearly  a  mile  for  that  which  is 
drinkable.  The  original  fettlers,  anticipating  its  fu- 
ture growth  and  importance,  laid  out  the  (Ireetls  upon 
the  plan  of  l*htUdelphia.  It  contains  upwards  of  300 
houfes,  many  of  which  are  handromely1>uilt.  This 
town,  upon  tne  opening  of  the  navigation  of  Patomak 
river,  wiil^  probably  be  one  of  the  mod  thriving  com- 
nercial  places  on  the  continent. 

Mount  V»rnon,  the  celebrated  feat  of  General 
Washington,  is  pleafantly  fituated  on  the  Virgirtii 
bank  of  the  river  Patomak,  where  it  is  nearly  two 
miles  wide,  and  is  about  280  miles  from  the  Tea.  It 
is  9  miles  below  Alexandria,  and  4  above  the  beautiful 
feat  of  the  late  Col.  Fairfax,  called  Bellevoir.  The 
area  of  the  mount  is  20a  feet  above  the  furfaee  of  the 
river,  and,  after  f umiihing  a  lawn  of  five  acres  tii 
front,  and'  about  the  famein  rear  of  the  buildings,  falls 
offra^'her  abruptly  on  thofe  two  quarters.  On  tht 
north  end  it  fuhndeS  gradually  into  extenftve  pafture 
grounds ;  while  on  the  fouth  it  Hopes  more  fleeply,  in 
a  fhortet  diflfance,  and  terminates  with  the  coach 
houfe,  ftables,  vineyard  and  nurferies.  On  either 
wtng  is  a  thick  grove  of  diflerent,  flowering  foreft 
trees.  Parallel  with  them,  on  the  land  fide,  are  two 
fpacious  gardens,  into  which  ore  is  led  by  two  ferpen- 
tine  gravel  walks,  planted  with  weeping  wiDown  and 
fhady  fbrubs.  The  Man/ton  ffoit^  ittelf  jthough  taiiich 
emb^Aifhed  by,  yet  not  perfe£lly  fatisfaftory  to  the 
chafte  tafte  of  the  prefentpofieffor)  appears  venerable 
and  convenient.  Toe  fupcrb  banqueting  room  has  becft 

-  finifl^ed 


the  Patap« 
to  fuborcfe> 

I  cincum- 
bns  of  na- 
r  frequent- 
id  the  foN 

Patomak 
int.  The 
ihabitants 
which  it 
ngiti  fu^ 
vetli  upon 
rds  of  300 
ilt.    Thi« 

Patomak 
zing  com- 

'  Generrf 
Virgiftii 

early  two 

e  Tea.     It 

!  beautiful 

iir.    The 

»cc  of  tlie 

s  acres  in 

ings,  falls 
On  th« 

epafture 

^cply,  in 

le  coach 

'n  either 

g  foreft 
are  two 

jferpen- 

:>wsand 

;h  hfiuch 

'  to  the 

^nerable 

^bee» 

iihed 


V  I  R  GT  I  If  I  a: 


1% 


fiiiiflied  finoe  he  returned  home  from  the  itrny,  A 
lofiy  porti<iO|  96  feet  in  length,  fuppbrted  by  ettht 
pilUri,  ka»  t  pleafthg  effeft  when  viewed  fmrn  w« 
water;  and  the  tmtt  eitjelhiile  tKe  Whole  aflemblj^,  tt 
the  green  houfe,  fchool  houTe,  offices  and  fervanti 
halls,  when  fe^n  from  the  land  fide,  bears  a  reCfem* 
blance  to  a  rural  village— efjpeciidlv  as  the  lands  in  that 
fide  are  laid  out  fomewhat  ih  the  roim  of  Eri^lifh  gar- 
dens, in  meadows  and  grafs  grounds,  ornamented  with 
little  copfes,  circular  cUunps  and  fingle  trees.  A  fmdll 
park  on  the  mafgin  of  the  river,  where  the  Englifh 
tallow  deer,  and  the  American  wild  deer  are  feeti 
through  the  thickets,  tileemately  with  the  veflels  ak  they 
are  fauiog  along,  add  a  roipantick  and  pifturt^ue  ap- 
pearances to  the  wh^e  fcedery.  On  die  oppOhte  fido 
of  a.fmall  ereek  to  the  tiorthward,  an  ^xfenltve  plain, 
exhibiting  cornfields  and  cattle  grazing,  affords  itl' 
fummer  a  luxuriant  landTcipQ  to  the  eye;  while  thd 
blended  verdure  of  woodlands  arid  cultivated  decliv-^ 
ities  on  dbe  Maryland  ihore  variegates  the  prbfpeft  in 
a  charming  manner.  Such  are  the  phtlofophick- 
fliades  to  which  the  late  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
American  Armies  has  vetired'  firom  the  tumultuous 
fcenes  of  a  btify  wotld. 

Fa  B  o  E  R I  c  Ks  B  u  R  &  IS  0tuated'  on'  the  fouth  tide  of 
Rappahannock,  river,  110  miles  from  its  motith  v  and 
contains  about  aoo  hbufts,  principally  on  one  ftrecty 
which  runs  neady  parallel  with  the  river. 

RtCHMO'ND*,  the  prefeitt  feat  of  government,  (lands 
en  the  tiorth  fide  of  James  river,  juft  at  the  foot  o>f  the 
falls,  and  contains  iabout  300  houfes  ;  part'of  whicl| 
are  built  upon  the  margin  ot  (he  river,  convenient  for 
budnefs ;^the'reftare uponahill  which  Overlooks  the 
lower.paFtoftheU)wn,  and  commands  an  extehHve 
profpeB:  of  the  river  and  adjacent;  countiy*.  The  new 
houfes  are  well  built.  A  large  and  elegit  itate  h  oufe 
or  capitot,  ha)t  latfely  been  eiY£led  on  the  Ifill.  The 
lower  part  of  the  town  is  divided  by  a  ci€ek,  ovct 
in^ch  is  a  bridge,  thait^  for  Virginia,  ii^lisgatff.  A 
hinjjfomeand  expenfive  bridge,  betWewh  3  and  40P' 
yards  in  length,  conftru^ed  on  boats,  h»s  lately  bee^ 
Q  z  thrown 


t<6 


VIRGINIA. 


thrown  acrott  James  river,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  fallti  hf 
Col.  John  Mayo,  a  wealthy  and  refpe^ble  planter, 
whole  feat  ia  about  a  mile  from  Richmond.  This 
bridge  connect  Richmond  with  Manohefter  t  and  as 
the  paffeneers  pay  toll,  it  produces  a  handlbme  reve- 
s)ue  to  Cell  Mayo,  who  is  the  (ole  proprietor.^ 

The  falls,  above  the  bndge,  are  7  miles  in  length. 
A  canal  is  cutting  ou  the  north  fide  of  the  river,  by  a 
company,  who  have  calculated  the  cxpenfe  at  30,000 
pounds,  Virginia  money. 

PaTiasBuac,  ag  miles,  fouthward  of  Richmond, 
fianda  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Appamattox  nver,  and  con- 
tains nearly  300  houCss,  in  two  divifions  ;  one  is  up- 
on a  cUy,  cold  foil  and  is  very  dirty— the  other  upon 
a  plainof  fand  or  loam.^  There  is  no  regularity,  and 
very  little  elegance  in  Peter(burg.  It  is  merely  a  place 
of  bufifefs.  It  is  very^  unhealthy*  About-  aseo  bosf- 
heads  of  tobacco  are  infpc£led  here  annually.  The 
celebrated  Indian  Queen,  Pocahonta,  from  whom 
defcended  the  Randolph  and  Bowling  families,  for- 
merly refided  at  this  place^ 

Williamsburg  is  60  miles eaflward  of  Riehmond^ 
fituated  between  two  creeks ;  ^ne  falling  into  James, 
the  other  into  York  riverr  It  confifts  of  ubout  soa 
houfes,  going  fad  to  decay,  and  not  more  than  900  or 
1000  fouls.  It  is  regularly  ^^id  out  in  parallel  (treetS) 
with  a  liuiare  ir»  the  center,  through  which  nins  the 
principal  ilreet,  £.  andW.  about  a  mile  in  length,  and 
raone  than  too  firat  wide. ;  At  the  ^pds  of  this  ilreet 
are  two  publick  buildings,  the  college  and  capit(^» 
Betides  thefie  there  is  an  Epiicopal  churchr  a  priion,  a 
'  boipital  for  lunaticks,  and  the  palace  ;  all  of  them  ex- 
tremely indi|Ferent.  In  the  capitol  is  a  large  marble 
flatue,  in  the  likenefs  of  Narbone  Berkley,  Lord  Bo- 
tetourt, a  msm  di^nguifhed  for  .his  love  of  piety,  lit- 
erature and  good  government,  and; formerly  Gcvi*iv 
nour  of  Virginia*  It  was  ere^d  sit  th^  expcnfe  of 
the  ftate,  fmce  the  year  177 1.»  The  capitol  is  little  bet- 
ter tlian  in  ruins^  and  this,  elegant  (latue  I'sexpoffqd  to 
JKe  rudenefs  of  xiegroc;$  uid  boys,  and  is  {hamefulUf, 

,  Every    * 


y    1    R    G    r   N    1    A.  i%7 

fivety  thtiw  in  WiHiamibui^  appears  duU>  forfak'^rr 
«nd  fiKlMich«y--4M  trade—no  atmirements,  but  the 
infamoua  one  of  gaming— >«io  incluAry,  and  vtry  little 
aippearance  of  religion*  The  unprofperoiia  lute  o( 
the  college,  but  principally  the  removal  of  the  feat  of 
government,  haVe  contributed  much  to  the  decline  of 
this  city. 

YoR  RTOWN,  1 3  miles  eaftward  from  Williamihur^^ 
is  a  place  of  about  lOO  houfes^  fttuatcd  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  York  river.  It  was  rendered  famous  by  the 
capture  of  Lord  Comwallis  and  his  army,  on  the  19th 
of  06lober,  1781,  by  the  united  forces  of  France  and 
America. 

CoUgeesi  Academies^  ^c,~\  The  college  of  William 
and  M^ry  is  the  only  publi^k  feminary  of  learning  in 
this  ftate.  It  was  founded  in  the  time  of  King  Wil- 
liam and  Queen  Mary^  who  granted  to  it  20,000  acres 
of  land,  «nd  »  penny  a  pound  duty  on  certain  tobac- 
eoes  exported  from  Virginia  and  Maryland.  The  af> 
fembly  alfo  gave  it,  by  temporary  laws,  a  doty  on  liq« 
ours  imported,  and  ikins  and  furs  exported.  From 
thefe  tefources  it  received  upwards  o^  /*«3ooo  com- 
muniius  anni't»  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  fuflicienc 
for  an  indifferent  accommodation  of  perhaps  100  ftu- 
dents..  By  its  charter  it  was  to  be  under  tne  govern^ 
ment  of  20  vifitors,  who  were  to  be  its  le^flators,  and 
to  have  a  prefident  and  fix  profeirorfhips,  which  at 

frefent  ftand  thus :— A  Profeflbrfhip  for  Law  and 
olice—Anatomy  and  Medicine — Natural  Philofophy 
Itnd  Mathematicks— Moral  Philofophr,  rhe  Law  of 
■Nature  and  Nations,  the  Fire  Arts— Modern  Laoi-^ 
guages«— For  the  Braffertbn. 

The  college  edifice  is  a  huge, misfhapen  pile,  *  whicl^ 
but  that  it  has  a  roof^  would  be  taken  for  a  brick  kiln.' 
In  17B7,  there  were  about  30  young  gentlemen  mem> 
bers  of  this  college,  a  ^rge  proportion  of  which  wctb 
law  iludents. 

There  are  a  number  of  flourifning  academies  in 
Virginia-— one  in  Prince  Edward  county— one  at  Alcx^ 
andf  ia— one  at  Norfolk — one  at  Hanover,  and  othew 
in  other  places. 

1    .  '  Heligkon,'] 


i88 


V  I  R  c  I  N  r  ^. 


ReligioH.2  The  firft  (ettlen  in  this  coantry  wtte 
emigrwt*  fnm  England,  of  the  Englifli  church,  iuft 
at  a  pant  of  time  when  it  wai  flufhed  wikh  complete 
vtAonr  over  the  rel^iont  of  all  other  periuauoni* 
Pofleftedi  at  they  hecame,  of  the  powers  of  making, 
adUninifteriag,  and  execuitiig  tbe  laws,  they  ihewed 
equal  intolerance  in  this  country  'with  their  Prefby- 
terian  brethren,  who  had  emigrated  to  the  northern 
government.  The  noor  Quakers  were  flying  from 
perfecution  in  England.  They  caft  their  eyes  on 
thefe  new  countries,  as  afylums  of  civil  and  religious 
freedom  ;  but  they  found  them  free  only  for  the  reign- 
ing fe£l;.  Several  a£U  of  the  Virginia  afTembty  of 
i^9>  i66a,  and  1693,  had  made  it  penal  in  parents 
to  refufeto  have  their  children  baptized ;  bad  prohib- 
ited the  unlawful  aflembling  of  Quakers ;  had  made 
it  penal  for  any  mafter  of  a  veffelto  bring  a  Quaker 
into  the  ftate ;  had  ordered  thofe  already  here,  and 
fuch  as  ihould  come  thereafter,  to  be  imprifoned  till 
tbey  fliould  abjure  the  country  ;  provided  a  milder 
punifliment  for  their  firftand  fecond  return,  but  death 
for  their  third ;  had  inhibited  all  perfons  from  fuffer- 
ing  their  meeting*  in  or  near  their  houles,  entertain- 
ing them  individually,  or  difpofing  of  books  which 
fupported  their  tenets^  If  no  capital  execution  toqk 
place  here, 'as  did  in  New  England,  it  was  not  owing 
to  the  moderation  of  the  church,  or  foiiit  of  the  Icgifla- 
ture,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  taw  itfelf ;  but  to 
hiftorical  circumftances  which  have  not  been  handed 
down  to  us.  The  Anglicans  retained  full  poileflioil 
^  of  the  country  about  a  century.  Other  opinions  be- 
gan then  to  creep  in,  and  the  great  care  of  tbe  govern- 
<inent  to  lupport  their  own  church,  having  begotten  an 
equal  degree  of  indolence  in  its  clergy,  two  thirds  of 
^e  people  had  become  diflenters  at  the  commence- 
ment of  ^  preient  revolution.  The  laws  indeed 
were  ftill  oppreffive  on  them,  but  the  fpirit  of  the 
one  party  hadiiibfided  into  moderation,  and  of  the 
other  had  rifen  to  a  degree  of  determinttipn  which 
eomnianded  lefpc^  «  » 


Tht 


VIRGINIA. 


'••> 


The  prefcnt  d(enotnination«  of  Chriftians  in  Virginia 
are,  Prrfbyterinnf,  who  are  (he  mod  numeroui,  and 
mhabit  the  weflern  parts  of  the  (late ;  Eptfcoualiant, 
who  are  the  mod  ancient  fettlersi  and  occupy  tne  eaR- 
em  and  firfl  fettled  parts  of  the  (late.  Intermingled 
with  thefe  are  great  numbers  of  Bapttfts  and  Method- 
ifls.  The  bulic  of  thefjB  la(t  mentioned  religious  fe6U 
are  of  the  poorer  fort  of  people,  and  many  of  them 
are  very  ignorant,  fas  is  indeed  the  cafe  with  the  oth- 
er denominations)  but  they  are  generally  a  moral,  well 
meaning  fet  of  pec^le.  They  exhibit  much  zeal  in 
their  worfhip,  whtth  appears  to  be  compofed  of  th« 
mingled  ettufiona  of  piety,  enthufiafm  and  fuper- 
ftition. 

CharaiUr^  Manners  and  CuAcms.Ji  Virginia  has  pro* 
duced  Ibme  of  the  mod  didinguithed  and  influential 
men  that  have  been  a£iive  in  ciFe£ling  the  two  lat« 
grand  and  important  revolutions  in  America.  Her 
political  and  military  chara^r  will  rank  amons  the 
firft  in  the  page  of  hiftery.  But  it  is  to  be  obferved  that 
this  charaaer  has  been  obtained  for  the  Virginians  by  a 
few  eminent  men,  who  have  taken  the  lead  in  all  their 
publick  tranfadtons,  and  who,  in  ihort,  govern  Vir- 
ginia ;  for  the  great  body  of  the  people  do  not  con- 
ccrn  themfelves  with  politicks — fo  that  their  govern- 
ment,  though  nominally  republican,  is  in  fa£l,  oli- 
garchal  or  ariftocratical. 

The  Virginians,  who  are  rich,  are  in  general  fenfi- 
blc»  polite  and  hofpitable,  and  of  an  independent  fptrit. 
')rhe  poor  are  ignorant  and  abje£l — ana  all  are  of  an 
inquihtive  turn,  and  in  many  other  refpcCls,  v^ry 
much  fefemble  the  people  in  the  eaftern  ftates.  They 
differ  from  them,  however,  in  their  morals ;  the  forn\<>k 
er  being  much  addifted  to  gaming,  drinking,  fweav^ 
ing,  horle  racing,  cock  fighting,  and  moft  kinds  of  dif- 
fipatibn.  There  .is  a  miich  greater  difparity  between 
the  rich  and  the  poor,  in  Virginia,  than  in  any  of  the 
northern  ftates. 

A  fpirit  for  literary  inquiries,  if  not  altogether  con- 
>  fined  to  a  few,  is,  atnong  the  body  of  the  people,  evi- 
dently fubordinate  to  a  ^irit  of  gaming  and  barbarous 

^  «  '.J  fports* 


i^  VIRGINIA. 

fports.  At  alinoA;  ev^ry  tavern  or  ordinary^  on  the 
publick  road»  thcrp  is  a  billiard  table,  a  back  gammon 
table,  cards  and  other  implementti  for  varioijs  g»nied. 
To  thefe  publick  houfes  the  gamblkig  gentry  in  the 
neighbourhood  iefi>rt  to  kUl  time,  which  hangs  heavily 
upon  them ;  and  at  this  bufinefs  they  are  extremely 
expert,  having  been  accuftomed  to  it.  from  their.e^r- 
lieft  youth.  The  paflion  foricock  6|htlng,  a  diverfion 
not  only  inhumanly  barbarous,  but  infinitely  beneath 
the  dignity  of  a  man  of  fenle,  is  fo  predominant  that 
they  even  advertife  their  matches  in  the  publiek  newf- 
papers.-  This  diffipation  of  manners  is  the  fruit  of 
indolence  and  luxury^  which  are  the  fmit  of  Che  Afric^ 
an  flavery.    - 

Confiitution,  Courts  and  Latos,']  The  executive  pbv- 
tn  arp  lodged  in  the  hands  of  a  Govemour,  chpfeit 
annually,  and  incapable  of  zGting  more  than  three 
years  in  feven.  He  is  aflifted  by  a  council  of  eight 
naembers.  The  judiciary  powers  are  divided  amort^ 
feveral  courts,  as  will  Be  hertafter  explained.  Legit* 
lation  is  exercifedi  by  two  houfes  of  aUembiyy  the  otic 
called  the  Houie  of  Delegates,  comppfed  of  two  mem- 
bers from  each  cotinty,  eholen  annually  by  the  citizens 
noflefling  an  eftate  for  life  in  loo  acres  of  uninhabited 
land,  or  25  acres  with  a  houfe  on  it,  or  in  a  houfe  or 
lot  in  fome  town  :  Tlie  other  called  the  Senate,  con- 
fining of  24  members,  chofen  quadrennially  by  the 
fame  eleftors,  who  for  this  purpoie  are  diftributed  into 
ft4  diftrifb.  The  concurrence  of  both  houfes  is  necet- 
fary  to  the  pafTage  of  a  law.  They  have  the  ap- 
pointment of^the  Govemour  and  council,  the  judges 
of  the  fuperiour  courts,  auditors,  attorney  general, 
treafurer,  regifter  of  the  land  office,  and  delegates  to 
Congiefs, 

In  On£lober,  178%  an  a£l  was  pafled  by  tl\e  af- 
fembly  prohifcnting  the  importation  of  flaves  into  the 
commonwealth,  upon  penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  the 
fum  of  jT.tooo  for  eveiy  flave.  And  every  flave 
imported  contrary  to  tlie.  true  istent  and  meaning  (!)f 
this  a£t,  becomes  free.  ■        •*'    ■ 

,  Comnerce.J 


VIRGINIA. 


t^ 


Cortmene.2    Before  the  prefent  war  was  exported 
from  this  ftate,  communihus  annis,  nearly  as  follows : 


Articieiy 


55,000  hhHi.  of  locolt). 
8ov>|Ooo  buihets. 
|6oo,poo  bulhe.'i. 


Tobacco^  ' 

Wheat, 
Indian' corn, 
Ship|iina, 

Myalls,  pTan1cs,fli-int1ing>fh!ngIeS|  ftaves, 
Tar,  pitch,  ttirpcntinC) 
F<ltry,  viz.  fkioi  9f  4VftMtiiert^  ot<  7 
ters,  nauikratSy  racooi^S|  foxcSf        I 
Pork, 

JUx  feed,  hemp,  cottony 
Fit  co^y  pig  iron, 
Peafe, 
Beef, 

Sturgeon,  white  /had,  herring, 
Brandy  from  peaches  Se  apples,  whi/ky, 
Horfei, 

»  I   PI  I  111—— »^»— — M— — — ^«^» 

The  amount  of  the  above  articles  is  ^.85o>oco,   Virginia 
money,  or  607,14a  guineas. 


Qa-ntity, 


jo,oeo  barrels. 

180  hhdi.  of  6oolh. 
4,000  barrels* 


5,000  bufliels* 
1,000  barrels* 


Hifiory,']  In  the  year  1,584,  two  patents  were 
granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  one  to  Adrain  Gilbert, 
(Feb.  6)  the  other  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  for  lands 
not  poffelTed  by  any  Chriftian  Prince.  By  the  direc-^ 
tion  of  Sir  Walter,  two  (hips  were  fitted  and  fent  out, 
under  the  .command  of  Philip  Amidas,  9nd  Arthur 
Barlow.^  In  July  the)!^  arrived  on  the  coa(l,  and  an- 
chored in  a  harbour  feven  leagues  wefl  of  the  Roan^ 
oke.  ,  On  the  13th  of  July,  they,  in  a  formal  manner^ 
took  polTeflion  of  the  country,  and,  in  honour  of  their 
virgin  Queen  Elizabeth,  they  called  it  Virginia.  Till 
this  time  the  country  was  known  by  the  general  name 
of  Florida.  After  this  Virginia  became  the  common 
name  for  all  Notth  America. 

In  the  year  1587,  Manteo  was  baptized  in  Virdhiai 
He  was  the  firft  native  Indiati  who  received  that  or- 
dinance in  that  part  of  America.  On  the  1 8th of  Au- 
guft,  Mrs.  Dare  was  delivered  of  a  daughter,  whbtn 
iKc  called  Virqinia.  She  was  the  firft  EngUlh  child 
that  Wia  bom  in  North  Amenta.  ?        ' 

.  In  the  fprin^  of  the  year  1.606,  Jaijnss  I.  by  patentj, 
divic^  y|p3tnia:  into  two  colonies.    The  Jouthern  in« 

•^y^^*       ML.  eluded 


n\ 


VIRGIN!    A, 


<^uded  all  lands  between  the  34th  and  41(1  degrees  of 
north  latitude.  This  was  ftiled  the  /rft  colony^  under 
the  name  of  South  Virginia,  and  was  granted  to  the 
London  Company.  1  he  norM^rn, railed  the  fecond 
colony,  and  known  by  the  general  name  of  North 
Virginia,  included  all  lands  between  the  38th  and 
45th  degrees  north  latitude,  and  was  granted  to  thft 
Plymouth  Company.  Each  of  Hhefe  colonies  had  a 
council  of  thirteen  men  to  govern  ihein.  To  preverit 
difputes  about  tenitory,  the  colonies  were  prohibited 
to  plant  within  an  hundred  miles  oF  each  other. 
There  appears  to  bean  inconfiflency  in  thefe  grants, 
as  the  lands  lying  between  the  3Bth  and  4ili  degrees, 
are  covered  by  both  patents. 

Both  the  London  and  Plymouth  companies  enter- 
prized  i'ettlements  within  the  limits  of  their  refpe£live 
grants,  but  with  ill  fuccel's,  for  no  efFe6lual  fettlements 
were  made  by  the  former  till  i6io,  and  by  the  latter 
not  till  1620.  Lord  Delaware,  in  1610,  came  over 
to  Virginia  with  a  frefh  fupply  of  fcltters  and  provif- 
ions,  which  revived  the  droopmg  fpitits  of  the  former 
company,  and  gave  permanency  and  lefpeflabiliiy  to' 
the  lettlemcnt. 

In  April  1613,  Mr.  John  Rolfc,  a  worthy  young 

fentleman,  was  married  to  Pocahontas,  the  daughter  of 
^omhatan,  the  famous  Indian  chief.  This  connexion, 
whidh  was  very  agreeable  both  to  the  EngUfh  and  In- 
dians, was  the  foundation  of  a  friendly  and  advan- 
tagcous  commerce  between  them. 

In  1616,  Mr.  Rolfe,  with  his  wife  Pccahonta?,  vif- 
ited  England,  where  (he  Was  treated  with  that  atten- 
tion and  refpetl  which  (he  had  merited  by  her  impor- 
tant fer C'Tccs  tO(the  colony  in  Virginia,  She  died  the 
year  following  at  Gravefend,  in  the  22d  year  of  her 
age,  jufl:  as  {he  was  about  to  embark  for  Americ?* 
She  had  embraced  the  Chiriflian  religion  ;  and  in  her 
life  and  death  evidenced  the  fincerity  of  her  profeflicn. 
She  left  a  little  fon,  who,  having  received, his  educa- 
tion in  England,  came  ovei;to  Virginia,  where  heliv- 
(d  and  died  in  affiuence  and  iionour,  leaving  b^jnd 


'*:•■,. 


Vj 


I    R    G 


MIA. 


*9S 


liiman  on^y  daughtier.    Her  ^Sfl^ndants  are  among 
the  mofl:  refpeflable  families  in  Virginia. 

TomocomOi  a  fenfible  Indian,  brother  in  4a w  to  Pd» 
cahontas,  accompanied  her  to  England ;  and  was  di- 
re£led  by  Powhatan  to  bring  him  an  exa<ft  account  of 
Che  numbers  and  (Irength  of  ike  En^iifli.  For  this 
purpofe,  when  he  arrived  at  Plymouth,  Jie  took  a  long 
llick,  intending  to^cut  a  notch  in  it  for  every  perfoa 
he  (hould  fee.  This  he  foon  found  impradicahleandl 
threw  away  his  ftick.  On  his  return,  being  aJked  by 
Powhatan,  how  many  people  there  were,  he  isfaid  to 
have  replied,  **  Count  the  ftars  in  the  (ky,  the  leaves 
on  the  trees,  i.nd  the  fands  on  the  fca  (hore  ;  for  iuch 
is  the  number  of  the  people  in  England." 

In  4650,  the  parliament,  confidering  itfelf  as  Hand* 
ing  in  the  place  of  their  depofed  King,  and  ashavii^ 
fucceeded  to  all  its  powers,  without  as  well  as  within 
the  realm,  began  to  affume  a  right  over  the  cblonies, 
pafling  an  aiS/i^r  exhibiting  jheir  trade  with  foreign 
nations.  This  fucceflton  to  the  exercife  of  the  kin^y* 
authority  gave  the  &rft  colour  for  parliamentary  inter- 
ference  with  the  colonies,  and  produced  that  fatal  prec- 
edent which  they  continued  to  foUow  after  they  had 
retired,  in  other  refpefts,  within  thtjir  proper  funti^ 
tions.  When  this  col«iy,  therefore,  which  ftill  main- 
tained \h  oppofition  to  Crpmwell  anJ  tlie  parliamenty 
was  induced,  in  165^  to  lay  do vm  their  armsi  ^^^Y 
previoufly  fecured  their  molt  eHentiai  rights,  by  afol- 
emn  convention. 

This  convention  entered  into  with  arms  in  their 
hands,  they  fuppofed  had  fecured  the  ancientlimits  of 
their  .country,  its  free  trade,  its  exemption  from  taxae- 
tioofhut  by  their  own  alTemblyi  and  excluuon  of  nili*;,; 
itary  force  from  among  them*  Yet  in  every  Of  thelto 
points  was  this  convention  violated  by  fubfequent 
Kings  and  parliaments,  and  other  infraClions  of  theh: 
cbnltitution,  equally  dangerous,  committed.  Their 
general  aflembly,  which  was  compofed  of  th^  council 


of  ftatc  and  burgcfles,  fitting  togetncr  and  deciding  by 
{>lurality  o|  voices j  was  fplit  into  two  houfes,  by  which 


the 


!f; 


*94  V  .1    R    G    I    N    I    A. 

Ihe  council  obtainecni  feparate  negative  on  their  l^'wu 
Appeals  from  their  fupreme  courl,  which  had  been 
iixed  by  law  in  their  general  aiTembly,  were  arbitrari- 
•ly  rievoked  to  England,  to  be  there  heard  before  the 
King  and  council.  Inftead  of  400  miles  on  the  Tea 
«m&,  they  were  reduced,  in  the  fpace  of  30  years,  to 
ibout  1^00  miles.  Their  trade  'with  foreigneis  was  to- 
tally fuppreffed,  and  when  carried  to  <freat  Britain, 
was  there  loaded  wi&  impofts.  It  is  unneceifary, 
however,  to  glean  up  the  feveral  inftances  of  injury, 
MS  fcAttered  through  American  and  Britiih  hiftory,  and 
the  more  e^cialtyi  as,  by  paflintr  on  to  die  acceflicm 
of  the  prefent  King,  we  fhall  find  fpecimens  of  them 
-all,  aggravated,  multiplied  and  crouded  within  a  fmall 
xoropns  of  time,  lo  as  to  evince  a  fixed  defign  of  con- 
fidenng  our  rights  natural,  conventional  and  chartered 
as  metre  nullities.  The  foUowtng  is  an  epitome  of  the 
ifirft  fifteen  yearsof  his  reign.  The  colonics  were 
taxed  internally  and  exlernally  ;  their  eflential  interefts 
iacrificed  to  iiuiividuaUdn  Great  Britain  ;  their  legif- 
latures  fufpended ;  charters  annulled  ;  trials  by  Juries 
taken  away  ;  their  perfons  fubjeded  to  tranfportation 
acrofs  the  Atlantick,  and  to  trial  before  foreign  judica- 
tories ;  their  fuppllcations  for  redrefs  thought  beneath 
anfwer ;  themfelves  publi'ihed  as  cowards  in  the  coun- 
cils of  their  mother  counti-y  and  courts  of  Europe ; 
armed  troops  fent  among  them  to  enforce  fubmilfion 
to  thefe  violences  ;  and  a£lual  hoflilities  commenced 
againft  them.  No  alternative  was  prefented  but  re- 
finance, or  unconditional  fubmiflion.  Between  thefe 
could  be  no  hefitation.  They  clofed  in  the  appeal  K> 
arois.  They  declared  themfelves  independent  flates. 
'jElley  confederated  together  into  one  great  republick  -; 
'^ilhus  fecuring  to  every  ilate  the  benefit  of  an  union  of 
^heir  whole  force.  They  fought— >they  conquered— 
and  obtained  a  gjkirious  rsA££« 


kenHjckV, 


>95 


KENTUCKY. 

(Belonging,  at  prefent,  to  the  State  of  Virginia*/ 


Length  250 
Breadth  <oo 


}  b«w«.  pt:£i',"/,? 


io'  North  Latitude. 
;  Longitude* 

BOUNDED  Northweft,  bv  tKc  river  Ohio  ;  Wefl^ 
by  CumberUnd  river ;  ^o^tb,  by  North  Caro» 
lina ;  Eaftj  by  Safi4y  river,  and  a  line  drawn  due  foutk 
jrom  its  ftuirce,  till  it  ibikes  the  northern  boundary 
of  North  Carolina^ 

CivU  Divifiott,^  Kenteieky  was  originaQy  divided 
into  twacoiinties,  Lincoln  and  JofierTon.  U  iia#  &)G# 
been  fifbdivided  into  fiBven>  which  iollow : 


ChlefTowm. 

LoVISVILLBy 
LXXINOTON* 


Har#odftowiiy- 
Baidftowm 


Ceuntiec* 

Fayette, 

Bourbony-  41 

Mercer, 

Nelfon, 

Maddifon^. 

Lincoln*  *    • 

Jtft«rj.J  The  river  Oiiid  waffies  the  northw< 
fide  of  Kentucky,  in  its  whole  ^tent.  Its  ftrinci^ 
branches,  which  water  this  fertiletraftcf  coiinti|(yi  art 
Sandy,  Licking,  Keiituckv,  Salt,  Green  and  Cuinber* 
hod  rivers.  Thefe  again  branch  in  various  dire£ti6ns^ 
into  rivulets  Of  diffinvnt  magnitudes,  fertilizin|^  the 
country  in  all  its  parts. 

Spnngs,2  There  are  Hve  noted  fait  fprings  c^  Kck^^ 
in  this  country,  viz.  the  higher  and  lowa^^Hue 
Springs,  on  Licking  rivei^  from  (ome  of  which,  1^  \a 
faid,  ilTue  ftreams  of  brinifli  water ;  the  Bis  Bone 
lick,  Drennon's  ^icks  ;  and  Bullefs  lick,  at  Satlfburg. 


^rted  to  the  Illinois  country.    The  method  of  pro* 
''4^^4;V  ^  "  curing- 


•■  J 


19^ 


KENTUCKY. 


caring  water  from  thefe  licksi  is  by  finking  wells  from 
30  to  4P  feet  deep.  The  WHter  drawn  from  thefe 
wells  is  more  ftrongly  impregnated  with  fait  than  the 
water  from  the  fea. 

Faieoftfu  Countryy  Scif  and  Produce.']  This  whole 
country,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  diicovcredf  lies  upon  a 
bed  of  lime  ftone,  which  in  general  is  about  fix  feet 
below  the  furface,  except  in  the  vallies,  where  the  foil 
h  much  thiner.  A  trad  of  about  aa  miles  wide,  along 
the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  is  hillyj  broken  landj  inter- 
fperfed  with  many  fertile  fyots.  The  rell  of  the  coun- 
try  is  agreeably  uneven,  gently  afcending  anddefcend- 
ing  at  no  great  diftances. 

No  country  will  admit  of  being  thicker  fettled  with 
jRirmers,  who  confine  themfelves  4o  agriculture,  than 
this.  But  large  ftocks  of  cattle,  excqpt  in  the  neigh- 
bourhoed  of  barrens,  cannot  be  raifed. 

This  country  in  general  is  well  tiaiheredk  Of  the 
natural  g«owth  which  is  peculiar  to  this  country,  we 
may  reckon  the  fuear,  cWee,  papaw,  and  cucumber 
trees.  The  two  laff  are  a  foft  wood,  and  be^r  a  fruit 
ef  the  fhape  and  fize  bf  a  cucumber.  The  coffee  tree 
refembles  the  black  oak,  and  bearsa  pod,which  enclofes 
(ood  coffee.  Befides  thefe  there  is  the  honey  locuft,^ 
plack  mulberry,  wild  cherry,  of  a  large  fize,  buckeye, 

exceedingly  foft  wood,  the  magnolia,  which  bears 
a  beautiful  bloflbm  of  a  rich  and  exquifite  fragrance, 
5uch  is  the  variety  and  beauty  of  the  flowering  fkrubi 
and  plants  which  grow  fpontaneoufly  in  thia  country^ 
that  in  the  proper  feafon  the  wildernefs-  appear^  in 
bloflbm. 

The  accounts- of  the  fertility  of  the  foil  in  this  coun* 
try,-  have,  in  feme  in  (lances,  exceeded  belief ;  and 
probably  have  been  exaggerated.  That  fome  parts  of 
Kentucky,  particularly  uie  h!ghground's,.are  remark- 
ably- good,r all  accounts  agree.  Ine  lands  of  the  firfl 
rate  are  too  rich  for  wheat,  and  will  produce  50, an4 
60,  and  in  fome  inftances^  it  is  a^rmed,  I'oa  Qufhtels 
of  good  corn,  an  acre.  In  common^  the  ^nff  yfi\i 
.produce  30  bufhels  ofwheat  or  rye  an  acre.  Barl'cryt 
oats^  cotton,  flax,  hemp,  and  vegetables  of  alt  kiatk 

commOfQ.    . 


'%.. 


KENTUCKY.  197 

« 

common  in  this  climate,  yield  abundandy.  The  old 
Virginia  planters  fay,  that  if  the  climate  doet  not  prove 
too  moift,  lew  foiU  knowoi  will  yield  more  ana  bet^ 
ter  tobacco. 

Clmatc^J  Healthy  and  delightful,  fomo  few  placet 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  ponda  and  low  grounds  ex- 
cepted. The  inhabitznts  do  not  experience  the  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold.  Snow  (eldom  falls  deep,  or 
lies  long.  The  wjnter,  which  begins  about  Chriftmasi 
is  never  longer  than  three  tnontlu,  and  is  commonly 
bul  two,  and  is  fo  mild  as  that  cattle  can  fubfifl  with* 
out  fodder. 

Chief  Town.']  Lbxingtor,  which  Hands  oh  the 
head  waters  of  Elkhom  river,  is  reckoned  the  capiul 
of  Kentucky.  Here  the  courts  are  held;  and  buunefa  - 
regularly  conduced.  In  1786,  it  c(mtained  about 
109  houfes,  and  fev6ral  (lores,  with  a  good  aflbftment 
of  dry  goc^s.    It  muft  have  greatlj^  tncleafed  (ince. 

Population  and  CharaQtr^    It  is  impoffible  to  af- 
certatn,  with  any  d^ree  ofUccoracy,  the  prefent  num- 
ber of  inhabitants ;  owing  to  the  numerous  accefliona 
which  are  made  alinoft  every  month;    In  1783,  in 
the  county  of  Lincoln  only,  there  were,  on  the  miK- 
tia  rolls,  3.5^0  men^  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  lowet 
parts  of   Virginia.-   In  1784^  the  number  of  inhabit* 
ants  were  reckoned  at  upwards  of  30,000.    From  tl^  . 
accounts  of  their  aftonifliiing  increafs  fince,  we  .may 
now  fafely  eftimate  them  at  100,006.    It  is  afTertra 
that  at  lead  20^000  migrated  here  in  the  year  1787. 
Thefe  people,  coUefled  from  different  ftateSi^  di0ei^- 
ent  manners,  cuftoms,  religions,  and  politi^  fenti- 
ments,  have  not  been  long  enough  together  to  form  & 
uniform  and  diftinguiihing  chara6ler.    Athoi^g  the* 
fetders<  there  are  many  gei^lemen  of  abilities,  and  ma- 
ny genteel  families,  f  rom  feveral  of  the  ilatea,  who 
give  dignity  and  refpeftability  to  the  fettlcment.  They 
are  in  general  more  orderly,  perhaps,  than  any  people 
who  have  fettled  a  new  country. 

RdigionJ]    The  Baptifts  are  the  moft  numerous 
religious  fe£l  in  Kentucky.     In  1787  they  had  16' 
.fbqwfaea  eftablifhed,    beiides  feveral   ccngreffationn 
.      ■- ;:  R  a  wnew" 

J'" 


*?i 


198 


KENTUCKY. 


where  churches  were  nof  conllituted.  Thefe  wert 
fuppUed  with  upwards  of  30  mitnifters  or  teacfaierii. 
There  ftre  feveraf  large  congregations  of  Prelbyteiians^ 
and  fome  few  of  ciher  denominations. 

Govemnune.J  The  (ame  as  Virginian  But  they  ex- 
pe£l  foon  to  be  admitted  int»  the  union- as  an  mde* 
pendent  ftate. 

i  iteratuTcand  Imprnenunts*'\  The^legilhture  of  Vir- 
ginia have  made  provifion  for  a  college  in  K«ntuckyi 
and  have  endowed  it  with  very  conuderable  landed 
funds.  The^eir.  John  Todd  hasgiven-a  very  hand^ 
fome  library  for  its  ufe.  Schools  are  eflablifhed  in 
the  feveial  townS}  and,  in  generalj  regul»riy  and  hand- 
fomely  fupported.  They;  have  a  printing  office,  and 
'publiR^  a  weekly-  Gazette^  They  have>^eie£led  a  pa*> 
per  mill,  an  oilr  mill)  fuUine  m»lls^  faw  mills^  and  a 
great  pumbsr  of  valuable  grift  mills.  Their  fait  works 
arc  more  than  fuificient  to  fupptv  all  the  inhabitants^ 
at  a  low  price.  They  m|Jcecon^derablequantities  of 
fugar  from  the  fugar  trees.-  Iiabcurers,  particularly 
tradcfmen,  are  exceedingly  warned  here. 

Curiofities.'^  The-  banks,  of  rather  precipices,  of 
Kentuclcy  and  Dick's  rivers,  are  to  ht  recRoned  among 
the  natural  curioftties  of'  this  country.  Here  the  9h 
Honifhcd  eye  beholds  3  or  400  foet  of  folid  perpendicu- 
lar rock,  in  fome  parts  of  the  lime  ftone  kind,  and  in 
others  of  fine  wj^ite  marble,  curioufly  checkered  with 
ftrata  of  adonifhing  regularity.  Thefe  riven»  have 
the  appearance  of  deep,  artificial  canals.  Theirbanl^ 
are  lelil  and  covered  with  red  cedar  groves. 

Uijiory.']  The  firft  white  man  who  difcovered  thi« 
province,  was  one  James  M»Bride,  in  the  year  1754* 
From  this  period  it  remained  unexploredtiH  about  the 
year  1767,  when  one  John  Finley  and  fome -others, 
trading  with  the  Indians,  fortunately  travelled  over 
the  fertile  region,  now  called  Kenfuck-yj  tiien  but 
known  to  the  Indians,  by-  the  name  «»f  the  Dark  atid 
Hloody  Grounds,  and  fometimcs  the  Middle  Ground. 
This  country  greatly  engaged  Mr.  Finley  V  attcntioni 
and  he  communicated  his  difco very  to  Colond  Daniel 
Boon,  and  a  few  more,  who^  conceiving  it  to  be  aa 

intereftiiij 


KENTUCKY. 


n9 


lefe  wert 
(eachterf. 
>ytetians^ 

they  ex- 
an  mde* 

A 

TofVir- 
cntuckyi 
e  landed 
ry  hand^ 
iflied  in 
nd  hand- 
ice,  and 
cd  a  pa*. 


It  work) 
abitants^ 
^titles  of 
icuhrlf 

►ices,  of 
1  among 
the  ai. 
•endicu- 
I  and  in 
ed  with 
'tt  have 
rbank^ 

red  this 

■1754* 
out  the 

sthersy 

i  over 

m  but 

k  atid 

ound. 

ntiony 

)anid 

be  aa 


tnterefting  ^bje6l,  agreed,  in  the  year  1769,  tp  under* 
take*  a  journcfV  in  oraer  to  explore  it.  After  a  loi^  fa^ 
tiguing  inarch,  over  a  mountainous  wildemefa^  m  a 
weilw4id  direftion,  they  at  length  arrived  upon  its 
borders ;  and  from  tlie  top  of  an  eminence,  with  joy 
and  wonder,  defcried  the  beautiful  landlcape  of  Ktxih 
tucky.  Here  they  encamped,  aixi  tome  went  to  hunt 
provifions,  which  were  readily  procured,  there,  being 
plenty  of  game,  while  Colonel  Boon  and-John  Finlejr 
made  a  tour  through  the  country,  which  they  found 
far  exceeding,  their  expef^ations^.  and  returning  to 
. camp,,  intcrmedr  their  companiopi  of  theiidifcoveries* 
But  m<fpite  of  this  promifing  beginning,  this  compa^ 
ny,  meeting  with  nothing  but  hard(hips  and  ad  verlity, 
grew,  exceedingly  diQieartened,  and  was  plundered, 
dil'perfed  and -killed  hy-the  Indians/ except  Colonel 
Boon,  who  continued  an  inhabitant  of  the  wildernel|> 
until  the  year  1771^,  whenhe  returned,  home* 

Colonel  Henderfon,  of  North  Csyolina,  beins  in- 
formed of  this  country  by  Colonel  Boon,  he,  and  fome 
other  gentlemen,  held  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians, at  Wataga,  in  March,  1 775t  wnd  then  purchafed 
from  them  the  laods:  lying  on  the  fouth  fide  of.  Ken- 
tucky river,  for  goods,  at  valuable  rates,  to  the  amount 
of /'.6000  fpccie.  ' 

Soon  after  this  purchafe,  the  ftate  of  Vir^nla  took 
the  alarm,  agreed  to  pay  the  mQiiey  Colonel  Donald- 
fon  had  contra£led'  for,,  and  then  Afputed'  Colonel 
Henderfon's  right  of  purchafe,  as  a -private  gentleman  , 
of  another  (late,  in  behalf  of  himfelf.  Ho^^rever,  f6r 
his  eminent  fervices  to  this  country ,^  and  for  having 
been  inftrumental  in  making  fo  valuable  an  acouiiition 
to  Virginia,  that  (late  was  pTeaTed  to  rewardhim  with 
a  tradt  of  land,  at  the  mouth  of  Green  rivei^  to  the 
amount  of  200,00a  acres  *,  and  the  (late  of  North  Car- 
olina gave  him  the  like  quantity  in  Powel'sValle^. 
This  region  was  formerly  claimed  by  various  tribes  of 
Indians  ;  whofe  title,  if  they  had  any^  originated  in 
fuch  a  manner,  as  to  render  it  doubtful  which  ought 
to  .polfefs  it.  Hence  this  fertile  (pot  became  an  objefi 
^fcontention,,  a  theater  of  w^  from  <  which  it  was 

,^. .  properly 


TOO        NORTH    CAROLINA. 

properly  denominated  the  Bloody  Groundf*  Their 
cdrttentions  not  bcins  likely  to  decide  the  right  to  any 
particular  tribe^  at  ioon  at  Mr.  Henderfoa  and  hit 
friendy  propofed  to  purchafe)  the  Indiana  agreed  to 
fell }  and  notwithftandinj^  the  valuable  conmeration 
they  riseeived,  have  continued  ever  fince  troufakrotne 
acif^hboura  to  the  new  lettkn. 

The  pi^ogreitin  improvements  and  cultivation  which 
h^s  been  made  in  this  country,  almoir  exceeds  be- 
lief. '  Eleven  years  ago  Kentucky  lay  in  fbreft,  almoft 
uninhabited,  but  by  wild  beads.  Now,  notwithftand- 
ing  the  united  oppofition  of  all  the  weftem  Ipdiftns, 
ihe  exhibits  an  extenfive  fetdement,  divided  into  fev- 
en  large  and  populous  counties,  in  which  are  a  num- 
ber of  flourifliing  little  t0wn3 ;  containing  more  in- 
habitants than  ftre  in  Georgia,  Delaware  or  Rhode 
ilfland  ftatet }  and  nearly  or  quite  as  many  as  in  New 
Hampfhire.  An  inftance  of  the  like  kind,  Where  a 
fettkment  has  had  fo  lam  and  fo  rapid  a  growth^  can 
fcarcely  be  produced  in  hiftory. 


NORTH   CAROLINA. 


nllM. 
Length  75*  I 
Breadth  i  lo  5 


TIOUN 


).<»  and  36° 
'Oand  16° 


30'  Nortjh  LatUuds. 
Wef 


^#R>"l't«  and  16°  Weft  Longitude. 

ith,  by  Virginia;  Eaft,  by  the 
Atlantick  ocean ;  South,  by  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.    Weft,  by  the  Miflifippi,  ,      . 

Rivets,"]     Chowan  river  is  formed  by  the  confluence 
•f  three  rivers,  vie.  the  Meherrin,  Nottaway  and' 
Black  rivers  ;  all  of  which  rife  in  Virginia;    It  falls 
into  the  northweft  corner  of  Albemarle  found. 

Roanoke  h  a  long  rapid  river,  formed  by  two  prin- 
cipal branches,  Staunton  river,  which  rifes  in  Vir- 
finia,  and  Dan  river  which  rifes  in  North  Carolina, 
t  empties,  by  feveral.  mouths,  into  the  ibothweft  end 
of  Aloemarle  tbund. 

FamUco  or  Tar  river  opens  into  Pamlico  found. 

Neus  river  empties  into  Paodico  found  below  Ne  v* 
bern*  ^'^ 


NORTH    CAROLIN'A.        sot 

Trent  river,  from  the  fouthwreft,  falls  into  the  Neu» 
at  Newbem. 

Ail  the  rivers  in  Korth  Carolina,  and*  it  may  be 
addedi  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  the  Florida!, 
which  empty  into  the  Atlantick  ocean,  are  ntfvigabls 
by  any  vcflfcl  that  can  pafs  the  bar  at  their  moUtltf; 
White  the  water  courfes  continue  broad  enous^  f^t 
vefTels  to  turn  r^nd^  there  is  generally  a  fumcient 
depth  or  water  for  them  to  proceed.  ^ 

Cape  Fear  river  opens  into  the  Tea  at  Cape  Feift*. 
As  you  afcend  it,  you  pafs  Brunfwick  on  the  left,  and 
Wilmington  on  the  right.  The  river  then  divides  in- 
to nortXedJi  and  nortktoefi  branches,  as  thry  are  caliv^d. 
This  river  affords  the  bed  navigation  in  North  Carolint, 

PeUfon^  Holftcin,  Noley,  Chuckeyt  and  Frank  rivers, 
are  all  branches  of  the  broad  Tcnnejee,  which  fallf  into 
the  Ohio. 

Sounds,  Capes,  Swamps,  (ic,"]  Pamlico  Sound  is  a 
kind  of  lake  or  inland  lea,  from  lo  to  so  mile^  broad« 
and  nearly  loo  miles  in  length.  It  is  feparated  from 
the  fea,  iii  its  whole  lengt4i,  by  a  beach  ot  (and  hardly 
a  mile  wide,  generally  covered  with  fmall  trees  or 
bufhes.  North  of  Pamlico  fbund,  and  communicating 
with  it,  is  jUbematrU  found,  60  miles  in  length,  and 
from  8  to  1  a  in  bupadth.  Core  Sound  lies  fouth  of 
Pamlico,  and  communicates  witti^  it.  Thefe  founds 
are  To  large,  when  compared  wtthlheirinlets  from  the 
fca,  that  no  tide  can  be  perceived  in  any  of  the  rivers 
which  empty  into  them  ;  nor  is  the  water  fait  even 
in  the  moutns  of  thefe  rivers. 

Cape  Hatteras  is  in  lat.  35*^15'.  This  cape  hat 
been  dreaded  by  mariners  failing  fouthward  when 
they  have  been  in  large  veflels  ;  for  if  they  comie 
within  ao  miles  of  the  land  at  the  cape,  it  is  in  fome 
places  too  (hoal  for  them  }  if  they  ftand  further  oiF, 
they  are  in  danger  of  falling  into  the  Gulf  Stream,  which 
would  fel  them  3  or  4  miles  an  hour  northward.  It 
is  obfervable  that  violent  ftorms  of  rain  and  gu(b  o^ 
wind,  are  uncommonly^frequent  around  this  oape. 

Cajpe  Lookout  is  fouth  of  Cape  Hatteras,  oppofile 
Core  fipund,  and  has  had  an  exeellent  harbour  entire- 
ly filled  up  with  land  (ince  the  year  1  yji*  Capt 


m 


•oi         NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Cap€  Fear  ti  rcmarlcabic  for  a  dangerous  fhoal  tall- 
cd|  from  hi  form,  the  Frying  pan, 

DiJmU  Swamp  fpreadi  over  tlie  whole  tra£l  ofcoun- 
try  which  liea  between  Pamlico  and  Albemaile  founds, 
and  needa  no  other  defcription  than  i«  conveyed  by 
ita  luune.  There  it  another  large  fwamp  north  of 
Xdenton,  which  lies  partly  in  this  flate  and  partly  in 
▼iratnta.  This  fwamp  is  owned  by  two  companies*; 
the  Virginia  company,  of  which  Gefteral  Wafliington 
il  a  member,  hold  100,000  acres  ;  and  the  North  Car- 
olina company,  who  hold  about  40,000  acres.  It  is 
in  contemplation  to  cut  a  canal  through  this  fwamp^ 
from  the  head  of  Pafqiietank  to  the  head  of  Elizabeth 
.river,  in  Virginia,  1  a  or  14  miles  in  length. 

CiiuUDivifronj*']  This  ftate  is  divided  into  8  diilri£iS) 
,wbich  are  fubdivided  into  58  countieit  at  fbllowi : 


DyiriSu 


BJentoR, 
9  conatlw* 


WiliriaitoBf 

t  couadci* 


fChvWan, 
Currituck, 
Ctmbden, 
Pafquetaiik, 
Perquimioti 
Oatea» 
Hertford, 
B«rt]«, 
^yrril, 
Tf  cw  Hanover, 
BrttfllWick, 
Cpakirhuid. 

^  Duplin, 
9cadeDy 
Waync^ 
.Moore* 
,    rCravcn, 
iBeaiffort, 
}  Cartei«t, 
I  Pitt, 
>  Dobbi. 
Hyde, 

"offCf, 

The  ai'ove  three  diftriAa  n/e  on 
the  r*  a  coaft,  extendinft  from 


' 


Newbern, 
8  counttei. 


I?' 


,rf    the  V'r«5iftia  line  for>thweft 


tuth  C'Tolina* 


^  Oitvidfooj 
\  Summer* 


JDjfiriai, 


Halifax, 
7  couatiea* 


HillAoroogli 


9t  counties* 


Saliftury, 
8  Cottotiee 


Morgan, 
7  counties 


Cmatia* 
^Halifax, 
Novthamptsa*, 
Msrtin, 
Edfflconby 
Warren, 
Franktfa^ 

8  aft. 
ran|«, 

(';hatMi, 
OraBvillc,» 
lohnffon, 
*  <  Cafwell, 

WaSe, 

Oailftird, 

'RovNin, 

Mecklenhnrg, 
Rock'  t  Ham,. 
J  iyrry, 

^'''  "**      *. 
Wilket, 

Richmond* 

urk. 

Green, 

Ratherlerd, 

Waftington, 

Sullivan, 

Lincoln, 

Hawklat* 


IV 


f^Oil  tall. 

I ofcoun- 
Ic  founds, 
'•eyed  by 
north  of 
partly  in 
wpanies'; 
afbington 
orth  Car- 
«s.  It  if 
•»  fw»m^ 
EHsabetb 

didriaii 
owa: 

rtia, 

n. 

ItM, 

owHe,. 

Bffofl, 
[PfWH 

lAwd. 

e»y 

nond. 
r 

srfcrd, 
iogton, 

r'» 


NO   vTH    CAROLINA,        to) 

1  hcfe  five  Jtftri6lt,  beginning  on  the  Vit^inia  linr» 
rover  the  whole  (Ute  well  of  the  three  maritime  Ml- 
tricts  before  mentioned  ;  and  the  greater  part  of  them 
extend  auite  acrofs  the  (bktt  from  north  to  fouth. 

Principal  Tountt.']  Newbern,  Edenton,  Wiiming- 
tont  Halifax,  Hillfborough  and  Fayetteville,  ^h  in 
their  turns  have  heei  conAdered  as  the  capital  of  the 
(lai«.  A*  n.  •  ■  n.  they  have  no  capital.  Theconvejll> 
tion  wb'ch  nic.  o  «.>nftder  the  new  confHtution,  fixeid 
on  a  place  in  Wal'-e  county  to  be  the  feat  of  goverp- 
ncpt,  but .      town  it  not  yet  built. 

y  WBERN  ii  the  largefl  town  in  the  (late.  Itftandl 
on  a  flat,  fandy  point  of  land,  formed  by  the  confluence 
of  the  rivtrs  Neus  on  the  north,  and  Trent  on  th« 
fouth.  The  town  contains  about  ^fio  houfes,  all  built 
of  wood,  excepting  the  palace,  the  church,  the  goail 
and  two  dwelling  houfes,  which  are  of  brick. 

£oiNTON  is  ntuated  on-  the  north  fide  of  Albe* 
marie  found  ;  and  has  about  150  indifferent  wood 
houfes,  and  a  few  handfome  buildings.  1 1  has  a  foriclc 
church  for  Epifcopalians^  which  for  many  years  has 
been  much  neglcfted,  and  ferves  only  to  (hew  that  the 
people  once  had  a  regard,  at  leaOt,  for  the  externals  of 
religioa.  lt»  local  fituation  is  advantageous  for  tradci 
but  not  for  health. 

WiLMXNOTON  i4  a  towo  of  about  i8o  houfes,  fif* 
uated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  eaftern  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  34  miles  from  the  l^a. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Soil  and  ProduHions,"]  North 
Carolina,  in  its  whole  width,  for  60  miles  from  the 
fea,  is  a  dead  level.  A  great  proportion  of  this  tra£l 
lici  in  fcreft,  and  is  barren.  On  the  banks  of  fome 
. "  the  rivers,  particularly  of  the  Roanoke,  the  land  is 
fertile  and  good.      Interfperfed  through  the  other 

f»art%  are  glades  of  rich  fwamp,  and  ridges  of  oak 
and,  of  a  black,  fertile  foil.  Sixty  and  80  miles  from 
the  lea,  the  counti  y  rifes  into  hill.s  and  mountains,  as 
defcribed  in  South  Csrollna  and  Georgia. 
•  That  part  of  North  Carolina  which  lies  well  Of  the 
mountains,  a  tra£t  about  500  miles  in  length^  <^ft  and 
Hvcft,  and  upi wards  of  too  in  breadth,  (exceupt  the 

Cumberland 


Ik 


M4 


NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Cumberland  barrens,  and  fome  brokeri  lands)  is  ^  £ne 
fertile  country,  watered  by  the  broad  Tenneflee,  and 
abounds  with  oaks,  locuft  trees  of  feveral  kinds,  waU 
■  nut,  elm,  linn  and  cherry  trees,  Ibme  of  which  are 
three  feet  in  diameter.  Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats  and 
flax  gsow  well  in  the  back  hilly  country.  Indian 
corn  "  d  pulfe  of  all  kinds  in  all  parts.  Cotton  is  aU 
fo  con nderably  cultivated  here,  and  might  be  raifed  in 
much  greater  plenty.  It  is  planted  yearly  :  The  Ilalk 
dies  with  the  £rcil. 

Tradi.'j  The  fouthcm  interionr  counties  carry  their 
produce  to  Charlef^on  ;  and  the  northern  to  Peterfburg 
m  Virginia.  The  exports  from  the  lower  parts  of 
the  iiate  are,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  rohn,  Indian  corn, 
lumber,  furs,  tobai^o,  pork,  &c.  Their  trade  is  chief- 
ly with  the  Wefl  Indies,  and  the  northern  flates. 

Climate,  Di/eafes,  &c.]  In  the  flat  country  near  the 
fea  coaft,  the  inhabitants,  during  the  fummer  and  au- 
tumn, are  fubje£l  to  intermitting  fevers,  which  often 
prove  fatal,  at  billious  or  nervous  fymptoms  prevaiL 
The  inhabitants  have  very  little  of  the  bloom  and 
frefhnefs  of  the  people  in  the  northern  ilates. 

The  weftem  hilly  parts  of  the  llate  are  as  healthy 
as  any  of  the  United  States.  That  country  is  fertile, 
full  of  fprings  and  rivulets  of  pure  wat%r*  The  air 
there  is  lerene  a  great  part  of  the  year,  and  the  inhab- 
itants live  to  old  age,  which  cannot  be  laid  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  flat  country.  The  winters  are  ib  mild 
in  fome  yearsi,  that  autumn  may  be  laid  to  continue 
till  fpring. 

ReUgion,^  The  weftern  parts  of  this  Hate,  which 
have  been  Icttled  within  the  laft  35  years,  are  .chiefly 
inhabited  by  Preibyterians  from  Pennfylvania,  the 
defcendants  of  people  from  the  North  of  Ireland,  and 
are  exceedingly  ftUached  to  the  do£lrines,  difcipline 
and  ufages  of  the  chucch  of  Scotland.  They  are  a 
regular  induftrlous  people.  Almofi:  all  the  inhabit- 
ants between  the  Catawba  and  Yadkin  rivers,  are  of 
this  denomination,  and  they  are  in  general  well  fup- 
plied  with  a  fenfible  and  learned  miniflry.  7  here  are 
interceded  fome  fettlemeots  of  .Getman^  both  Luther- 


"N  OR  T  H  i^  A  R  O  L  I  N  A.         205 

:%«!«  and  CalviniflSf  but  they  have  vf  ty  few  ipinifteis. 
The  Moravians  have  fcvcral  fiouTinnng  iettlemcnts  in 
this  flate. 

The  Friends  or  Quakers  Ivive  a  feUlemcnt  in  Newr 
Garden,  in  Giiilforcl  county,  and  ievcral  con^^regations 
at  Pcrquimins  and  Pafquetank.  I'hc  Melhod|i|ls  and 
Bsiptilts  ar^  numerous  and  iocrcafing.  Bc(racs  the 
denomination&  already  mentioned,  there  is  a  very  nu- 
merous body  of  people,  in  this,  and  in  all  thefouihern 
fiateS)  who  cen not  properly  be  clalTed  with  any  i'e6i 
of  Chriilians,  having  never  made  any  proi'cIT^on  of 
chriflianity,  and  are  literally,  as  to  religion,  not»inc> 

AAIARS. 

Colleges  and  Acadeitties.^  There  is  no  univerfity  or 
college  in  the  ftate.  In  the  ori,'^inal  conftitutiun  it  is 
declared  that  *>  There  fhall  be  one  more  or  ieminaries 
of  learning  maintained  at  the  publick  expenie."  But 
the  legi(lature«  hitherto,  have  not  confldered  ihatclaufe 
as  binding.  Probably  they  do  not  like  it.  Academies 
are  eftjtbliiZied  at  Newbcrn,  Salifbui)*  and '  Hilil- 
borough. 

Fopuiatiofit  CharaBer,  Manners  and  Cu{ioms.~\  The 
inhabitants  of  this  (late  are  reckoned  at  270,000,  of 
which  60,000  are  negroes.  The  North  Carolinians 
are  moiily  planters»  and  live  from  half  a  mile  to  3  and 
4  miles  from  each  othei',  on  their  plantations.  They 
have  a  plentiful  countr}'— -no  ready  market  for  th^ir 
produce— little  intercourfe  with  flrangers,  and  a  nat' . 
ural  fandncfs  for  fjcicly,  which  induce  them  to  be 
Itufpltable  to  travellers.  In  the  lower  didrids  the  in- 
habitants have  \txy  few  places  for  pUblick  and  week- 
ly worfhip  of  any  kind;  audthcle  hw,  being  dedi- 
tute  of  miniHers,  are  fuffercd  to  fland  ncgledted.  Tha 
fabbath  of  £ourfe,  which,  in  mod  civilized  countries^ 
is  at  lead  profelTicnally  nnd  exiernally  regatdcd  as 
holy  tin. :,  and  which,  confidered  merely  in  a  civil 
view,  is  an  excellent  e^abli^hment  for  the  promotion 
f>f  cleanlinefs,  friend(hip,  harmony  and  all  the  fecial 
virtues,  is  here  generally  dilregardcd,  or  diftinguifhed 
by  the  convivial  vifitings  of  the  white  inhabitants, 
and  the  noify  di verfions  of  the  ncgrccs.  The  women, 
'     S  cjtcept 


if,-: 


ta6        NORTH'  'C  ^6  L  IN  A. 

£xreptiiiTomfc  of  the  populous  towtis,-  have  very  kit- 
tle intercourfe  with  each  other,  and  are  almoft  entrie- 
ly  deftitute  of  the  hloom  and  vivacity  of  the  tiorth. 

The  general  topifcks  ofconverfatton  among  the  men, 
when  cards,  tijiie  buttle,  and  occurrences  of  the  day  do 
not  ii)m|rene,  arc  negroes,  the  prices  of  indigo,  rice, 
tobacei^  &c.  They  appear  to  have  as  little  tallc  for 
the  iciences  as  for  religion.  Political  itxjuirfes,  and 
philol'ophical  difquiiitions,  are  attended  to  but  by  a  fcvr 
men  of  genius  and  induflry,  and  are  too  laborious  for 
the  indolent  minds  of  the  people  at  large.  Lefs  at- 
tention and  refpeA  ate  paid  to  the  women  here,  thitn 
in  thofe  parts  of  th^  United  States  where  the  inhabit- 
ants have  made  greater  progrel's  in  the  arts  of  civiliz- 
ed life.  Indeed, it  is  a  truth,  confirmed  by  obferva- 
tion,  thjit  in  proportibn  to  the  advancement  of  civil- 
ization, in  the  fame  proportion  will  refpeft   for  the 

^  women  be  increafed  ;  fo  that  the  progrefs  of  civiliza- 
tion in  countries,  in  ftates,  in  towns  and  in  families, 
may  be  marked  by  the  degree  of  attetition  which  is 
paid  by  hufbands  to  their  wives,  ^  and  by  the  young 
men  to  the  youiig  women. 

Thecitizensof  North  Carolina,  who  are  not  better 
employed,  fpend  their  time  in  drinking,  or  gaming  at 
cards  or  aice,  in  cock  fighting  or  horfc  racing.  Many 
of  the  interludes  are  filled  up  with  a  bojdng  match  ; 
and  thrfc  matches  frequently  become  memorable  ^by 

♦feats  of  gouging,* 

In  a  cyuntry  that  pretends  to  any  degree  of  civiliza- 
tion, one  would  hardly  expeft  to  find  a  prevailing 
cuflom  of  putting  out  the  eyes  of  each  other.  Yet 
this  more  than  barbarous  cullom'is  prevalent  in  both 
iho  Carolinas,  and  in  Georgia,  among  the  lower  clafs 
«f[eople.     Of  the  origin  of  this  cullom  we  are  not 

informed. 

*  The  dellrflte  ind  rrferMtn'mg  Akterjion^  with  propriety  called 
ffoug'mg,  5s  thus  i-ci formed.  >Vtien  two  t.xers  aie  worried  with 
fl^hting  and  bruifing  each  other,  thry  come,  as  it  ij  calied,  tty 
tiojfe  quarters,  and  each  endeuvour!>  to  t\rift  his  forefingers  in  the 
ear  locks  of  his  untagontft.  When  thefe  are  fall  clinched,  the 
tliumhs  are  exicmieii  each  way  to  the  iiofe,  and  the  eyes  gentljf 
tmneu  out  of  their  fozlteis.  The  vi£lor,  for  his  expertnefir,-  re- 
ceives (houts  of  appiauf;  frcin  the  fportivc  thicrg,  wl)ilf  his  poor, 
sydejt  ant3ii«>nift  is  lau^i'iJil  at  fox  his  nusfortune. 


informed.  We  prefume  there  are  few  <y>rxjpcti£9r» 
for  the  honour  of  having  originated  it ;  and  eaually  as 
few  who,  arc,  9j;i vipus  of  the  pleajur^  pf  thofc  wnp  have 
the  A<?n«JMr  to  continue  it„ 

Conjlitiition.'^  By  the  conflitutian  of  thi»  dale, 
which  was  ratifiec^  in  Dicipember,  ^776,  alljiiiflative 
authority  is  ye(le4  }''^  ^^^9  dtH^ind  branched^Hp  de- 
pendent on  the  pcoule,  viz.  A  Senate  Ar^^noitje  of 
Commons^  .which,  when  convened  for  bufincls,  arc 
ililed'  the  General  AJfimbly. 

The  Senate  is  cprnpofed  of  reprefentatives,  one  for 
each  county,  chofen  annually  by  ballot. 
.  The^Hpuie  of  Commons  confifts  of  reprelcntatiycs^ 
chojTen,  in  the  lame  'way,  two  for  each  cfunty,  anji  one 
iox  c«^ch  df  the  towns  of  Edcnton,  NewVrn,,  Wil- 
mington, ]^a|iQ)ury,.  Hillfborough  and  Halifax. 
.The  Senate  and  Houfe  of  Commons,  when  conven- 
ed, jointly,  by  ballot  at  their  firft  meeting' after  each 
annual  eledlion,  choofe  a  Governour  for  one  year, 
■who  is  npt  eligible  to  that  oilice  longer  than  three 
years  in  fix  fucceffive  years  ;  and  who  muft  po{rq&  a 
freehold  of  roore',ihan  £'.1000,  and  have  been  an  in- 
habitant of  the  (late  above  five  years.  They,  in  the 
fame  manner  and  at  the  fame  time,  elcfl  feven  perfons 
to  be  a-^council  of  ftate,  for  one  year,  to  advife  the 
Gpvemoill  in  the  execution  of  his  office, 

The  Conditution  allows  of  no  religious  eflablini* 
ment. 

Hifiory.y  The  hift9ry  of  North  Carolina  is  left 
tnown  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  ftafes.  *  From  the 
bed  accounts  that  hiftor)'  affords,  the  firft  permam^n^^ 
fettlement  in  Nortl\  Carolina  was  made  about  the  year 
1710,  by  a  number  of  Palatines  from  Germany,  who 
had  been  reduced  to  circugndances  of  great  indigence, 
by  a  calamitous  war.  The  proprietors  of  Carolina^ 
knowing  that  the  value  of  their  lands  depended  on  the 
drcngth  of  their  fettlements,  determined  to  giveTCve- 
.ry  poUible  encouragement  to  fuch  emigrants.  Ships 
*were  tccordin^ly  provided  for  their  tranfportatlpn  ; 
and,  upon  their  arrival,  Governour  Tynte  granted 
them  a  tract  of  land  in  North  Carolina,  fince  called 

Albemarle 


'-^r 


f^S        SOUTH    C^^OLl'kA. 

Albemarle ancf  Bath  precin£b^  tvhere  they  fettled»  an«i 
flitteiied  them fdVes  with  having  Found,  in  the  hideoi<:( 
wilderncfs,  a  happy  retreat  from  the  defolations  oFa 
war  which. then  fag^d  in  Europe. 

In  t^year  1712,  a  dangerous  confpiracy  was  form- 
ed bwH|  Coree  and  Tufcorera  tribes  of  Indians,  to 
Biut^9||Mld  expel  this  infant  colony.  Their  horrid 
pur  poies  were  in  part  cfie£fced  ;  and  the  colony  would 
Bave  been  entiirely  cut  off;  had  they  not  received  a 
timely  rehcf  from  Governour  Craven,  of* South  Car- 
olina. Ih  this  expedition  it  was  computed  that  near 
a  thoufand  Tufcororas  were  killed,  wounded  and  talr- 
en.  The  reh|aihder  of  the  tribe  foon  after  abandoned 
their  countty,  and  joined  the  rive  Nations,  with 
whom  they  havee\'er  fmce  remained.  After  l  ^  the 
infant  (Colony  remained  in  peaces  and  continued  to 
flqurifh  under  the  generargovernment  of  South  Car- 
olina, till  about  the  year'  1:729,  when  ibven  of  the  pre- 
prietors,  for  a  valuable  conftderation,  vefted  their 
property  and  juri(di6lion  in  the  crown,  and  the  c6T- 
ony  wai  erefted  into  a  feparatc  proyince,  by  the  name 
of  North  Carolina,  and  its  prefent  limits  ellablinied 
by  an  order  of  George  II. 


SOUTH    CAROLINA.. 


mlUt. 


Cength  aoo  ?  i...„^.„  S  3*°  V<'  35*  N^orth  Latitude. 
Breadth  1*5  j  "'*««"  \   4O  7„d  ^8  Wcft  Longitude.      ♦ 

BOUNDED  Eaft,  by  the  Atlantick  ocean  ;  North, 
by  North  Carolina ;  South\){en;  and  South,  by 
Savannah  river^  which  divides  it  from  Georgia.  Tlic 
weftern  boundary  has  not  yet,  with  accuracy,  been 
afcertained. 

Ctimatt.li  The  climate  is  differcntin  different  parts 
of  the  ftate.  Along  thefea  coad,  bilious  difeafes  and 
fevers  of  all  kinds  are  prevalent  between  July  and  Oc- 
tober. The  probability  of  {}ying  is  much  grater  be» 
fween  the  2cthof  June  and  the  20th  of  0£lober,thaa 
in  the  other  eight  months^in-  the  year.. 

M      One 


SOUTHHi^ROtlNA.        iM/g 

.  One  cauTe  of  thefe  cfifeafes,  is.  a  low  marfliy  courf- 
-  try.,  which  is  overflowed  for  the  lake  of  cultivating 
rice.  The  exhalations  from  thcle  ftagnated  watfers-—- 
»  from  the  rivers->->and  ii'Om  ^he  neighbouring  ocean—- 
and  the  profui'e  peri'piralidn  of  vegetables  of  ^Ucinds, 
which  cover  the  grouncf,  fill  :tSe  air  with  jHtf^re. 
This  moifture  falls  in  frequent  rains  an^^i^iotis 
dews.  From  a6lual  ofofervation  it  was  found  that  the 
average  annual  fall  of  rain  for  ten  years  was  42  inch- 
es ;  without  regarding  the  moif^e  that  fell  in  fogs 
and  dews.  The  great  heat  of*  the  day  relaxes  the 
body,  and  the  agreeable  codlnefs  of  the  .evening  in- 
vites to  an  expbiut^to  thefe  heavy  de  Vs.  But  a  I'ec- 
ond,  and  probably  a  more  o|)erative  caufe  iit  prcduc- 
ing  difeafcs)  is  the  indolerKe  of  the  inhabitants.  On 
this,  phydcians  fay,  more  than  on  any  unavoidably 
injurious  qualities  in  the  sir,  are  chargeable  the  dif- 
eaies  fo  common  ^ir  this  country.  The  upper  coun- 
try, (ituated  in  themedium,  between  heat  and  cold,  is 
as  healthful  as  arty  part  of  the  United  Stales;  1      .    i 

Rivcrsr^  This  ftate.is  watered  by  four  large,  nav- 
igable rivers,  befides  a  great  numbbr  of  fmaUer  ones, 
which  are  pkHable  in  boatd.  The  Tiver  Savannah 
wafhes  it  in  its  whole  lextgth  from  northweft  to  fouth> 
ead.  T'h^ffidijio  rifeain  tWo  braiiachies  (Vom  a  re- 
markable ridge^  in  the'  anteriour  part  of  thje '  (late, 
Theie  branches  unites  a  Httie  below  Orangeburgh, 
which  Hands  on- the  North  F^rkjaod  form  Edifto  riv- 
cf,  which,  having  paflfedtjackfoniburgh,  brashes  and 
embraces  £diflo:ifland. 

Santee  is  the  kasgcH  and.  lotHgefl:  river  in-  this  ftate. 
It  emptiesinto  the  <ilt:eain  by  two  mouths,  a  Httie  fouth 
of  Georgetown.  About  129  miles,  in  a  dire6t  line 
from  its  mouth,  it  branclfts  into  the  Congaree  and 
Watirie ;  ^  the  latter  or  northern  branch  palfes  the  Cat- 
abaw  nation  of  I ndiaasy  landi bears  the  name  of  the 
Catabart)  Kver  from  this  fettlentent  to  its  fcmrce.  The 
Congars%  branches  into  Sduda,  andBrodd  rivers.  Broad 
river  again  branches  int«  Rnoru^  Tyger  and  PacoUt 
rivers  ;  on  the  latter  of  which  are  the  celebrated  Pa- 
colet  Springs.  Jull  below  the  jun6Uon  of  Saluda  and 
*         S  2  Broad 


itto        SOUTH    CAi§,OLlNA. 

Broad  riversi  on  the  Congaree,  ftands  the  towir  of 
Columbia,  which  is  intenUed  to  be  the  ftiture  feat  of 
government  in  this  (late. 

Pedee  liver  rifcs  in  Nofth  Carolina,  where  it  is  cali-« 
«d  K^iw  river.  In  this  ftatc,  however,  it  takes  the 
nan^K  Pedec,  and  receiving  Lyncher's  creek  and 
WanHtiaw  river,  pafles  by  Georgetown,  which  it 
leaves  on  theeaft,  and't  s  miles  below  it  empties  into  the 
ocean*  AH  the  forementioned  rivers,  except Bdiflo, 
rife  from  various  fiourees  in  that  ridge  of  mountains 
which  divided;  the  waters  which  flow  into  the  Atlan- 
tich  ocean. from  thofe  which  fall  into  the  Miffifippi. 

MouHtairu,']  The  Ti-jwn  and  Hogback  mountains 
are  220  mileli  northweft  from  Chariefton.  The  ele- 
vation of  thefe  mountains*  above  their  bafe  is  3840 
feet ;  and  above  the  iea  coaft  4640^  And  as  no  ob-- 
jeft  intervenes  to  obftruftthe  view^  a  man  with  tei^ 
ejeotick  eyes  might  difcem  vefTel^a^  iea. 

iflandr,!^  The  lea  coaft  is  bordered;  with  a  chain 
of  fine  fea  tflands,  around  which  the  fea  ftow  s,  openine 
an  excellent  inland  navigation  foi»the  conveyance  or 
produce  to  market. 

The  princfpal  of  thefe  zvcr  James  Ifland,  John's 
](land>  kdifto,  St.  Helena,  Ladies  Ifland,  Paris  ifland, 
the  Hunting  I flands,  and  Hilton  Head  ^p^d* 

The  foil  and  natural  growth  of  thefe  iflands  ire  net 
noticeably  different  from  the  adjacent  main  land* 
Tliey  art  vx  general  favourable  tor  the  culture  of 
indigo.,  *  0 

Civil  Divifions*']  .  The  proprietors  who  firft  fent 
fettlers  tb'CarGliha,.  divided  it  into  sounues  and  par- 
iihes.  The  ':ountie9  were  generally  named  after  the 
proprietors.  N o  county  courts,  however,  were  eflab- 
liflied,  and  this  diviflon,*thotigh  for  a  long  time  kept 
up  in  the  province,  becamein  a  great  meafure  obfo- 
lete,  previous  to  the-  revolution.  $iivce  the  levolu- 
tion,  county  courts  have  been  eft^^blifhed,  and  the 
jflate  is  now  divided  into  dift rifts  and  counties— and 
the  counties  are  fubdivided^  \tl  the  lower  country,  into 
pariflie£~and  in  the  upper  country,  into  fmaller  or 
voting  didrids. 


SOUTH  ^fiJ^  R  O  L  I K  A.         sm 


Sis? 

5  w      a 


Hilton^ 
Lincoln^ 
GninvUIey 
Shrewftxiry. 


Cwnt'uu 


i| 


M 
O   o   5 


lo  a  a 

M  S  gt 


S'S 


s    < 


MS 


CharUftonr 

Wafliiagtoo, 

Marioiii, 

Berkele/» 

Colletffn, 

Bardiolomew. 


V      — 

k  <*  <•  S 

lid    o 

S  B  8  I 


Winyafei 
WlUiamAurj;, 

Liberia* 


4,g|g|Abbe.U!e,. 
?«'?  2  2  I  Edgefield, 
Newbury, 

Laurent, 


Spartanbiirgh,' 
.GrecnviUe* 


<  o  ».    • 


{Marlborough, 
Chefterfield,, 
Darlington* 


.t 


Chief 


«i9  SOJJT«    OAkOLiKA, 

Chief  Totons,!  Charleston  it  the  only  confidcr* 
able  town  in  South  Carolina.  It  is  fituated  on  the 
tongue  of  lafid  which  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
Afliley  and  Cooper  rivers,  which  ara  lai^e  and  navi-  ^ 

fable*  Thefe  rivers  mingle  their  waters  immediately 
elovlli^e  town,  and  form  a  Tpacious  and  convenient 
harbour,  which  communicates  with  the  ocean  at  Sulli- 
van's iiland,  {even  miles  foutheaft  of  tbe  town. 
Charle^on  is  more  healthy  than  any  part  of  the  low 
country  in  the  fouthern  ftates.  On  tnis  account  it  is 
the  refort  of  great  nu^nbers  of  gentlemen,  invalids  from 
the  Wed  India  iflands,  and  of  the  rich  pl->ntcr«  from 
the  country,  who  come  here  to  fpcnd  the  fickly  months, 
as  they  are  called,  in  queft  of  health  and  of  the  focial 
enjoyments  which  the  city  affords.  And  in  no  part 
of  America  are  the  focial  bleflings  enjoyed  more  ra> 
tionally  and  liberally  thaii  in  Charleflon.  Unaifefled 
hofpitality,  affability,  cafe  in  manners  and  addrefs,  and 
a  difjpofition  to  make  their  guefts  welcome,  eafy  and 
pleated  with  themfelves,  are  charaderillicks  of  ^e  re- 
ipe£lable  people  in  Charl'efton.  .^*' ' '' 

The  land  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  flat  and  low, 
and  the  water  bracki/h  and  unvv'holefottie.  The  in- 
habitants are  obliged  to  raife  banks  of  earth  as  barriers 
to  defend  themfelves  agaihfl  the  higher  fkpds  Of  the 
fca.  The  flreeta  troih  eafl  to  wefl  extend  from*  river 
to  river,  and  running  in  a  ftraight  line,  not  only  open 
beautiful  profpe£U  each  way,  but  afford  excellent  op- 
portunities, b^'  meani  of  fubtitrdhean  drams,  for  re- 
moving all  nuifances  ind  keeping  the  city  clean  and 
healthy.  Thefe  fliHjets  are  inteifefted  by  others,  near- 
ly at  right  angles,  and  throw  the  town  itito  a  number 
of  fquares,  with  dwelling  houfes  in  ftt)ht,  and  of- 
fice houfe^  and  little  gardens  behind.  The  houfes, 
which  have  been  lately  built,  are  brick,  with  tiled 
roofs.  Some  of  the  buildlings  in  Chadeflon  are  ele- 
gant, and  mofl  of  them  arc  neat,  airy  «nd  well  furnifh- 
ed.  The  publick  buildings  are,  an  exchan^,  fbt« 
houfc,  armoury,  poor  houfe,  two  large  churches  foF 
Spifcopalians,  twoforCbhgregationalifls  or  Independ- 
ents, one  for  Scotch  Prcfbyterians^  two  for  the  Bapt- 

iifcsy 


SO'  TH    Gr^ROLI^A.        sm$ 

ifkif  one  (or  the  German  Lutherani,  one  for  the  Meth- 
odifts,  one  for  French  Proteftants,  be  fide*  a  meeting 
houfe  for  Quakers,  and  two  Jewifli  fynagogues,  one 
for  the  Portuguefe,  the  other  for  the  Geraian  Jewi. 
There  are  upwards-of  a  thoufand  Roman  Catholicks 
in  CharleftoiY,  but  they  have  no  publick  build^  for 
worihip. 

In  1787,  there  were  i6oohoufesin  this  city,  and 
9600  white  inhabitants,  and  5400  negroes ;  and  what 
evinces  the  Jiealthinefs  of  the  place,  upwards  of  200  of 
the  white  inhabitants  were  above  60  years^f  aae. 

Beaufort,  on  Port  Royal  'ifland,  is  a  pleafanf, 
thriving  little  town,  of  about  50  or  60  houfes,  and  aoo 
inhabitants,  who  are  diftingurihed  for  their  hofpitality 
and  politeneff. 

Georgetown  ftands  on  a  fpot  of  land  near  th« 
jun£lion  of  a  number  of  rivers,  which,  when  united 
in  one  broad  Aream,  by  the  name  of  Pedee,  fall  into 
the  ocean  12  miles  below  the  town. 

General  Face  of  the  Country,']  The  whole  ilate,  to 
the  diftance  of  Bo  miles  from  the  fea,  is  level,  and  al- 
mofl  without  a  ftone.  In  this  diftance,  by  a  gradual 
afccnt  from  the  fea  coaft,  the  land  rifes  about  190  feet. 
Here  commences  a  curioufly  uneven  country,  "ii^he 
traveller  is jonftantly  alcending  or  defcending  little 
fand  hills,  wliich  nature  feems  to  have  difunited  in  a 
frolick.  If  a  pretty  high  fea  were  fuddenly  arrefted, 
and  transformed  into  fand  hills,  in  the  very  form  the 
waves  exif^ed  at  the  moment  of  transformation,  it 
would  prefent  the  eye  with  juft  fuch  »  view  as  is  here 
to  be  feen.  Some  little  herbage,  and  a  few  fmall  pines, 
grow  even  on  this  foil.  The  inhabitants  arc  few,  and 
have  but  a  fcanty  fubfiftence  on  corn  and  fweet  pota- 
toes, which  grow  here  tolerably  well.  This  curious 
country  continues  for  60  miles,  till  you  arrive  at  a 
place  called  The  Ridge,  140  miles  from  Charlefton. 
This  ridge  is  a  remarkable  tra£l  of  high  ground,  as 
you  approach  it  from  the  fea,  but  level  as  you  advance 
northweft  from  its  fummit.  It  is  a  fine  high,  healthy 
belt  of  land,  well  watered  and  of  a  good  foil,  and  ex- 
tends from  the  Savannah  to  Broad  river,  in  about  6^ 

30'    ' 


,tf4         «qUTH    q^ROLINA. 

30'  w«fti  longitude  (rom  l^ikuklphta.  Beyond  tfirs 
yidgCi  commences  a  country  exa£lly  rcfcmbimg  the 
fkorihem  dates.  Here  hills  and  dales,  with  all  their 
verdure  and  variegated  beauty,  prefent  themielvcs  to 
the  eye.  Wlieat  fields,  which  are  rare  in  the  low 
coviitify,  begin  to,  gipw  eoirtnoii.  Here  Heaven  has 
beftowed  its  bleflings  with  a  mofl  bounteous  hand* 
The  air  is  much  more  temperate  and  healthtul,  than 
nearer  to  the  lea.  The  hills  are  covered  with  valua* 
ble  woods,  the  vallies  watered  w^lh  bcauliful  rivers, 
and.  the  futility  of  the  foil  is  equal  tovvery  vegetable 
produflion.  iThis,  by  way  of  di(lin£tion,  is  called  the 
upper  coimtry,  wh«tf  are  different  modes  ^nd  differ- 
^ent  articles  of  cultivation  ;  where  the  manners  of  the 
people,  and  even  their  language,  have  a  different;  tone 
The  land  Aill  rifes  by  a  gradual  afcent ;  each  fucceed- 
ing1>iU  oveclooks  that  which  immediately  proceeds  it^ 
till,  having. advanced  220  miles  in  a  north  weft  direc- 
tion from  Charle.ilon)  the  elevation  of  the  land  above 
the  fca  coaft  is  foqnd,  by  menfuration,  to  be  about 
80Q  leet.  Here  commences  a  mountain(  i-t,  countiy, 
which  continues  riAng  to  the  weAera  terncinating 
.  pomt  of  thia  ftate. 

^.  i\S(filand  Prodit&ieHs»l  The  foil  may.  be  divided  into 
four  kinds*  lirO-,  the  Pins  Barren,  which  is  valuable 
only  lor  its  timber.  Int«rfperfed  among  the  pine  bar- 
len)  are  tra£liof  lan^  free  of  timber,  and  of  every  kind 
of  growth  but  that  of  grafs.  Thefe  tra£ls  are  called 
Savannast  conftituting  a  fecond  kind  of  ft}i),  good  for 
grazing*  The  third  kind  is  that  of  the  Jwan^s  and 
ioru  grounds  on  the  rivers,  which  is  a  mixture  of  black 
loam  and  fat  clay,  producing  naturally  canes  in  great 
plenty,  cyprefs,  bays,  &c.  In  thel^  fwamps  rice  is 
cultivated,  which  conftitutes  the  ftaple  commodity  of 
.the  ftatc.  The  Ai^A  ^m£f J  commonly  known  by  the 
name  of  oak  and  nickoiy  lands>  conftitutc  the  fourth 
kind  oi  foil.  -  The  natural  growth  23  oak,  hickory, 
walnut,  pine  aT)d  locuft.  On  thefe  lands,  in  the  low 
country,  Indian  com  is  cultivated,  principally  ;  and 
in  the  back  country,  they  raife  tobacco  inr  large  quanti- 
ties, wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  cotton  and 
iilk.  It 


SOUTH    C^fiROLINA.         ai$ 

ft  \i  (iiirious  to  obferve  the  gradations  from  the  Tea 
coaft  to  the  upper  country,  with  rclpe6i  to  the  prod* 
uce, 'the  mode  of  cultivation,  and  the  cultivaton. 
On  the  iQandf  upon  the  iiea  coaft,  and  for  40  or  50 
miles  batk,  (attd  on  the  rivers  much  farther)  the  cul- 
tivators are  Al  flavei.  No  white  man,  to  fpeak«-gen- 
crally,  ever  thinks  ot  fettling  a  fAmv,and  iraprovingit 
k)rhimie\i\  without  negroes,  if  he  has  no  negroes,  he 
hires  liimfelf  as  overf'cer,  to  fome  rich  planter,  (who 
has  more  than  he  can  or  will  attend  to)  till  he  can 
jpurchafe  for  himlclfr  The  articles  cultivated,  Are  com 
and  potatoes,  which  are  food  for  the  negroes  ;  rico 
and  indigo  for  exportation.  The  foil  is  cultivated  al- 
mofl  wholly  by  manual  labour.  The  plough,  till  fince  > 
the  peace,  was  fcarcely  ufed,  and  prejudices  dill  exifb 
againft  it.  In  the  middle  fettlements  negroes  are  not 
fo  numerous.  The  mafter  attends  peribnalty  to  hit, 
own  bufinefs,  and  is  glad  to  ufu  the  plough  to  afliib 
his  negroes,  or  himfelfwhen  he  has  no  negroes.  I'ho 
foil  is  not  rich  dnough  for  rice<  It  produces  moder«*. 
ately  gdtd  indigo  weed  ;  iio  tobacco  is  raifed  for  ex- 
portation.  The  farmer  is  contented  to  raiie  corn,  po- 
tatoes, oats,  poultry,  and  a  little  wheat.  I'n  the  upper 
countr}',  many  men  have  a  few  nogroes,  and  a  few  , 
have  many  ;  but  generally  speaking,  the  farmers  h.wc 
none,  and  depend:*  like  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern 
ftates,  upon  the  labour  of  themfelves  and  families,  for 
fubftftence.  The  plough  is  uied  almoil  wholly.  In- 
dian corn,  wheat,  rye,  potatoes,  &c.  arc  raifed  for  foodt 
and  large  quantities  of  tobacco,  and  fome  wheat  and 
indigo  for  exportation. 

Conjlitaiion.']  By  the  conftitution  of  this  ftate,  ih6 
legiftative  authority  is  vefted  in  a  general  affembly,  to 
confid  of  two  di{lin6i  bodies,  a  tenate  and  houlis  of 
reprefentatives.  Thele  t^vs^o  bodies,  jointly,  by  ballot, 
at  their  every  firft  meeting,  choofe  a  Governour  and 
Lieutenant  GovcrnouT,  both  to  continue  for  two  years, 
and  a  privy  council,  (to  confift  of  the  Lieutenant  Cov- 
et nOur  and  eight  other  perfons)  all  of  the  protcftant 
religion. 

The  Goverftour  and  Lieutenant  Governour  muft 
luv.e  been  refidents  in  the  Hate,  For  ten  years,  and  the 

member^ 


'\ 


in6 


SO-UTH    CAROLINA. 


members  of  the  privy  council  6ve  years,  preceding 
their  clcdiun,  and  polteCs  a  freehold  in  (he  iUie  of  the 
value  of  at  Icali  ten  thoufand  pounds  currency,  clear 
of  debt. 

I'he  Governour  iscligibic  but  two  years  in  ftx  yearsi 
and  is.  veiled  with  the  executive  authority  of  the  (late. 

The  fenate  are  chofen  by  ballot,  biennially,  on  the 
lali  Monday  in  November  ;  thirteen  n>ake  a  quorum. 
A  fenator  mud  be  of  the  protefiant  religion  ;  mult 
have  attained  the  age  of  30  years  ;  mufl  have  been  a 
reftdcnt  in  the  flate  at  Icalt  five  years  ;  and  muft  pof* 
fefs  a  freehold  in  the  pariAi  or  diflri£t  for  which  he  is 
ele6lcd,  of  at  lead  two  thoufand  pounds  currency,  clear 
of  debt. 

The  lad  Monday  in  November,  biennially,  two 
hundred  and  two  perfons  are  to  be  chofen  in  different 
parts  of  the  date,  (equally  proportioned)  to  reprelent 
the  freemen  of  the  dale  in  the  general  aflembly^  who 
are  to  meet  with  the  ienate,  annually,  at  the  feat  of 
jrovernment,  on  the  fiid  Monday  in  January. 

All  free  white  men  of  21  years  or  age,  of  ot\|  year'i 
itefidence  in  the  date,  and  puflefTing  freeholds  of  50 
acres  of  land  each,  or  what  fliall  be  deemed  equal 
thereto,  afo  qualified  to  ele£l  repretentatives. 

Every  fourteen  years  the  reprcfentation  of  the  whole 
date  is  to  be  proportioned  in  the  \nod  equal  and  jud 
manner,  according  to  the  particular  and  comparative 
drength  and  taxable  property  of  tlie-difTerent  parts  of 
the  fame. 

State  oj  Littr'ature.']  Gentlemen  of  fortune,  before 
the  late  war,  fcnt  their  funs  to  Europe  for  education, 
Duting  the  war  and  fmce,  they  have  generally  fent 
them  to  the  middle  and  northern  flates,  Thufe  who 
have  been  at  this  exper.fc  in  educating  their  fbns,  have 
been  butrOmparativcly  few  in  number,  lo  that  the  lit- 
,  erature  of  the  itate  is  at  a  low  ebb.  Since  the  peace, 
however,  it  has  be^un  lo  flourifh.  I'here  are  (everal 
flourishing  academies  in  Charlciton — one  at  Beaufort, 
on  Port  Rojial  ifland — and  fcveral  others  in  diflerent 
parts  of  the  date.  Three  coHegcs  have  lately  been  in- 
corporated by  law— roneat  Chailedon,  which  is  areie- 


-#■ 


SOUTH    CAROLIl^A.        mf 

ily  nominal—one  mt  Winn  (borough,  in  the  dfftrift  of 
Camden— the  other  at  (  ambridge,  in  the  diitrtft  of 
Ninety  Six.  The  publtck  and  private  donations  for 
the  (upport  of  theie  three  colleges,  were  originalty  in- 
tcndea  to  have  been  appropriated  jointly,  for  the 
.ere6iing  and  fupporting  of  one  rcfprSabfe  fioUege. 
The  divifion  of  tnefe  donalionf  hat  fruftrated  this  Ao- 
fign.  The  Mount  Sion  college,  &t  Winn(boroughi  ia 
fupported  by  a  reljpieflable  (bciety  of  gentlemen,  who 
have  long  been  incorporated.  Thia  inAitution  ilouiw 
ifhet,  and  bida  fair  <ior  ufefulnels.  I'he  college  at 
Cambridge  is  no  more  than  a  grammar  ichool.  I'hae 
the  literature  of  this  (late  might  be  put  upon  a  refpeft- 
able  footing,  nothing  is  wanting  but  a  fpirit  of  enter- 
prize  among  its  wealthy  inhabitants. 

JndiamJ^  The  Catabaws  are  the  only  nation  6f  In- 
•dians  in  this  ilate.  They  hav«  but  one  town,  called 
Catabaw^  (ituated  on  Catabavr  river,  on  the  boundary 
line  between  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  contains 
about  450  inhabitant«|.of .  which  about  150  are  fight- 
ing men.     .••  ,n^'}\u>  v;^-'1■'^.'^''U*  ^t" 

Religion,']  8ince  the, resolution,  by  which  all  de- 
rominations  were  put  on  an  equal  footing,  there  havie 
been  no  difputes  between  different  religious  foci^tief. 
They  all  agree  to  difler*  f    •  ;  h,?';*  *  •   r*  >  t^i  *^ 

The  uppor  parts  of  .this  ftate  are  fettled  chiefly  by 
Preibyterians,  Bap  tills  and  Methodifts.  From- ihe 
mod  probable  calcuiatiqtts,  it  is  fuppoled  that  the  re- 
ligious denominations  of  this  (late,  as  to  numbers,  may 
be  ranked  as  follows  :  Prtibylerians,  including  the 
Congregational  and  Independent:  churches,  Epifcopal- 
ians,  Baptifts,  Methodiflr.  &c. 

Population  and  CharaQeu']  ThebefteftimSveof  the 
inhabitants  in  this  ftate  which ,  has  been  made,  fijiwt 
their  number  at  &>,ooo  white  people^  and  as  many 
negroes  ;  fbme  fay  there  is  1 20,000  negroes  in  thi« 
Aatc ;  but  no  a€lual  een  Ais  has  lately  been  made^  On 
the  fea  eoaft  there  are  many  mone  wives  than  freonen* 
The  bulk  of  the  white  population  is  in^the  vycAeifiv 
partrof  the^ftate.  There  i«  no  peculiarity  in  the  maiir 
iieij)4)l' thttiiu^ahitaii^ftpf  tjiis  ilale^  except  what^rilM 


ti8 


SOUTH    CAROLINA. 


from  the  mifchicvous  influtrce  of  flavciy  ;  and  m 
this,  indeed,  they  do  not  difier  from  the  inhabitants  of 
the  other  iouthern  ftiites.  Jjlavery,  by  exempting 
great  numbers  from  the  necellitics.of  labour,  leads  to 
luxury,  difTipation  and  extravagance.  I'he  abfolute 
authority  which  is  exercifed  over  their  fluves,  too 
much  favours  a  haughty  fupercilious  behaviour.  A 
difpofition  to  obey  the  Chriftian  precept,  «*  To  do  to 
others  as  we  would  that  others  fliould  do  unto  us,"  is 
rot  cherifhed  by  a  daily  exhibition  of  many  made  for 
one.  The  Carolinians  fooner  arrive  at  maturity,  both 
in  their  bodies  and  minds,  than  the  natives  of  colder 
climates.  They  poflefs  a  natural  quicknefs  and  vivac- 
ity of  genius,  fuperiour  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  north ; 
but  too  generally  want  that  entei^rize  and  pcrfever- 
ance,  which  are  neceflfaty'for  the  higheft  attainments 
in  the  arts  and  fciences.  The^  have,  indeed,  few  mo- 
tives to  enterprise.  Inhabiting  a  fertile  country, 
which  by  the  labour  of  the  flaves,  produces  plentifully, 
and  creates  aftlbence ;  in  a  clihiate  which  favours  in- 
dulgence, eafe,  and  a  difpofition  for  convivial  pleaf- 
tires,  they  too  generally  reft  contented  with  barely 
knowledge  enough  to  tranfa£l  the  common  affairs  ot 
•life.  There  arc  not  a  few  inllances,  however,  in  this 
ftate,  in  \vhich  genius  has  been  united  with  applica- 
tion, and  ik/ie  efle£ls  of  their  union  have  been  happily 
experienced,  not  only  by  this  (late,  but  by  the  United 
States. 

The  wealth  produced  by  the  labour  of  the  flaves, 
furnifhes  their  proprietors  with  the  means  of  hofpi^* 
tality  ;  and  no  people  in  the  world  ufie  thefe  means 
with  more  liberality.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  ^are 
no  p|ins  nor  expenfe  in  giving  the  higheft  polifli  of 
'education  to  their  children,  by  enabling  them  to  travel, 
and  by  other  means  unattainable  by  ihcife  who  have 
^ut  moderate  foi'tunes. 

The  Carolinians  are  generally  affable  and  eafy  in 
their  manners,  and  polite  and  attentive  to  ftrtngers. 
The  ladies  want  the  bloom  of  the  north,  but  have  an 
eligaging  fcftnefs  and  delicacy  in  theit' appearance  and 
miHttiers,  and  minny  of  thiem  poiTdii  the  polite  and  ele- 
gaiit  tdcoznpliihments*  Commerce.J 


SOUTH    CAROLINA. 


it^ 


Commerce.']  The.  little  attention  that  is  paid  to  man- 
ufa6lure»)  occafions  a  vail  confumption  ot  foreign  im« 
ported  articles  ;  but  the  quantities  and  value  of  their 
exports,  generally  leave  a  balance  in  favour  of  the 
flate,  except  when  there  are  large  importations  of  nc- 
groes. 

The  amount  of  the  exports  in  ilerling  money,  has 
been  eftimated  at  £'•505,279  :  191:  5.  In  the  molt 
fucccfsful  feaCons  there  have  been  as  many  as  1 40,000 
barrels  of  rice,  and  1,300,000  .pounds  of  indigo,  ex- 
ported in  one  year. 

Hijiory,']     Na  fuccefsful  attempts  were  made  to 

flant  a  colony  in  this  quarter,  till, the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  of  England*  Mention  is,  however,  made  of  Sir 
Robert  Heath's  having  obtained  a  grant  of  Carolina, 
from  Charles  I.  in  1630  \  but  no  fettlements  were  made 
in  confequence  of  this  grant. 

In  1602,  after  the  reftoration  of  Charles  II*  Ed- 
ward, JBarl  of  Clarendon,  and  feven  others,  obtained 
a  grant  of  all  lands  lying  between  the  3 ill  and  36th 
degrees  of  north  latitude* 

A  fecond  charter,  given  two  years  after,  enlarged 
their  boundarief,  and  comprehended  all  that  province, 
territory,  &c.  extending  eaft ward  as  far  as  the  norths 
«nd  of  Currotuck  inlet,  upon  a  flraisht  line  weflcrl/ 
to  Wyonoke  creek,  which  lies  withui  or  about  lati« 
tude  36°  30' ;  and  io  weft,  in  a  direO:  Ime  as  far  a» 
the  South  fea ;  and  fouth  and  weflward  as  far  as  29^ 
north  latitude,  incluftve,  and  fo  well  in  direA  lines  ta> 
the  South  fea.  Of  this  large  territory,  the  King  con- 
ftituted  thefe  eight  perfons  wfolutcLordsProprietors— 
invefting  them  with  all  neceifary  powers  to  fettle  and 
govern  the  fame. 

Nothin|(  was  fuccefsfuUy  done  towards  the  fettle* 
tnent  of  this  country  till  1609*  At  this  time,  the  pro« 
Bfietors,  in  virtue  of  their  powen^,  engaged  th«  famous 
Mr.  Locke  to  framo,  for  them,  a  conllitution  and 
body  of  laws.  This  conftitution,  confiftingof  120 
articles,  was  ariftocratical,  and  though  ingenious  in 
theory,  could  nevoc  JDO  fuccnTsfully  reduced  to  prac- 
tice. 

Threes 


if 


tso 


SOUTH    CAROLINA^ 


Three  claffcs  of  nobility  were  to  be  eflablifhed,  vfz, 
barons,  cafliques  and  landgraves.  The  fivil  to  poflfeff 
twelve— the  lecond  twenty  four-^the  third  forty  eight 
thoufand  acres  of  land,  which  was  to  be  unalienable. 

During  the  continuance  of  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment, a  period  of  50  years  (reckoning  from  1669  to 
1719)  the  colony  was  involved  in  perpetual  quarrels. 
Oftentiines  they  were  harraflfed  by  the  Indians ;  fome- 
times  infefled  with  pfrates ;  frequently  invaded  by  the" 
Firench  and  Spanifh  fleets ;  conftantly  uneafy  under 
their  injudicious  government ;  and  quarrelling  witl^ 
their  Governours. — But  their  moft  bitter  diflbnfionS 
were  refpefting  religion*  The  epifcopaiians,  being 
more  numerous  than  the  diiTenters,  attempted  to  ex<^ 
etude  the  latter  from  a  feat  in  the  legiflature.  Thefb 
attempts  were  fo  farfucceeded,  as  that  the  church  of 
England,  by  a  majority  of  votesj  was  eftablifhed  hy 
law.  This  ilHberal  aft  threw  the  coteny  into  the  ut* 
moft  confufion^  and  was  followed  by  a  train  of  evil 
confcqucnccs,  which- proved  to  be  the  principal  caufe 
of  the  revolution.  Notwithftanding  the  aft  eftabliih- 
ing  the  church  of  England  was  repealed^  tranquillity 
-w«is  not  reftored  to  the  colony,  A  change  of  gov* 
ernmeritwas  generally  defi red  by  the  colonifls.  They 
Ibund  that  they  were  not  fu^ciently  jprotefted  by 
their  proprietory  conflitution,  and-eflefted  a  rtvolu^ 
tion  about  the  year  17^9}  and  the  government  b»> 
came  rcgaU 

In  1728,  the  proprietors  accepted/*  122,500  fterliitg 
'fhjfrtthe  crown,  for  the  property  and  jurifdiftaorv 
4ixcept  Lord  Granville,  whoreferved  his  8th  of  the 
property,  *whtch  had  never  yet  been  formally  given 
up.  At  this  time  the  conftitution  was  new  modelled^ 
tnd  the  territory,  Kmitcd  by  the  original  charter,  was 
^vided  into  North  and  South  Carolinas. 

From  this  period  the  colony  began  to  flourifh.  It 
was  protcfted  by  a  government",  formed  on  the  plan 
of  the  Engliih  conftitution.  Urider  the  foftering  care 
of  the  mother  country,  its  growth  was  aftbnifhingly 
rapid.  Between  the  years  1 763  and  1 775,  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  was  more  than  doubled.     No  one 

indulged 


id,  vfz, 
poffefj 
y  eight 
nable. 


C      £      O      K      G      I      A. 


ttt 


indulged  a  wifli  for  a  change  in  their  political  confli- 
tution,  till  the  memorable  ftamp  a^  pafled  in  1 765. 

During  the  vigorous  conteit  for  independence^  this- 
ftate  was  a  great  fufFerer.    For  three  years  it  was  the 
lef*t  of  the  war.    It  feels  and  laments  the  lofs  of  many 
of  its  noble  citizens.    Since  the  peace,  it  has  been- 
emerging  from  that  melancholy  confufton  .and  pover- 
ty, in  which  it  was  generally  involved  by  the  de- 
vaflations  of  a  relentlds  enemy*    The  inhabitants  are 
faft  multiplying  by  immigrations  from  other  ftates;  the 
agricultural  interells  of  the  ftate  are  reviving  ;  com-^ 
merce  is  flouriihing  ;   economy  is  becoming  more 
faftiionable  ;  and  fcienoe  begins  to  fpread  her  falutary 
influences  among  the  citizens.— ^nd  Ihould  the  po- 
litical difficulties,  which  have  for  feveral  years  pal):, 
unhappily  divided  the  inhabitants,  fubfide,  as  ishopedy 
upon  the  operation  of  the  new  government,  this  (tatey 
from  her  natural  commercial  an4  agricultural  advan- 
tages, and  the  abilities  of  her  leading  chara£Urs,  prom-- 
iies  to  become  one  of  the  richeft  in  the  union. 


G    E    o    R    G    I    A. 

mlHt. 
Length  600  1  i„h-««  f  31°  and  35°  Nirth  Latitude. 
Breadth  250  i  >«**«"  (   50  and  16°  Weft  Longitude. 

BOUNDED  Eaft,  by  the  Atlantick  ocean ;  Souths 
by  Eaft  and  Weft  Fioridas;  Weft,  by  the  river 
MilRfiPPi ;  Nortfa,by  North  Carolina ;  Nt>rtheaft,  by^' 
South  Carolina.'  # 

Civil  Diviftons,J[   That  part  of  the  ftate  which  ha*- 
lieen  laid  out  in  counties,  is  divided  as  follows  :• 

Princlpfil  76wnu 
Savannah,  lat.  32^5'. 
Ebenezer. 
Wayncfborougb  and  Lau>ivi!|Le. 

AVGUtTA.. 

"WaAington.- 
Sunbury. 
Brunfwick. 
St.  Patrick's. 

Golphinton. 
Greenlburg. 


Chatham, 

Ifiinghaai,'. 

Burke. 

Richmond. 

Wilkes, 

Liberty, 

Glynn, 

Camden, 

Wafhington, 

Greene, 

Eraaklin, 


T2 


-       ^0:£/^ 


taa         G      E      a     R      G      I      A^ 

Chief  Towns.']  The  prefcnt  feat  of  government  :nr 
this  (late  is  Augusta..  It  is  fitoated  on  the  foutbweft 
bank  of  Savannah  river,  about  134  miles  from  the 
fea,  and  117  northweft  of  Savannah*  The  town, 
'which  contains  not  far  from  coo  houfes,  is  on  a  fine 
large  plain  ;  and  as  it  enjoys  the  bed  foil,  and  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  central  fituation  between  the  upper  and 
lower  counties,  is  rifmg  fafl  into  importance. 

Savannah,  the  former  capital  of  Georgia,  ftands 
on  a  high  fandy  bluff,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  river 
of  the  fame  name,  and  17  miles  from  its  mouth.  The 
town  is  regularly  built  in  the  form  of  a  parallellogramy 
and,  including  its  fuburbs,  contains  22;^  dwelling 
houfes,  one  £pifcQ|pl  church,  a  German  Lutheran 
church,  a  Prelbytenjhi  church,  a  3ynagogue  and  Court 
houfe.  The  numbiir  of  its  inhabitants,  exclufive  of 
tiie  blacks,  amount  to  about  830,  feventy  of  whom 
are  Jews. 

In  Savannah,  and  within  a  circumference  of  about 
10  miles  from  it,  there  were,  in.  the  fummer  of  1787, 
a'3out.23oo  inhabitants.  Of  thefe  192  were  above 
^.o  years  of  ag^,  and  all  in  good  health.  The  ages  of 
a  lady  j^d'^her  fix  children,-  then  living  in  the  town, 
amounted  to  385  years.  This  computation,  which 
was  a£^ually  made,  ferves  to  fhew  that  Savannah  is 
not  really  fo  ujihealthy  as  has  been  commonly  rep- 
rcfented. 

SuNBURY  is  a  fea  port  town,  favoured  with  a  fafc 
and' very  convenient  harbour.  It  is  a  very  pleafant) 
healthy  town,  and  is  the  rWbrt  of  ^he  planters  fromt 
the- adjacent  places  of  Midway  and  Newport,  during. 
the  fickly  months.  It  was  burnt  by  the  Britilh  in 
the  late/.var,  but  is  now  recovering  its  former  popu- 
loufnefs  and  importance.  , 

The  town  of  Louisville,  which  is  deiigned  as  the 
future  feat  of  governroent  in  this  flats,  has  lately  been, 
laid  out  on  the  bank  of  Ogeechee  river,  about  70 
miles  from  its  mouth,  but  is  not  yet  built, 

Rivcrs.~\  Savdpnah  river  forms  a  part  of  the  divif- 
ional  line,  which  feparates  this  flate  from  South  Car*^ 
olina.     It  is  formed  priueipally  of  two  branohes,  b|p^ 

th« 


G      E     O      R 


I      A. 


»2^ 


the  names  of  Tugulo  and  Keowee,  which  fpring  from 
the  mountains* 

Ogeechee  river,  about  18  miles  fouth  of  the  Savan<^ 
SMb,  is  a  fmaller  river,  and  nearly-  parallel  with  it  in 
its  courfe. 

Atatamaha,  about  60  miles  fouth  of  Savannah  river,  is.- 

formed  by  the  jun6lion  of  the  Okonee  and  Okemulgecr 

hranches.    It  is  a  noble  river,  but  of  difficult  entrance. 

Like  the  Nile  it  difcharges  itfelf  by  feveral  mouths  in'- 

to  the  fea. 

Befides  thefe  there  is  Turtle  river.  Little  Sitilla,  Great 
Sitilia,  Crooked  river,  and  St,  Mary's,  which  form  » 
part  of  the  fouthem  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

The  rivers  in  the  middle  andtireiiem  parts  of  this< 
ftate  are,  Apalachiola,  which  itf^ibrmed  by  the  Chat* 
ahouchee  and  Flint  rivers,  Mbfafie,  Pafcagoula  and 
Pearl  rivers.  All  thcfe  running  ibuthwardly,-  empty 
into  the  Gult  of  Mexico. 

Climate,  Difeajes,  &c/]^  The  fame  a»in  South  Car-, 
•lina. 

Face  of  the  Country,']    Like  that  of  South  Carolina. 

Soil  and  ProduSiions*]  Similar  to  thofe  in  4hc  ftate' 
laft  deicribed.  i  ^*. 

Remarkable  Springs.']  In  the  county  of  WflkeSf, 
within  a  mile  and  an  haWof  the  town  of  WaAiington^ 
is  a  medicinal -fpring,  which  rifes  from  a  hollow^tree^ 
four  or  five  feet  in  length.  Theinfide  of  the  tree  ii 
covered  with  a  coat  of  nitre  an  inch  thick,  and  the 
leaves  around  the  fpring  arc  incrufted  with  a  fubflance 
as  white  as  fnow.  It  is  flW  to  be  a  fovereign  reme- 
sly  for-the  fcurvy,  fcrofulous  diforders,  confumptions, 
gouts,  and  e\'ery  other  difeafe  arifing  from  humours  ir* 
the  blood.  A  perfon,  who  had  a  fevcre  rhcumatifm  in 
his  right  arm,  having,  in  the  fpace  of  ten  minutes^ 
drank  two  quarts  of  the  water,  experienced  a  moment* 
ary  chill,  and  was  then  thrown  into  a  perfpiration^ 
which,  in  a  few  hours,  left  him  entirely  free  from' 
pain,,  and  in  perfeQ:  health. 

This  fpring,  fituatcd  in  a  fine,  healthy  part  of  the 
ftate,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Walliington,  where 
ate  excellent  accommodations)  will  no  doubt  prove  a 

pleafant 


m 


914 


GEORGIA. 


pfeafant  and  falutary  place  of  refort  for  invalids  from 
the  maritime  and  uniieaUhy  parts  of  this  and  the  neigh^i 
bouring  ftatei. 

Curicfties,']  ASjout  90  miles  from  the  fea,  as  you 
advance  towards  the  mountains,  is  a  very  remarkable 
bank  of  oyfter  (hells,  of  an  uncommon  fize.  They 
xtin  in  a  dire£)Hon  nearly  parallel  with  the  fea  coaft, 
in  three  diflip£l  ridges  near  each  other,  which  togeth- 
er occupy  a  fpace  w  feven  miles  in  breadth.  The 
ridges  commence  aC  Savannah  river,  and  have  been 
traced  to  the  northern  branches  of  the  Altamaha, 
Thefe  (hells  are  an  inexhauftiblc  fource  of  wealth  and 
convenience  to  the  neighbouring  inhabitants,  as  from 
them  they  make  thei||ltme  for  building,  and  for  the 
making  of  indigo,  inlRiich  it  is  indiijpen(ibly  neceffarv. 
\  Commerce^  ManuBlAlltits  and  Agrumure.2  The  chief 
articles  of  export  irc^  this  ftate  are  rice,  tobacco,  in- 
digo, fago,  lumber  of  various  kinds,  naval  (lores^ 
leather,  deer  (kins,  inake  root,  myrtle,  bees  wax, 
corn,  live  (h)ck,  &c.  Tiie  value  of  the  exports  from 
this  (^te  in  1772,  was  £^.t  21,677  (lierling.  The  num- 
ber |K^^  employed  this  year,  was  217,  whofe 

■'^PtfUmiwnt  CAaraSlerj  Manners,  ^c.J  In  the  grand- 
convention  at  Philadelphia,  in  1787,  the  inhabitants 
of  this  (late  were  reckoned  at  90,000,  including  three- 
fifths  of  20,000  negroes.  But  (rom  the  number  of 
the  militia,  which  has  been  afcertained  with  a  conHd- 
erable  degree  of  accuracy^there  cannot  be  at  mpflf, 
more  than  half  that  numblK 

No  general  chara6);er  will  apply  to  the  inhabitahts^ 
at  large.  Colle3:ed  from  different  parts  of  the  world, 
at  intered,  nect(rity  or  inclination  led  them,  their 
chara£te|  and  manners  muft  of  courfe  partake  of  all' 
the  varieties  which  di(lingui(h  the  feveral  (lates  and 
Icingdoms  from  whence  tliey  came.  There  is  fo  little 
uniformity,  that  it  is  difficult  to  trace  any  governing 
principles  among  them.  An  avertion  to  labour  is  toa- 
predominant,  owing  in  part  to  the  relaxing  heat  of  the 
climate,  and  partly  to  the  want  of  necefTity  to  excite 
iaduftry.    An  opeivanii  friendly  hofpitality,:  partiln* 

larly 


GEORGIA.        ft^ 

Ur\y  to  ilrangers,  is  an  ornamental  charaderiflick  %f 
a  great  part  of  this  people. 

Rdigion.l  In  regard  to  religion,  politicks  and  liter- 
ature, this  Itate  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  In  Savannah  is 
an  Epifcopal  church,  a  Prefbytcrian  church,  a  Syna- 
gogue, and  a  German  Lutheran  church,  fupplied  oc- 
caltonally  by  a  German  minifler  from  Lbcnezer. 
where  there  is  a  large  convenient  (lone  church,  and 
a  fettlement  of  fober  induftrious  Germans  of  the 
Lutheran  religion i  In  Augufta  they  have  an  £pif» 
copal  church.  In  Midway  is  a  fociety  of  Chrifl;ian% 
cftabliftied  on  the  congregational  plan.  Their  an-^ 
ccftors  emigrated  in  a  colony  from  Dorchefter,  nea» 

!ettled  at  a  placft 

fouthwefl: ,  of 

75«,  for  thenke 

'^moftthe  whole 

y.    They,  as  as 


Bofton,  about  the  year  1 700,  an 

named   Dorchefter,    about    26 

Chadeflon,  South  Carolina* 

of  a  better  climate,  and  more  lai 

fociety  removed  and  fettled  at 

people,  retain,  in  a  great  meafure  that  fimplicity  of  mat>^ 

jiers,  that  unafFe6led  piety  and  brotherly  love,  which 

characterized  their  anceftors,  the  Hrft  fettlers  of  New 

England.    The  upper  counties  are  fup]>lied»  jMKtty 

generally,  by  Baptift  and  Mclhodift  mmifl""^ 

the  greater  part  of  the  ft^is  not  luppli^ 

ters  of  any  denomination^ 

CortjHitution*]  The  numeiOTiS  defe£ls  in  the  lats 
conftitution  of  this  ftate,  induced  the  citis^ns,  pretty 
univerfally,  to  petition  for  a  revifion  of  it.  It  was 
accorditigly  revifed,  or  rather  a  new  one  was  formedt 
in  the  courfe  of  the  lafl:  yeac*  nearly  upon  the  plan  oP 
the  conftitution  of  the  United  States,  which  has  lately 
been  adopted  by  the  ftate.  x 

The  State  of  Literature.']  The  literature  of  thi« 
ftate,  which  i&  yet  in  its  infancy,  is  commencing  on  a 
plan  whicii  affords  the  moll  flattering  profpefbk  The 
charter  containing  their  prefent  fyftem  of^  educiition». 
was  pafled  in  the  year  1 785.  A  college,  with  ani{4<^ 
and  liberal  endowments,  is  inftituted  in  Louifville^  '%. 
high  and  healthy  part  of  the  country,  near  the  center 
of  the  ftate.  There  is  alfo  provifton  made  for  the  in- 
ilitufton  of  an  academy,  in  each  county  in  the  flate> 

-  to 


''1 


ita 


Q      E      O      R      G      I      A. 


to  be  fupported  from  the  fame  funds  >nd  confidered 
as  parts  and  members  of  the  fame  inftitution,  under 
the  general  fuperintendence  and  dire£tion  of  a  preii- 
cient  i^nd  board  of  trufteeS}  appointed,  for  their  liter- 
ary accomplifhments,  from  the  d liferents  parts  of  the 
•Aate,and  invefled  with  the  cuftomary  powersof  corpo- 
rations. Tlie  inditution  thus  compuleaiis  denominated 
«  The  Univerfity  of  Georgia." 

The  funds  for  the  fupport  of  their  inftitution,  are 
principally  in  lands,  amounting  in  the  whole  to  about 
nfty  thoufand  acres,  a  great  part  of  which  is  of  the 
beft  quality,  and  at  prefent  very  valuable.  There  are 
«lfo  nearly  fix  thoufand  pounds  fterling  in  bonds 


'  lioures  and  town 
publick  proper 
couihty)  nas  beei 
lind  fumilhinff 
originally  defism 
fcouiis,  are  chiefly 


the  town  of  Augulla.     Other 

le  amount  of  ;£*.tooo,  in  each, 

)art  for  the  purpofes  of  building 

live  academies.    The  funds 

the  fupport  of  the  orphan 

ice  plantations  and  negroes.    As 

the  Countefs  of  Huntingdon  has  not,  fince  the  revo- 

lutioti,  exprefled  her  intention  concerning  them,  they 

liftiyipretent  in  a  very  unprodu6Hve  fituation» 

"^  ~    Thewhplecoaft  is  bordered  with  iflandty. 

lith  few  interruotionS)  an  inland  naviga- 

river  SavannRi  to  St..  Mary's*    The 

principal  iflands  areSkidaway,  WafTaw,  OfTabaw,  St. 

Catharines,  Sapelo,  Frederica,  Jekyl,^Cumberlandand 

Amelia. 

Indians.']    The  Muskcgib  or  Cm  sk  Indians  in- 
iMbit  the  middle  parts  of  this  ftate,  and  are  the  mod 
numerous  tribe  of  In^ianief  any  within  the  limits  of 
the  United  States.  Their  whole  number  is  i)!,a8o»  of 
which  5,860,  are  fighting  men.  Their  principal  towna . 
itude32°and  longitude  ix**  ao' from  Phila* 
They  are  fettleoin  a  hilly  but  not  moun- 
^  ^country.    The  fo*i  is  fruitful  in  a  high  degree, 
feU  watered,  abounding  in  creeks  and  rivulets, 
whence  they  are  called  the  Creek  Indians, 
.  M  Semi  NO  LAS,  a  divifion  of  the  creek  nation,  in- 
"^liabit  a  level,  flat  country  mi  the  Apalachicoht  and 
TliiU  rivers,  fertile  i^ii  well  watered* 


O      R 


A. 


••r 


if  nation  have  been 

{htikig  men. 

>ny  between  the 

^as  moditated  iin 

ition  of  poor  ped- 

*  for  the  further 


The  Chac TAWS,  or  flat  heads,  inhnbit  a  very  iine 
«nd  extcnlive  tra£):  of  hilly  (outit.^,  vviih  large  and 
fertile  plains  intervening,  between  the  Alabaaia  and 
MiiUfippi  riveri,  in  the  wellem  part  ol  tins  ftate. 
This  nation  have  43  towns  and  villages,  in  three  di- 
vifiuns,  containing  12,123  ibuiti,  of  which  4041  are 
fighting  men. 

The  Chicasaws  are  fettled  on  the  head  branches  of 
the  Tombeckbe,  Mobile  and  Yazoo  rivers,  in  the  north- 
wcfl;  corner  of  the  ftate.  Their  country  is  an  extenf- 
xve  plain,  tolerably  well  watered  from  fpring«,andof  a 
pretty  good  foil.  They  have  7  towns,  the  central  one 
of  which  is  in  latitude  34°  23',  and  longitude  14°  30' 
weft.  The  number  of  foultnn  "' '  '  '  ' 
reckoned  at  1725,  of  which  575 1 

HiftoryJ]  The  fettlement  o^ 
rivers  Savannah  and  Alat 
Ei^land  in  1 732,  for  the  accc 
pie  in  Great  Britain  and  Irelai 
iecurity  of  Carolina.  Private  compaiTion  and  pub- 
lick  fpirit  confpired  to  promote  the  benevf>lent  deltgn. 
Humane  and  opulent  men  fuggefted  a  plan  of  trajif- 
•  porting  a  number  of  indigent  families,  to  t^''  ^"^  '"^ 
America,  free  of  expeqjij^  For  this  pur] 
plied  to  the  King,  Gedifl  the  11.^  and 
htm  letters  patent,  beauingdate  Jonegth,  1732," 
legally  dirrying  into  execution  what  they  had  gerier- 
oufly  projeded.  They  called  the  new  province 
<yxoRGiA,  in  honour  of  the  Kin^,  who  encouniged 
the  plan.  A  corporation,  confiding  of  21  perfonfy 
was  conftituted  by  the  name  of  the  Truftees,  for  fet- 
tling and  eftablifhing  the  coloijy  of  Georgia. 

In  November  1732,  116  fettlers  embarked  for 
Georgia;  to  be  Conveyed  thither  free  of  expen%»  fur- 
nifh^  with  every  thing  requiftte  for  Suildin||g|d  for 
cultivating  die  foiL  ■.  James  Oglethorpe,  olHn^e 
«truflees,find  aaa&ve  promoter  of  the  Cealem< 
barked  as  the.  head  and  dire£br  of  thefe 
They  arrived  at  Charleftoii^n  eariv  in  the  next,  ^_^ 
Mr.  Oglethorpe,  accompanied  by  William  BuHjr 
"  iyaflerhisarrivial^  vifUed^Qtorgia,  and  af(er  i^- 
,♦1  ^  connailering 


■;5fci*f^»  ^iJm'.i- 


iA 


GEO 


A. 


Yet,  although  t 
ire(jpe£l  to  their 
4ed  their  views 
legtflators,  who 
]>les  of  fpecuUtiQi 


connoitering  the  country,  marked  the  fpot  on  which 
,  Savannah  now  ilands,  as  the  fitted  to  begin  their  fet- 
tlement.  Here  they  accordmgly  began  and  built  a 
(mall  fc* ;  a  number  of  i'mall  hut*  for  their  defence 
and  accommodation.  Such  of  the  fettlers  as  were 
able  to  bear  arms,  were  embodied}  and  well  appoint- 
ed with  officers,  arms  and  ammunition.  A  treaty  of 
friendihip  was  concluded  between  the  fettlers  and 
their  neighbours  and  the  Creek  Indians,  and  every 
thing  wore  the  afpedt  of  peace  and  future  profperity. 

But  the  fundamental  regulations  eftabliflied  oy  the 
truftees  of  Georgia  were  illy  adapted  te  the  ciicum- 
ilances  and  fituation  of  the  poor  iettlers,  and  of  per- 
nicious confequem^to  file  proi'perity  of  the  province. 

~ leesweregreatly  miflaken,  with 

llettlement,  it  mud  be  acknow- 
snerous.     Like  other  dillant 
their  regulations  upon  princi- 
sy  were  liable  to  many  errours 
and  miftakes,  and  however  good  their  defign,  their 
rules  were  found  impiropcr  arid  impra£licable. 

T^hefa  injudicious  regulations  and  redri^tions— the 
^hich  they  were  involved  with  the  Spaniards 
i6---and  the  frequu^iit  infurreftions  among 
tW»f  Ihr6w  tlmk  <olori^  IntO'a  date  of  confufion 
aD4  wretchadnefs  too  great  for  human  nature  long  to 
cmdore^  .>  Their  c^preffed  fituation  wa^reprefented  to 
Ih^  trudees  by  ^cppeated  complaiatts  ;  till  at  length, 
finding ihat  the  province  languiifafed  under  their  care, 
and  weary  with  the  complaints  of  the  people,  they,  in 
the  i|rear  i75i,»fi4n«ndered'theb  chatter  toth^  King, 
and  it  was  made  a  roya)  government.^  , 

In  the.  year  1740,1  the  Rev,  George  Whitofield    . 
foiin^y^  Ml  orphan  houfe  academy  in  Georgia,  about 
la  i^Mfrom  Savannah.     M&:  Wbitefieid  died  at 
NaiiHJIf  Port,  in  New  England,  in  O^ober,  1770, 
i^|K|Otji  f  ^ar  of  his  age^  and  W^  bittied  tinder  the  « 
Hniyteriai)  church  iptha^ 

•^rrom  the  time  Georgia  i:ic;dime  a  royatgovemtnent^ 
iW  1^52,  tin  ttie  peace  ofP^ris,  ia  lyb^t  "ic-  dfugg^^d 
tiiidermahy  difficiilt«»||u^g  from  the  wantof  c^ 


THE  WESTERN  TERRIT-ORY, 


••f 


over  run  by  the 
ere  obli^d  to  flee 
Thciuffcrings 
in  proporiioj^ 
any  of  the  Rates, 
jpopubtton  pf  this 
Xu4{rowth  in  im- 


from  iriends,  and  the  frsquent  'moleftations  of  ene- 
mies. The  good  eft'c6isul  ihe  peace  were  ieniibtf 
felt  in  the  province  of  Qcor^ia.  1*1010  this  time  it 
began  to  flouiifli,  under  ihe  fatherly  care  ot  Govern* 
our  Wright.  To  form  a  judjjnicnt  uf  tKe  rapid  growth 
of  the  colonyt  we  need  only  attend  to  its  exports. 

In  the  year  1763,  the  exports  of  Georgia  confided 
of  7500  barrels  oi  rice,  9633  pounds  of  imligo,  1 250 
bufhels  of  Indian  coin,  which,  together  with  deer  and 
beaver  Ikins,  naval  (lores,  paoviftons,  timber,  &c*  &• 
mounted  to  no  more  than  /*. 27,021  lleiiing.  Ten 
years  afterwards,  in  tyyjii  it  cxpoited  commodities  to 
the  value  of  ^'.j  21,67.7  t^erling. 

Djring  the  late  war,  Georgia 
Britiih  troops,  and  the  inhabitai 
into  the  neighbouring  dates  for  j 
and  loiTes  o?  her  citizens,  wet 
lo  their  numbers  and  wealth, 
JSince  the  price,  the  progrefs 
(late  has  been  a (loniihingly  rapid, 
{irovementaad  poQulation,hasDi((pn  checked  by.the  hof* 
tile  irruptions  of  the  Creek  Indians,  wliich  b^^^  been 
frequent,  and  very  di(lie(ring  tothe  fronhert|l|^>iMiQts 
fur  theft;  g  yearspaft.  This  formidable  nation  C^li4i«fl» 
headed  by  oneAlsGillivlfay,  an  inhabitant  of  Georgia^ 
who  Cxded  with  the  Britiih  m  the  late  war,  (lill  ci^ntinlie 
to  harrafs  the  frontiers  of  this  (late.  Treaties  have  been 
lield,  and  a,ce(ration  of  hoRilities  agreed  tohetweet^ 
the  parties  ;  but  all  have  hiterto  pi;oved  ineiFe^iAl  >tcit 
Ihe  accomplilhment  oF.a  peace.  Much  was  expci&ed 
from  the  late  treaty  held  by  the  CoimnKfioners  froni 
Congrefs  on  the  one  part,  and  the  Indians  on  the  oth- 
er ;  but  the  extravagarit  demands  of  the:  Indians  pre> 
vented  the  defired  paci(id(  iOue  ;  and  H  is  feare^  the 
cQnfequence  will  be  ^n  open  war,    *'      ^    |j'^  ,    ' 

•THE  WESrtERIflTERRltOiSSf^ 

. . ('    .  )"i'""  >  .• .: ;  ■    I  r-m 

UNDER  this  name  is'ompiehendcdall  <Hat  paet, 
of  the  United  States  which  lies  northweft.of  the 
Bounded  Wcttjby  thc.||^fijppiiriverjj  «N0ti)i, 
V  by 


m 


i^    Tilt  WJfcSTEkN  TERRITORY. 

by  the  Lakei;  £a/l,  by  Pennfylvania ;  Southeaft 
and  Suuth,  by  the  Ohio  river.  Containing,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Hutchins,  411,000  liquare  miles,  equal 
to  zt>3,b40,ouo  acres  ;  from  which,  if  we  dedu6t 
43,040,000  acres  for  water,  thet-e  will  remain 
;t2o,ooo,ooo  of  acres,  belonging  to  the  fedei-al  govern* 
ment,  to  be  fold  lor  the  dilcharge  of  the  national  debt ; 
except  a  narrow  ftrip  of  land,  bordering  on  the  fouth 
of  Lake  Erie,  and  (Iretching  120  miles  wed  of  the 
weftern  limit  of  Pennfylvania,  which  belongs  to  Con- 
jiefticut. 

Rivers.2  The  principal  rivers  in  this  extcnfiv« 
country,  are,  Muflcingum,  Hokhokitig,  Sioto,  Little 
Miam),  Great  Mianu.  and  the  Wabafh  rivers,  which 
iall  into  the  Ohio  ^pi  the  north  ;  and  the  rivers  A 
Vafe,  Kafkafkias,  MivlUinbis,  which  fall  into  the  Mil*- 
Afippi  from  the  «iii|^' 

rcj>ulation.']  Itwiltipoflible  to  tell  the  exa6l  pop- 
ulation of  this  tovtttfry.  They  have  been  eftimaied  at 
about  6000  fOolai,'eKclnriVe  of  Indians.  This  number 
is  made  ufi  of  Fienck,  £ngli/h  etmgrants  irom  the  o- 
t^inal  (Utes,  and  negroes, 

JF^tf  ih£  Country f  Soil  and  ProdvMions,^  The  un- 
^tHK)flr|(di(h«d  terms  of  adminMion,  that  are  commonly 
itfcd  in  fpeaiking  of  the  natural  fertility  of  the  country 
6ti  tht  Weftem  Waters  of  the  United  States,  would  rcn- 
Her  St  difficult,  without  accurate  attention  in  the  fur- 
l^eyil  to  afcribe  i  preference  to  any^rtidilar  part ;  or 
ib  give  a  jufl  defcription  oif  the  territory  under  con- 
lideratibn,  without  the  hazard, of  beir^  fufpedied  of 
«xaegeratiort.  But  in  this  w§J«fev«  the  united, opinion 
of  tnc  geographer,  the  furveyors,  and  every  traveller 
that  has  been  intimately  ariu^ainted  wfth  the  country, 
And  matked  every  natural  abjt^  lA'ith  the  it!6fl  fcru- 
puloui  Jlxadnefs,  that  nd  part  bf  the  fedenil  territdry 
unitef  w  mfviy,  ^dvanug^  in  poin^  of  health,  fertility, 
y«iMy  of  j^rodiillion,  and  foivign  i^tercbtefi^  as  that 
inEt  which  ftretchcs  fmm  the  Mnikingum  to  the  Sioto 
j«4  the  C  peat  Miami  livers 

The  country  on  the  Ohio  is  every  wliere  ^eafMiti 
with  Usg«  level  fpot^f  rich  Uhdry  atid  remadttbly 


^' 


theaft 

[cord* 

equ»l 

tedua 

rmain 

►vern- 

|d(4}t; 

fouth 

)f  the 

Con- 


Tiit  WESTERN  TERRITORY.    ^ 

fiealUiy.  One  general  remark  pf  thia  nature  wffl  £crvo 
for  the  whole  truEt  of  the  globe  comprehended  between 
the  wedern  fkirta  of  the  Allegany  njouqtaina ;  thence 
runiung  Ibuthweilwardly  to  Uie  dtftanue  of  500  milet 
to  the  Ohio  falls  ;  then  croITing  them  northerly  to  the 
Heads  &f  the  rivers  that  empty  themfelvei  into  the  O- 
hio;  thence  eafl  along  the  ruke  tha^  fcpanUes  th« 
lakes  and  Ohio's  dreams,  to  French  creek.  This 
country  may,  from  a  proper  knowledge,  be  affirmed  to 
be  the  mod  liealthy,  the  mod  pleafant,  the  moQ:  com- 
modious and  mod  fertile  fpot  of  earth,  known  to  the 
Anglo  Americans* 

It  is  a  happy  circumdance,  that  the  Ohio  Company  ar^ 
about  to  commence  the  fettliisineflt  of  tbii  country  in 
k»  regular  and  judicioas  %  n»aiMJ|l*  It  will  CervA^f  s  a 
wife  model  for  the  fuCui«  fettltnMtt  of  all  the  federal- 
lands  )  at  the  fi|me  time,  thalv  kf  beginning  fo  ne|tr 
the  weflern  limit  of  Pennfylvenijiy  it  will  be  a  contin- 
uation of  the  old  (etilemenis,  leaving  vacant  no  landf  * 
expoied  to  be  feize^  by  fuch  lawlels  banditti  as  ufually 
HMsfHhe  froRttera  of  countries  dlftant  from  thf  ieat  of 
government*  1 1  ,■    i,  .      ^    . 

The  dcfign  of  Congrefs  and  61  the  fettlers,  is,  that 
le  Settlements  flkall  pmied  regularly;  fdown.therO-' 
10;  and  northward  m  Lake  Rnh,  And  it  ia  probn- 
Me  that  not  many  iMart  will  elapfe,  before  the  whole 
country  above  Mi—w  will  bo  broug^ht  to  that  de^ee 
of  cultivation,  wKidl  will  exhibit  ad  its  latent  bcauue^ 
and  iufttly  thiafedtfcriptMns  of  traveUen  whidbhave 
fo  often  made  il  the  garden  of  thewoehd,  the  (eat  of 
weidtb,  and  the  oenler  of  a  fnsat  empire. 

Animls»(ii:,J  Nocoyntry  is  better  flocked  with 
wild  game  of  every  k  ind*  Inniunerable  herds  '>f  de^r, 
elk,  buffalo,  and  l>ear,  are  meltjered  in  the  groves,  and 
fed  in  the  exten^ye  bottom?  thaj  every  whcr^  ai>oimd ; 
an  uiMUWdioiMible^COOJf  W'tlie  grisat  fertility  of  the 
Ibil.,  Turkies*  gecre»  ducks,  Evan's,  tc^l,  phcJfJ^ht^ 
partridiges,  4be.  are,  from  Qbfervatjoh^  believed  to  wm 
Kfie^tfr  plenty  here,  than  t^e  tamp  poultry  are  i|i  any 
~  ~  ^  Qjf  the  old  fcttlcments  inAmenca. 

^  G(nnrnmentA 


t 


:fi!;,...S^~ 


•ara 


THTt 


WESTERN' TERRfTORY. 


GQwrnment,  (Be']  By  an  ordinance  of  Cdngref!r» 
palled  on  the  13th  of  July,  1787,  this  country,  tor  the 
purpofet  of  temporary  government,  was  ere^ed  into 
onedifi'rii^,  fubje£^,  however,  ttrtk  divifion,  when  cir- 
cumfUnces  (ball  make  it  expedient. 

In  the  f&me  ordinance  it  ir  provided,  that  CongreAi 
fliall  appqin  t  a  Goverftour,  Sec  re tary ,  attd  three  Judge». 

The  Gov^rnour  and  Judges  are  authorized  to  adopt 
and  publifli  in'thediifri6i,  mch  hws  of  the  original 
ilates,  criminal  and' civile  as  may  be  ncceflary  and  beft 
■  ftiited  to  the  ciTCuin (lances-  of  the  di(lri£l,  and  report 
them  to  Congrefs,  and  if  approved,  they  (hall  contin* 
nein  force,  till  the  organization  of  the  general  afTembly 
of  the  di(lri6l,  who^^U  have  authority  to  alter  them'. 

60  foon  as  there  miil  be  5000  free  male  inhabitants 
•f  flill  age^  in  the  dlApHIA,  they  (hall  receive  authority 
l4tleft  reprefbnt»filr0S,-'«one  for  every  500  free  male 
inhabitants,  to  reprdiittt  them  in  the  general  aflembly ; 
^e  reprefentatit>n  to  inereale  prMre(fively  with  the 
number  of  free  male  inhabitants,  «ni  there  be  25  rep* 
refentatives  ;  after  jwhich  the  nussber  and  projpdttioa 
^  of  th«  rep^e^sntatives  (hall  be  tegulated  by  the  kgiil# 

mitt:  -        ■■  ;i  •'    -  -i    P  :.  '  .  :   ■■■  ...ku     ■ 

'  ^Sh0  geneialafiembfar,  orkgTflstfurs,  (hall  confili  ftS 
tlicGovcrAOur,  legiHative  council,  and  hou(e  of  repce^ 
lentativeK  The  Icgiihtive  council  (haUccuUiftogf  fivt 
members,  to  continue  in  office  five  ymt'S}  ti&lcft  foonec 
jvmov^  by  Congrefs*  '.« 

'  >  Iit^^iie 'ordinance  of  Cong refs,  for  the^govemment 
«fl)us  territory,  itispnovided,  thaibaftertbe  (aid  terri- 
tory acquirqs  «  certein  ^gree  of  populationy  it  ihallhie 
jdiyided  .into(Utesv  The.eaftern  (iate,  that  is  ,thu« 
provided  to  be  made,  is  bounded  on  the  Great  Miami 
<m  the  wefl;,,atid  by  the  IVuintylvania.tinci  on.lhe  eklT* 
The  center  of  this  ftate  will  fah  between  the'Sioio  sihd 
the  Hokhoking.  At  the  mouth  of  one  of  iliefii  Bvers 
Willprobably  be  the  (eatofgpvemmetit  fortlyJi^ftatQi 
An^  if  we  inay  indulge  the  fublime  contemplation  o|^ 
bcbotding  the  whole  territoiy  of  the  Urtit^  States  &t* 
tied  by  an  enlightened  people,  and  conCitlued.  irhdier 
0iie  eii;|;iupLded  govemmtnt ;  on  the  rivet-  Ohiiy»  At 

not  f 


A 


I 


riiB  WESTERN  TERRITORY,    tar 

not  &r  from  thUfpot,  wiU  he  the  feat  of  enpnef  for 
the  whole  domtnton.  This  U  central  to  the  whole j 
>t  will' bed  accommodate  every  part;  it  is  the  oioft 
plea&at,  aqtd  probably  the  moil  healthful. 

In  this  conne£lion  we  mud  not  omit  to  add|  thai « 
Ibttlemerift;  is  commencing,  with  advantageous  prof- 
pe^,  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the=  Mi®fippi»  oppofit* 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  fpot  on  which  the  tity 
is  to  b«kbuilt,  is  called  Naw  MAt>aio,  after  the  capital 
of  Spain.  This  fetdement,  w  hich  is  without  the  ika- 
its  of  the  United  States,  in  the  Spanith  dominions,  is 
eondu&ing  by  Colonel  Morgan,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  Spanim  King. 

'^  The  fettlers  are  lo  form  their  f^nconllftution, make 
their  own  laws,  ( provided  theyiKd  not  countera£i  the 
laws  of  Spain)  choofe  their  o«vi»'inagi{lrates  and  civil 
officers,  and  are  to  enjoy  free  deration  in  religioit. 
They  «re,  however,  to  be  futye^of  the  King  of  ^pakh 
As  an  encouragement  to  fettlers»  thev  are  to  be  il^  - 
dulffcd  yf'nh  fotne  peculiar  corameivial  p^ivileKctf,'- 

Sew^  Madrid,  from  its  local  fituation  i^ii4  advoatip 
tious  privileges,  is  in  '|)rQfpe^  of '  being  the  gieat  enof^ 
porium  of  the  weft^rn  country,  imlefs  the  free  nayiga« 
tion  of.  the  Ntiififippifhould  be  opened  to  the  Urrittd 
Slates.  And  levcn^lhouLd  this  definsd  event  take 
place,  vy'lkich  probably  will  iiot  without  a  rupture  with 
Spain,  this!'ma(i  be  a  place  of  great  trade.  For  here 
will  as|ti^ra11y  center,  the  immenfe  quantities  ^fprod^ 
uce  th^t  w||^  be  borne  dosim  the  Illinois,  the  MilTifippi, 
the  Ohio,  and  theirvajrlous  branches^ and  iJF  the  car- 
rier* can  ^nd  as  gpod  a  market  for  their  cargo<^s  here, 
as  at  New  Orleans  or  the  Weft  Indies^  and  can  pr07 
cure  the  articles  the^  delire,  they  will  sladly  fa ve  them- 
felves  the  difficulties  and  dangers  of  navigating  the 
long  MiiTifippi.  ,    - 

It  has  been  fuppofed  hy  fome  that  aU  fettleri  -wh,o 

fO  bey<Mid  the  Miffifipp^,  will  be  fdrever  loft  to  the 
.  Jnited  S^tes.  There  is,  I  Jxlieve,  Utile  danger  Of 
this,  provided  they  are  not  provoked  to.withdrayr 
their  triendfhip.  The  emigrants  will  be  made  up>  of 
lijlTrni  9^  the  United  State;^  They  will  carry  along 


*■ 


m 


^- 


1^4    THE  WESTERN  rEKRitORY. 

witlf'^iir  their  maimtfi  and'cuftotn%  A«ir  habits  eft 
government,  religion  and  education  ;  and  a^^tliey  are 
td%e  indulged  wi^  rerTgi<tos  freedom,  and^itk  the 
piviiege  ofmaking  their  ovm  lawsj  iW  •F  condua^ 
m^  edaeation  ^imon  their  own  btans^  i^efe  American 
hmts  mm  w>idavmM6kf  be  cberiflied.  If  fo^  they  will 
be  Americans  in  Mai  fltough  nominaUy  the  futneas 
ef^'Spain.    '  -^P*^^<^v*«tvrr;(.  -   rr-"  r.s.'in'u  i  -.,■■  x     ■ 

HU  ttue  Sj»ain' w^ll  dt«W  a  te  ventie  from  tfcwi,  but 
in  teturti  ttf^y  will  injoy  jkctiliar  coitrmercial  advan- 
tages, the  benefit  of  which  will  be  experienced iby  the 
United  States,  und  perhaps  be  in  ampteeompenlatien 
•  for  the  lo&  of  fo  many  citiz^ris  as  may  ro%riite  (hither. 
In  (hortj  this  fettlem«ai^«ottdua«l  with  judgment 
and  prudence,  may^  mutually  ferviceable  both  to 
Spain  andthe  Unitad  Elates.  Itinay  prevent  jealouf> 
ie%  teffen  national  piil|iili£ifcs^  promote  idigious  tolerK' 
ti<m|'^rererve  hamlonyi -imd  be  a  medium^  of  tiadetvBh 
dpnfer^ty  «dvantagii»usi      ;        .  ? 

Bei(7d<!S,  it  is  wtU  known,  that  empire  has  been 
traveUfhg  from  eaft  to  weft.  ^  Probably  her  laft  and 
^broadfcfffeaVwiir  be  America.  *  Here  the  iciences  and 
the  arts  of^  civilized' life  are  to  re^ceiVe  thefr  higheil 
imj[iitovement.  Here  civil  and  rdigiontf  liberty  are  to 
flouriHi,  unchecked  by  the  cruel  hand  6f  civil  or  ec- 
clelialHcal  tyranny.  H^re  genius,  aidc^d  by  all  the  im- 
provements of  formfr  agesj  is  tob<eexerttedin  hum'am 
'lizii'ig  mankind,  in'expandirig  and  enriching  their  niind& 
with  rdigioos  and  pKiipIbpHical  krfowlei^,  and  in 
jpilsiiTniing  antf<lpLrtutir(g  a  form  of  government,  which 
fliall  involve  aill  ^^he  excdftncies-  Of  former  goferw* 
fhentS,  witHas  fcW  of  their  d^feas  as  is  confiftent 
•w|th  the  ito|*rfeaf6fi  of  human  affairs,  and  which 
fHall  be  talfculated  to  prdteft- and  tmite,  in  a  manner 
confident  wi^h  the  natural  rights  of  mtt^ind,  ^elarg«> 
¥ft  ettpfr^  tl^r  >fVer  exiffied;  Elevated  VviHi  thele 
'plo^eas,  Whiiih  aric  niorr  merely  th^^vifiorts  of  fancy, 
we  c4nnot*But  ahtieipate  the  period,  as  notfar  diftant, 
when  the  AMitTtJAW  Eiai'iins  will  comprehend  mill^ 
ions  6f  fouh^  weft  of  the  Miffifippi.  Judging  upon 
probabB  grotindSi  the  Miflif^i  was  never  defigncfii^ 

the 


V     E     R     M     O     NT. 


m 


iht  weibBtn  boundary  of  tha  Anierkaircinp»r««  ^  1^ 
God  o(  nature  never  intended  «iiiat.  fomo  of  the.  boft 
pert  of  Kit  catthi)iouldbeUth»bitedrby  ihc-Afb^i^oi 
a  monaurch,  40Q0 mile*  fro«tttli«n^  .  And  miny^wwnoi 
ventuxe  to  preiK^  tbat^  when  Aiecifhta^f  ntankiil4 
fluUr  be  more  fully  known,  and  tbe  knawledgt  of  tbfSIK 
is  faft  increafing  both  in  Europe  and  Aoierica»  ^tha 
power  of  European  potentates  will  be  confined  to  £u» 
rope,  and  their  prefent  America  dominions,  becoiqe, 
like  the  United  States^  free>i0vereign<aQd  iadependenl 
empires.-   ;>■"■■■       :■..:,  1   .•■-:.»....  - 


■length  iSSt  L*-- »  r«»*^^'-lw«#ii*  North  Lstitadet 

BO         EI>  lilorth,  ivy  €aiNrtf»t  Eaft'by  Comiec« 
i.ua.  riv^j  Which  diirkief  ft  frott  New  Hampt- 
fhire ;  South,  by  Maflacltufistif t  Weftj  by  New  Yorki 
Civil  Divifidns.J    'Vemiont  il  divided  into  tbefeyen 
foUoWin^cOuihties :. 


Benhim<ctoni 


Beimington^' 

Rutlkndw 

Addifon. 
'     WiAdham. 

ChittendoQ*  .  '  f 

Orange.  f 

Wint^or. 
tf'Thelb  counties  are  divided  into  t05(i||Piips,  which 
ere  generally  fix  miles  fquare. 

lavers,^  This  iUte,  on  the  cafV  fide  of  the  moun* 
tain,  is  watered  by  Paupanhooiak,  Quech^,  Welds,. 
White,  Black, and  Weft  rivers,  which  run  from  w^fl; 
to  eaft  into  Gorme^Cuv  river  ;  and  weft  of  the  moun- 
tains, by  the  river  l^amoil,  over  which  is  a  hatural 
ftone  brfche,  fcven  os^eight  rods  in  length,  by  Onion 
river  and  Otter  creek,  which  empty  by  one  mouth  in- 
.  to-  Lake  Ghamplain,  so  cr  30  nutles  iouth  of  St.  John's. 
Otter  creek  is  navigable  for  boats  50  antes.  The  lands 
•djiceot  are  of  an  excellent  qualityi  and  are  annl^tllJ 

enriched 


'^■^% 


•Jfi 


V     E     R     M     O     N     T. 


'% 


.* 


# 


#iiriclied  byrtfaetwerfiowing'of  the  watery  iiiGC«fionetr'' 
.byth'S  melting  of  thcihow  on  the  Greeii  Mountaioa. 
■'  ^Mii^JiM.j  -  A  chain  of  high  mountaina^  sunning 
K  .  di  and  foudi,.  dividsa  tUa  ftate  neairly  in  th*  center 
Wtwciin  Conne&'cul^  river  9ad  Lake  Chan^ain. 
Th«  heigM  of  lard  ii/geiieraliy  from  so  to  30  roiir<i 
Iramthe  nver,  and  about  the  £une  diftance  from  thie 
Nttw  York  line.  The  natural  growth  upon  thia  mou^-* 
tiini  ti'hcmlock,  pine,  fpruce,  and  otherievergreens  } 
hence  it  haa  ahi^yaia  g«een  appearancci  and  on  thia 
account  hasobtaineu  Jie  deCcriptive  name  o^VerM<mit 
Oreen  Mouta/nnt  On  ibme  kig^  pattt  of  this  moun- 
tain, fnow  lies  tfll  MaT)  and  fomwmes  till  June. 

Ftfce  oftke  Countrji^$fiU*nd  Prodif&ions.']  The  coun- 
try is  generally  hilly^<hut  not  rocky.  It  is  finely  wa>- 
t^redi  and  affcnds  the  heft  ef  paf^ufage  for  cattle.  On 
the  hanks  of  -  Ihe  lake*)  jrivers  and  riyule^Sy  are  man^ 
fine  tri^  of  rich  interval  )and..i  T^P  heavy  grow  ^  of 
limber,  which  i^*  eofomon  ^roughoutthe  %te«  evince 
ll|a  ftrength  and  fertility  of  the  foil. 
^  CkmatiA  None  in  the  world  more  healthy;  Snow 
falsginsto  fdl  commonly  in  the  beginning  of  I*«ovembery 
atid  is  generally  gone  by  the  middle  of  April.'  Durmg 
thk  feafon,  the  inhabitants  generai^Iy  cnj^  si  ferene 
iky,  and  a  keen  e»^ld  air. 

Militiaf  Population  and  Chara^^.']  Thejpf  are  uji* 
wards  of  17,000  men  upon  the  militia  ro^Js  of  thia 
iUte.  Thefe  confift  of  two  divifions,  ope  qti  the  weft, 
the  other  on  the  eail  fide  of  the  mguntain.  In  thefe 
two  diviliQ|t%^;s  fev.en  brigades^  which  are  made  up 
of  2 1  regiments.  From  the  number  of  mjlilia,  reckon- 
ing.fiweifor  dnc,  ./we  may  cftiipfttc  ibq  ijumbcr^of  in- 
habitants in  the  flatc  at  8^5,000.  Others,  ^ho  reckon 
fifrforone,  eHnmat';  them  at  >  00,000,  The  bulk  oiF 
the  inhabi^nt#  art  lemigrants  fro'tn  Conne&icut  and 
Maibchuletts^tMii  their  defcendants.  ThePB  is  one 
fettlement  of  Scotdl  people,  which  are  ahnoft  the  only- 
foreigners  ill  the  ftate.  As  to.  the  charjii^ter,  the  maa- 
iiers}  the  cuftoms,  the  laws,  the  policy^  and  the  relig- 
ion of  tKe  people  in  Vermont,  it  is  (ufiicient  to  i^y 
they  are  N«w  England  men*  ^ '^ 

Curiofiiies»2 


V     E  'R«    MO     U     T. 


W 


CuricJUiet*]  In  theiownlhip  of  Tiniiiouth,  on  Uio 
fide  of  a  IVnaU  hUl«  iif  at^ory  ci'*!<?4m  cave.  Tho 
chafm,  at  its  entrance,  vNiUbil^  four  feet  in  cireumfcr* 
ence.  Enrerin^  this,  yoli  itefcend  104  feeu  and  theit 
opens  a  fpacious  room  so  feet  in  breadth,  and  100  fe#t 
in  length.  The  angle  of  defernt  is  about  45  d^rees. 
The  roof  of  this  cavern  is  of  rock,  through  which  the 
water  is  continually  percohtting«  The  (Islvifliteswhiclr 
Ijiang  from  the  roof  appear  like  icicles  on  the  eves  of 
houfes,  and  are  continually  increafing  in  number  and 
magnitude.  The  bottom  and  fides  art  daily  incrufti* 
ing  with  fpar  and  other  mineral  fubftances.  On  the 
fides  of  this  fubterraneous  haR,  are  taUes,  chairs^ 
benches,  Ac.  which  appear  ««» have  been  «i%iiiciaUy 
carved.  This  richlf  ornamented  room,  when  illumn 
nated  with  the  candles  of  the  guides,  has  pn  enchant- 
ing eflFeft  upon  the  eye  of  the  ^edttor.  If  we  might 
be  indulged  in  aflligning  the  gjeneral  caufe  of  thefe  a£* 
tonifhing  appearancet,  we  fhould  conclude  from  tho 
various  circumftances  «cconipanymf  theni»  thattlM|r 
arife  from  water  filtrating  flowly  thiPough  the  ioqemifr 
htnt  jfiimtas  and  taking  ulp  in  its  patiEige  ai^rie^jnC 
mineral  fubftances,  and  biecoming  thus  fiiturited  wttli 
meUlUck  particles,  |raduall)F  cxiuding  on  thcr  fiiifece. 
of  the  caverns  andfiflures,  in  a  ouielcent  fti^e^  vtba 
aeuieotts  pani<:fes  evaporate^'  and  wave  the  mmenA 
iiibftinces  to  onttei  according  to  their  affinities*  >  >  '»v  ^ 

At  the  end  of  tliis  caVe  is  a  circufif  hole,  i.^  leel' 
deep,  apparently  heWn  OUf,  in  a  cOiifcat'^^m,  en1at|^ 
ir>i«r^4a^5is3[cx|^f8^d.  inTttt  foifijW  a"{u^r 
loaf.  At  the  bottom  is  a  ^ring  of  freih  M^ater,  in  con- 
tinual motion,  Ipte  tBe)^nin|^  of  a  pot.  |tt.depth  has 
never  been  ftundedt     *,.y''..<f'  .*    r^ 

C'onfiituH<m,l  The  iil^ab^a4^fsf»rVMMtf^1bly  &^^ 
reprefehhtffm  irr  cohvc^iMi^  ikt  Wimihr^m  ^  Mk 
or  Decen^r,  ^7/7,  aedarbl  thM  (lit  territo^  tsAttid 
Vermont,  was, end  ol" rtghftiuglit'tO^^a^feKe  ind'iii«- 
dependent  ftate;  and  for  the^uf^feof  mAintaftiing 
regtilar  government  in  the  Ome,  they  made  i  f<4cmi» 
decUrittion  of  their  Hghtiu  and  ratified  a  coniliiutioiH 

'  By 


"^1 


■«(•  • 


939       BRITISH    AMERICA. 

.By  the  frame  of  govemnwint,  the  fupreme  legiflativa 
power  is  veded  in  a  hoUfe  of  reprefentativcs  of  the 
meoiAii  of  the  ilfite  of  4/,<Kipiv>nt,  to  N  chofcn  annv^ 
«Uy  by  the  freemen  oii  the  fifft  Tuefday  in  September, 
•n  '  o  meet  the  fecond  Thu{fday  of  the  fucceeding 
C'  V r ;  this  body  it  veftcd  with  all  the  powers  nee* 
cftury  fior  the  legiflature  of  a  fre^  (Uie  1  two  thirds  of 
the  whole  number  of  reprefentativei  cleilsd)  mal^e  » 
quorum. 

'  Eftch  inhaUted  town  throughout  the  (late,  has  % 
right  to  fend  one  reprefentative  to  the  ^flenibly. 
''  The  fupreme  executive  power  is^  veiled' in  a  Gov* 
/eraour,  i.ieutenant  Governour,  and  twelve  counff  U 
kffSt  to  bjjB  «bo(si)  iMHAiAaliy4n  lh«  fame  manner,  anci 
veiled  with  the  l^me  powers  as  in  Connefticut» 
-  Chief  Tovn>^  Bknnimgi'on  i&th!p.principal  town 
in  Vermont.  It  i§  fituated  in  the  fot^hw^ft  eorner 
4>f  the  ft) re,  nedr.  ^H*  foot  of  the  Green  Mountain* 
hi  pubJIck  buildings  are  a  ehurg^h  ior  congregation* 
tUtts,  a  couet  honilf  and  g«(d*  U  has  a  number  pf 
«)cgaot  biauiti^  and  if  a  Aouvtfliing  town.  Hearths 
itciKer  oCihe  town  is  Mtmni  Anthanvt  which  nfes  very 
hi^  ia  ihp  &irm  of  a  -li^i;ar  iiaaf*  Th»  aSemhiy  ^mr 
nonty  hokd  th^r  fefikmt  U  Wiit^for»  .  .^t 

4:*'M^/htyJj  TW  hiftory  of  Veifbont  is  involved  w 
tan  much' Fontroveriy  to  admit  of  ^ing  gtvfia  vfl/i)^ 
that  coneiCefioft  which  a  wor^  of  this  h'md  re^wea  < 
yii^  therefore  leave  it  to  the  profeQed  hillorian. 

'*k>ui  i|im'  ■     .-,  ■">  fin.'    ,        .  ■  r*-'  I     .    ,.i',. .  .1  ..<i.  .'.'.., pi 

BR  I T I  8  H    A  M  E  R I C  Ai 


N  fe  W    BRITAIN. 

S"  TN  Z>^^f4^  iwi»%  ^^^wpreHpniJefjtai}  M  twft 

jMcdy  (]aUe44hf;-#ARim»^^M()try^4pdi4(}ii}g  ]^^^ 
4ior,^.«OM||i^oi;th  apid  ^QMtb  ^(^,)  .4>4  ^^  ^J<SP 
smiles  long,  and  750  bro*i»  .     . .  ^  . , , ,  ,  ,, 

..f  XofpeaJc  g^neraUy,  this  is  a  mountainous  fff)^en« 
Jmrc^n  fiOWlty,  »^u»|j|pg  with  U^e%  ;:iy^r*;^.|pj 


BRITliSH     AME-RldA. 


-  ^  - 


H$ 


%3ys,  that  fumiih  a  plenty  of  fiih.  The  fur  of  thd 
various  animals  is  clofe^  ioh  and  warm.  The  fiihery 
and  the  tur  tr<fde  are  the  only  things  which  render 
this  country  valuable.  This  trade  is  in  the  hands  o| 
a  company  of  nine  or  ten  perfonsi  who  received « 
.  charter  in  i670»  and  whole  prpfits  are  not  inconfider* 
able.  One  ytfarthey  carried  from  Great  Britaiti^ar- 
ticles  to  the  am'buntof^.it^,66o ;  and  in  return^  car* 
*-ied  furs  and  fifh  to  the  amount  of  £'.20,380. 
*  The  country  is  Very  thitily  mhabitedj  by  a  peoplo 
refemblirj  the  Laplanders,  and  the  other  nations  in 
the  north Weftdm  p^rt»of  Europe,  from  whence  theur 
z'nceftors  probably  migrated. 


C    A.   N    A    t>    A. 


^"«p 


>  from  Cond. 
North  ijAtitudt. 


ROUNDED  North,  by  Mew  Britain ;  Eafl^by  tht 

Bay  of  St.  Lawreiteei' South,  by  Nova  Scotia  ind 

ifc^Uhited  States  |  Weft,  by  unknowm  lands.         '/.■ 

Rivej»i^     The  ptineipat'  are,  the  Outtauais,  St» ' 
Johii's,  Segoinft,  Defpratriet  an4.  Trots  ovicres,  which 
arc  large,  bold  and  ^ep«  a^nd  are  all  fwallowed  up  by 
the  rivor  St.  Lawvolce,  whtoh  falls  into  the  otteaa  at 
Cape  Rdtfieres,  by  a  mouth  90  miles  broad.  *x 

Chi^Tcoms.}  Qu&^/ ck  i»tht  tapilalof-Canidl^. 
It  is  built  t>n  the  bank  of  St.  Lawtetice  rivetr,  •  <M^h^ 
TocV,  iti  two  dfvinon»,  320  miles  froth  the  fea,  anj"*^ 
contained  in  17841  6^47'  inhabitants.,  On?-  hundred 
and  fe<^enty  miles  fft^  (^ebfcck/^$  you  afceiiid  tlie 
St.  Li.wrence,HandsMoMTRBAL,ona  beautiful ifland 
in  the  river.'    It  is  nearly  as  Urge  a»  Qu«becH» 

Phputaiioft.'l  In  1/3^4,  a  eenfusofthe  inhadbttai^ 
of  the  Province  of  Quebeck  was  taken,  by^^^idarix 
Gettet^  'HaldiiiMnd^  #hen>they  amoiltMed  to  «i  9^'' 
Englifli'aAd  FVen6h,  '«»diifiv^'olfh^  LofaliftsiH^vho 
Iia vd  lately%IUed  in  4^  Uj^r.  pkrte  of  ftai^ra^ineiiy 
to  Che  nuniber,  it  u  l^id,  Or  iO,4^.  '    > '  < 

«   €oTkfilMi^.\  TlM^  ieonftitfftion^er  ^^  province  is 
^istmM  on  iw  14th  of  i&eofse  thte  ilU  called  Hie 

* ;  Quebeck 


-*?. 


K\ 


■(•■A 


ft4«    '   9RITIJSH     AMERICA. 

Qucbeck  hi\h*  By  thU  bill  ^  l^gMI«|tiv«  |>5>war.  it 
ji3l^  MfVifid  in  tlie  G^veniQur  aod  lc(^flativ^  ccHipdl.  The 
coiDM^  ii  comppled  of  Ih^  l^ieutexiant  Jp ovomour, 
f^ie|ju)£Ice  and  iqcmsry  for  the  time  being,  and 
u^^enlv  other  iQcmhecp,  ncatlv.  one  half  af  whom  arc 
Ikd^    Thc^  are  ap|)oint9d  by  4h^  uo^;n. 

7^^'')'  Jbc  aiiFkQi4it  of  the  <;Kport«  frpm  the 
pipvihcc  of  Qqcbeck  io  tlie  year  17,8^6,  wa»  jC.d4d>a62 
]Q/.  6</,  Th(>  amount  of  imports  in  thf  faine  year  ^s 
£^2^,it6,  X^^cxDQrU  <:onfifte(i  of  whe^it,  iloui, 
bitouit,  flax  fecfj^lumbqr  of  yario^w  )up4ftfi|^.i  p<>Ufli, 
eily^iofenc  an4  oihe/mdl^iiialnKlfia  b^^  pfin<;ipally 

of  furs  andpelttiestlo  (hefinf;MU|tt0f/:,s^9^72*^  The 
imports  confiftedjg^^ium,  j>nindy>  molafl^  coffee, 
fugar,  winesi  tobacco^  lall,  cJbpcoIate,  provifions  for 
Che  troops,  and  dry^ooiU,  ,. 

V  Mifl^rjf'J  Thia  country  was  difcovowd  by  the 
Englifh,  as  eaily  asaibout;  «497,.  «nid  fett)fji  jby  tke 
|J»rw:hm*(k)8^^w^o^efitJ^iptji^o^9l,il  lijl  ni^t 
grhen,  afpr  a  Wg  ai^^lSjidy  war^,  it  M  into  J^ 
hands  oftheiSntifh^to  wh««i?|ti^af  cycf  fp^ftfeflpolf  d. 

OVW    SCt>Tl  A, 


ntllM. 


67  o  Weft  ](.<;qg.  frqa»  I^ndoa* 


11  OIU^DI^P  Weft,|>y  theeaaern  b<»mdar)i3af  the 
JTj  United  States ;  north,  by  tb<P^ver  S&»Xai^nce ; 
^»ft  and  Souths  by  th^Gulf  oCSt.  Lawrence  and  the 
Atlantick  Ofcan.  1 1  has  about  99  !ea|u^  of >fea  coafl, 
■on  the  AUantick  oc^an,  In  i7S4,.tbiSipiovince  was 
.lUvidcd  inJo  Jw9  govf  f nm^ntfc  Ooe<ot  the  gpvem- 
moits  ia  c>i3^  A'tw  Brurifwfk,  and  lies  bordenitt  on 
l^e  Uni«^  %t«||  ilH^ptberit^iSe^^^  the  oame  Qr^(^• 

'/Havers  4Pd  Jlkji0>i  v1>e  riycrs  Ri%oiiche  and  Nip* 
Mgwt  iMa|F4»9i,Wfl^^>foiBal^,8^  ifairinta.l|ieBay  of 
M  iA^KMMR^e-v .  S^  JoJw'#,  J||0aroag|Dadi,  j«d  St. 
Croix,  run  from  north  to  %u^  into  t|«B  JBa^  of 
^Fundy,  or  the  ii^al,  Nova  Scotia  is  in^eii^,  wiib 
numerous  bays,  which  a^ord  many  ci)inBiodk)|i$,|«Id 


M 


'^(h 


^ 


*i 


BRITISH    AMERICA.        f4t 

kttbours.    The  Bay  of  Fundy  isthe'largeft  of  the 

the«oi 


hays,  and  exrends  54  tfeagues  into  the  tioikgry. 
tlie  ebb  and  How  of  tne  tide  is  from  45'  lo  to  t 


into  the  «oite|ry.    lleie 
from  45'  lo  TO  teet. 

Climate,  Soil,  ProduSions  and  Trade.]  Duri ng  a  treat 
'part  of  the  year  tifc-atniofphere  is  douded  with  thick 
log,  which  renders  it  unheahhy  for  the  tnhibitantt ; 
•and  four  or  five  months  it  isintenfelyjBold.  iMgreat 
part  of  this  country  lies  in  foreft,  and  die  (oil,  in  rooft 
parts, is  thin  and  barren.  On  the  banlcsof  the  rivers, 
iind Tome  other  parts,  the  foil  is  good;  matw  of  the 
bays,  and  titt  water  rivers,  and/(bme  parts  of  the  <fea 
coaft,  are  bordered  with  trafts  df  till  marfh.  The  in- 
habitants do-not  raife  provifion  enough  for  home  con^ 
fumption.  They  fubnft  principally  by  the  lumber 
trade,  which  is  luppUed  by  their  forelb ;  and  by  the 
fiOiery,  which  is  very  profitaft>]e. 

Chief  Towns."]  Halifax  is  the  capital  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  ftands  on  Ohebufto  Bay.  It  has  a  good 
liarbour,  fufiidently  large  and  fade  to  (helter-a  fquad- 
ron  of  (hips  through  the  winter.  Ak napo lis  Hands 
on  the  ea(t  (ideof  the  B«y<ff '^undy,  and  has  one  of 
the  fined  harbours  in  the  world*  St.  Johm's  is  a  new 
.-fettlementit  the  mouth  of  the  riverof  thnifaine  name. 
Sihce  the  condufion  of  the  war,  there  have  been 
•  large  omigrationsisilhe  refugees  from  the  United  States 
to  this  province.  They  have  built  feveral  new  towns, 
the  largeft  of  which  is  SiieiIjurne,  wiiich  is  faiid't* 
ccntaisn  9000  inhabitants!.  « 

H^bry  and  Government^]  Not  withftanding  the  fat- 
bidding  afpe^  of  this  country,  it  was- here  that  fome 
of  the  fird  Einopean  fettlements  were  made.  The 
iirft  grant  of  land  in  it,  was  made  by  James  I.  to  his 
fecretary  WiUiam  Alexander,  who  named  it  Nova 
iSccma,  or  New  Scofland.— Since  that  time  it  has  fre- 
■quently  changed  from  one  private  proprietor  toanotf 
•cr,  and  repeatedly  frmn  the  French  to  tlie  EngHfliv 
At  the  peace  of^  Utrecht  it  was  CiMifirmed  to  the 
£nglifli,  Imder  «v|i#fe  gdvemmentit  hasi^txr  fince 
contiawd* 


W 


«PAmSH 


J 


«4« 


M= 


*8PA«ISH     AMERICA, 

•S    EAST  AND  WEST  PfcORIDA. 


W     •        mil**. 
■  Xfiiatn  600  ) 


y  25*  and  31  o  North  Latitude.' 

I   5<»  and  170  Weft  Loni{.  from  PWla. 


BOHNDED  Ncrth,  by  Georgia  ;  Eaft,  by  the  At- 
lantick  ocean  ;  South,  by  the  Gulph  of  Mexico  | 
Wefti  by  the  Miflifippi ;  lying  in  the  form  of  an  L, 

Rivers."]  St.  J6hn  s  and  Indian  rivers,  which  emp« 
(y  into  the  Atlantick  ocean  ;  Segiiana,  Apalachicola, 
Ch<itslhatchi,£fcambia,  Mobile,  Hafcagoula  and  Pearl 
rivers,  all  of  which  rfte  in  iSeorgia,  and  runToutherly 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Climate.']    V  cry  little  difilerent  fix>tn  that  of  Georgia. 

Soil  and  ProduHions.']     There  arc,  in  this  country,  a 
<great  variety  of  foil««    The  eaftern  part  of  it,  near  and 
<ibout  St.  Auguftine,  is  far  the  mod  unfruitful ;  yet 
even  here  two  crops  of  Indian  corn  a  year  are  pro- 
duced^   The  banks  of  the  rivers  which  water  the 
Floridas,  and  the  parts  contiguous,  are  of  a  (uperiqur 
quality,  and  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  nee  fed 
corn,  while  the  more  inceriourcdititry,  which  is  high' 
and  pleafant,  abounds  with  wood  of  almod  every  • 
kind  V  particularly  white  and  red  oak,  pine,  hickory, 
,cypreis,  red  and  white  cedar.    The  intervals  between 
"^the  hilly  part  of  this  country  are  extrbmfcly  rich,  atid 
produce  Ipontaneoufly  the  fruits  and  vegetables  that 
■are  commorl  to  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas.     But  this 
country  is  rendered  valuable  in  a  peculiar  manner,  by 
the  cxienfive  ranges  for  cattle.  '      ■    ji. 

.     Chief  Towns.]     St.  AtTG4;sTiNB,th« capital  of«!afl: 
Florida,  is  fituatcdon  the  (eacoafi — is  of  an  oblong 
.iigure,  and  interfed^d.by  four  itreets,  which  cut  each 
other  at  right  angles. 

The  principal  town  in  Wefl  Q|0rkla  is  Pe  nsac  o  la. 
It  lies  along  the  beach,  and,  like  St.  Auguftine,  i«  of 
an  oblong  iorm. — The  water  approach  to  tlic  town* 
except  for  fmall  veflels,  is  ob(tru6Ud  by  a  low  and 

fcndy 


.^^  ^ 


SPANISH    AMERICA.        §4$ 

fandy  {here.     The  bay,  however,  on  which  the  town 
ftands,  fonnf  a  vor^  cowtnodiQus  harbour,  and  vefloU- ' 
may  ride  here  fccurc  from  ev^ry  wind* 

Hihry.^  Th^jFloridas  have  experienced  thcy^f. 
ciflitudes  of  war,  and  frequently  changed  mafters,  be^* 
longing  altenuitely  to  the  French  and  Spaniards,  fit 
was  ceded  hfa^tie  latter  to  the  £ngli(l|f^t  the  pCBcc  of 
1763.  Oumg  the  lad  war  it  was  again  recKiced  by 
the  arnss  of  hisCathoiick  Majefty,  and  was  guaranteed 
to  the  crown  of  Spain  by  the  late  definitive  treaty* 
Itt  £r^  di(coveror  was  Sebaflian  Cabot,  in  1 497* 

:  L  O  U  I  S  I  A  N  A. 

BbUNDED  by  the  Mimfippi  Eaft,  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  3ouih ;  by  New  Mexico  Weft  i  and  runs 
4«ttdefimtely  North* 

,  Rivirr,^  It  is  interfered  by  a  number  of  fine  riv.- 
Crs,  among  which  are  the  Natchitoches,  which  enDpties 
tnto  the  MifTifippi  at  Point  Coupee,  and  the  Adayes 
4>r  MciKicanarivcr,  emptying  into  the  Gulfcf  Mexico. 

•  CapitaL"]  New  Orleans.  It  (lands  on  the  e^il 
6dD  ol  the  Miffifippi,  105  miles  from  it^  mouth,  in 
m*  3«*^  s'  nortii.  in  the  beginning  of  the  laft  year  iti 
contimed  about  f9oo  houfes,  feven  eights  of  wKich. 

'  wore  confamed  by  fire,  in  the  fpace  of  five  hours,  on 
the  iqth  of  March,  1 788;  It  is  now  fall  rebuilding. 
Its  advantages  for  trade  are  very  great.     Situated  on 

•  nc»ble  river,  in  a  fertile  and  healthy  country',  ^with- 
in two  weeks  fail  of  Mexico  by  fea,  and  ftill  ncawr 
to  the  Britifb,  French  and  Spani(h  Well  India ifland«» 
with  a  moral  certainty  of- its  becoming  the  general  let 

'  c<ii|a€^  for  the  produce  of  that  extentive  m  valuably 
cc«ntr5^  on  thrMifiifippit  artd  Ohio,  are  fufficient  tp^ 
enfure  its  future  grow cli  and  commercial' importance. 

Hdtgiotif  .^1}  .The.grcatef  pjrt  of  tbc  white  ii*' 
habitants  are  Roman  Catholicks.  They  are  gpvarn- 
«d  by  4  viceroy  #om  Spain,  and  their  uumber  is 
unknown. 

Cii$tiate,  Soil  and  Produte.']  Louifiana  is  agreeably^ 
f  jituat^d  between  the  extremes  of  heat  a^nd  cold.  Its^ 
^M:'-*-  *  ■  climate  . 


u:)*iJv,,.„..y 


»44       SPANISH    AKIERrCi^. 

<iim»te  varies  as  it  extends  towards  the  nott!)*  TKa 
Cauthern  |Mrls,  lying  within  the  tfach  of  the  refre(h« 
ing  breezes  from  the  lea,  are  not  korched  like  thofo 
wilder  the  fame  latitudes  in  Africa^^d  its  northern 
legiona  arc  eoljer  than  thofe  of  ^rope  under  tho 
lamo.  parallels!  with  a  wholelbme  ferene  air.  To 
judge^f  the  pMuce  to  be  expeflted  flMpthe  Toil  of 
Louifiana^  let  uMurn  our  eyes  to  £cyn|,  Arabia  Felix-, 
<Pcrria,  India,  China  and  japan,  all  lying  m  cprref* 
ponding  latitudes.  Of  thefe  China  alone  has  a  tol» 
arable  government  rand  yet  it  mud  be  acknowledged 
they  air  are,  or  have  been*  famous  for  their  riches  and 
fbrtility.  From  the  favourableneTs  of  the  dimatCf 
two  annual  cropt  of  Indian  corn,  as  well  as  rice,  may 
W  produced ;  and  the  foil,  with  little  ctrftivatiolit 
would  furnifli  grain  of  every  kind  Hi  the  grc^eft 
abundance.  Their  timber  is  as  fine  as  any  in  th% 
trorld,  and  the  quantities  of  live  oak|  afli,  mulberry, 
-wabuit,  ciierry,  cyprcie  and  cedar,  are  ailonifhingw 
.The neighbourhood  of  the  MiflUtppi,  befides,  funiUk« 
«s  Ihe  richcfl;  firuits  in  great  variety ;  the'  foil  it  btr^ 
ticulatly  adapted  for  hemp,  (hx  and  tobacea;  and  in^ 
d\j^&  is  at  this  time  a  ftaple  commodity,  whtclft  ccNHh 
anonly  yields  the  planter  three  or^four  euttmgs  a  y^* 
In  aVord,  whatever  is  rich  and  rare  in  ibe  moil  dex 
irable  dimatei  in  Europe^  feems  to  be  the  ^nt»> 
seoua  proda6Mon  of  thia  delight  Ad  ctMntry.      -    * 

hifimy*!^  The  Miflifippi,  on  which  the  fine  couir* 
tty  of  Louiftana  is  ittualed,  was  fidt  discovered  by 
Ferdinand  de  Soto,  in  i54>.  Monficurde  la  Salte 
.was  the  ftrd  who  tmverfed  it.  He,  in  the  vear  i63^,. 
liaving  pjifiGBd-down  to  the  mouth  of  the  M\fiftmpK 
and*  furveyed  the  adjacent  country,  returned  to  (Kb- 
ada^  from  w  hence  he  took  'paif«ige  to  France.        ^  * 

From  the' flattering  accounts  which  he  gave  of  the 
fountry,  and  the  cor^uential  advantages  that  would 
MCiru*  from  feltKng  a  colony  ii\^tho(e  parts,  Louis 
XIV.  was  induced  ta  eftablifli  m,  fompany  for  the 
purpofc.  Accordingly  a  fquadron  of  four  yeflelff, 
amply  provided  with  men  ahd  provisions,  under  the 
command  of  Monficur  do  k  SmUc,  embarkcdy^witli ' 

'  an:#. 


•n 


.i  A 


^ 


SPANISH    AMERICA.        945 

wt\  intention  to  fettle  pear  the  mouths  of  the  Miflifip- 
pt;  But  he  uninte|)tionally  failed  100  Icaffuei  to  Vm 
veftward  of.it»  where  he  Mten^pted  to<^ftaDli(h  t  col" 
ony ;  but  througli^he  unfavourahrenefiof  theclimatei 
mofl  of  hia  men  miferably  periOipd,  and  he  himlclf 
yfM  villanoufly  murdered^  not  long  after,  liy  two  of 
his  own  incn.  Monfieur  Ibbervillolttceeded  him  in 
his  laudable  attempts.  He,  after  twoTucccl'sfui  voy- 
ages, died  while  pitbparing  for  a  third.  Crozat  fuc<^ 
ceeded  him  ;  and  in  171a,  the  King  gave  hir.  Lou« 
ifiana.  This  grant  continued  but  a  fliort  time  afteff> 
the  death  of  Louis  XIV.  In  1763  JLouifiana 'was 
ceded  to  the  King  of  Spain,  to  whom  it  now  bclr  igs«- 

NEW  MEXICO  Ann  CALIFORNIA. 

*  milM. 

Length  acco?  ..^^^_  fsti^tnii  126^  Weft  Long,  from  London.  ■ 
Breadth  i6co  I  •««»««"  [ajo  ^^i  43°  North  Latitude. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  unknown  lands ;  EaO,  by 
Louifiana  ;  South,  by  Old  Mexico  and  the  Pa* 
cifick  Ocean  i  WeA,  by  the  fame  ocean. 


l^drdieaft  iivifion, 

Southeaft  divifion,. 
Soiith  divl(ton, 
V^tt  divifion, 


StMHyknt. 


Chief  Tomtit, 


New  MeWco  Proper,  {  ,^^0.  n.  Lat.  jo'. 
Apachcira#  St.  Antonio. 

Sbnort'/  Tuape.  \ 

CaliAv.  a  peninAila,    St.  Juan*-  >< 


«  CHmattt  Sinland  Pfodu&iotu.']  The  climate  bf  thi» 
^tlountry,  if  we  may  judge  ffom  its  fituatron,  -uft  be 
very  agreeable,  Towards  theclofe  of  the  lak  century, 
the  Jcfuits,  who  had  great  merit  iviescnloring  th^  neg- 
le£bed {province  of  California,  and  in  civilizing  its  rude 
^  ii^Mlbitants,  feem  ftudioufly  to  have  depreciated  this 
dBUntry,  for  political  reafons,-by  reprelenting  the  cli- 
mate as  fo  difagreeable  and  unwholefome,  and  the  foil 
as  fo  barren^Jhat  nothing  but  their  zealous  endeavours - 
to  convert  the  natives,  could  have  induced  thcth  "f^ 
fettle  there.f  The**  wifehood  of  this  rcprcfcntation,. 
however,  has  frncc  been  detc£led,  and  a  very  favour- 
able account  has  been  given  of  the  cliinate  and  foil. 
A  valuable  pearl  fifherar  has-been  found  on  its  coafti^ 
^  \V2  and. 


'-'■  ,'•1 


I'* 


«46'       SPA^^iSH    AlifERIcA. 

an^  mines  of  gold  have  beeh  difcovered  of  a  very 
plomihng  appearance*.  Irr  (Mf ft^ta,  ^ere  falls  in 
the  morning.  %  great  (Quantity  of  dew,  whiirh,  fettling 
on  the  rofc  Itaves,  candies,  and  becomes  hard  like 
manna,  having  all  the  fwcetneft  of  refined  fii^ar,  with- 
out its  whitciu|||^There  ii  i\to  atnotHer'  Very  fingu* 
lar  natural  prafKtion.  ^  the  heart  of*  the  country 
there  are  plains  of  fair,  ^utte  firm  aild  clraV  as  cr^ltal, 
which,  con (idering  the  va(l  quantities  of  fi(h  found 
on  its  coafts,  might  render  it  «Kn  invaluable  acquifition 
to  ah  induflrious  riu^on^ 

Hijtory.  ^  Cortes,  the  great  conqueror  t)f  Mexico^ 
dtfcovered  the  extenfive  pcninfuh  of  Crii^smia  iti 
the  year  1536,  after  enduring  incredible  hardfliips, 
and  encountering  dangers  of  almoft  every  fpecies. 
During  a  long  penOd  if  C^ohtinudd  to  be  lb  little  ffe- 
quentod)  that  even  ils  form'  was  unknown,  and  irS 
mod  maps  it  was  reprefented  as  an  ifliind.  Sir  Francis* 
Drake  wa«  the Jirll  who  took  ppQeffioo  of  it  in  1578, 
and  his  right  was  confirmed  by  the  piinclpal  king  ot 
chief  in  the  whole  country. 


OLI>  MEXICO,  OR  NEW  SPAIN* 

^  t     i.  *.,■■■■■■"■  f  .     ^>"   - 

■    *■     ■n.lkj.  ,     ^.  ■/'-« 

i(if»gih  acco?  i^».„..„  C83O  and  i4«»  Weft  Long,  from  LqfWon. 
ffeadth   6co  J  '**^""  I  8°  and  30°  North  LaritOde. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  New  MexictJ }  Nortbeaft^ 
by  the  Gulf  of  MeKi€0>  Southeaft,  by  Terra 
Ftrma  ;  Southwell,  by  the  Pacifick  ocean  i  divided 
into  the  three  following  audiences,  viz. 

Calicia  o;  Guadalajarra, 


Guadalajarra*-  ' 

r  Mesico,  N.iat.  i^*  S4'« 
<  Acapuico, 
(  Vera  Crut, 

Ouatimata*' 


Mexico  PtofV, 

Gcatimala, 

•  Climate,  Soil  and ProdnCHons.']  Mexico,  lying  win- 
cipally  in  the  torrid  zone,  is  cxceflivCly  hot.  This 
country  is  mountainous  in  the  interiour  piriMSi  but 
along  the  caflern  fliore,  it  is  flat  and  marlhy,  "Ind  is 
overflowed  in  the  rainy  feafons,  which  renders  1 

vnhealt 


■$m 


w^ 


\  ;*'t 


j« 


^m^ 


V'i<l6« 


SPANISH    AMER'ICA.       »47 

unhcaltliy.  The  trees  are  doathed  with  perpetual 
verdure  andbloffom  and  bear  almoit  the  whole  yeaj' 
roundv^v  The  cotton  and  cedar  treesi  and  thofe  which* 
bear  the  cocoa,  of  which  chocolate  is  Qiade,  abound 
here,  llcxtra,  like  all  the  tropical  countries,  is  rather 
more  alniddant  in  fruits  than  in  grain^^^Pine  apples, 
nooicgranatcsy  orai^est  lemons,  citfoi|ipgSi  &c>  are 
nere  in  great  pkaty  and  perfe^on.  ^ 
"»  The  chief  mines  of  gold  are  in  Veragua  and  New 
Grenada^  bordering  upon  Darien  and  Terra  Firma*. 
Thofe  of  filver,  which  ate  much  move  rich,  as  wdl  a  j 
numerous,  are  found  in  feveral  parts^  particuU|hr  ill 
thepiovince of  Mexico*  ,     - r?   i 

The  mines  of  both  kinds  are  always  found  in  thf 
moil  barren  and  mountainous  parts  of  the  country  ; 
nature  making  amcads  in  oae  re(pe£l  for  defc6ls  iyi, 
another. 

Of  the  gold  and  filVer  which  ihc  mines-cf- Mexico 
afford,  grea|  things  have  been  fudv  Xhofe  w  ho  have 
inquired  moft  into  this  (ubje£fc  comptm-the  revenuea 
at  twenty  four  millions  of  money ;  and  this  account,  is 
probably  jufl,  iince  it  is  well  known  that  this,  with 
the  other  Spanifli  proVtrfeHis  in  South  America,  fupr 
ply  the  M^le  wond  with  (ilver. 

The  Spaniih  commerce  in  the  article  of  cocoa  is  im* 
menle.  It  fpows  on  a  tree  of  a  middling  liac,  whid| 
beals  a  pod  about  the  fixe  of  a  cucumber,  eontainir^ 
the  cocoa.  It  is  faid  that  a  faiall  garden  of  cocoMp, 
produces  to  the  owner  twenty  thouumd  erowns  a  year. 
'  Inhaiitanis,  ChitrdUer  and  GwemmetUi']  The  p/ef- 
cnt  inhabitants  of  Mexico,  may  be  divided  into  whites, 
Indians  and  negroes.  The  whites  are  bom  in  Old 
S{M^n,  or  they  are  Creoles,  that, is,  natives  of  Spaniih- 
America.  The  former  are  chiefly  employed  in  gov- 
ernment and  trade,-  nnd  have  nearly  the  iame  charac- 
ter with  the  Stpaniardiin  Europe.;  only  aUrgcr  (hane 
efpude;  for  they  confider  them fclves  as  entitled  tp^ 
evtiy  hifh  diilm£iiou  as  natives  of  Europe,  and  look 
•riPMlitner  inhabitants  as  many  degi*eefi  beneath  them* 
boles  have  all  the  bad  Qualities  of-  the  Spaniards, 
fkom  they  are  de£cendcd,  without  that  coura  j^c, 

liimneis ' 


M 


.^MF 


»4t       af  P  A  N  I  S  H    AiM  E  R  r  C  Jt 

fijrmirie&Jiiid  patience,  which  make  die  praifeworthy 
''fart  of  the  Spanifh  chat  a£ler.  Natunlty  we^k  and 
ei^nfinate,  they  dedicate  the  giMitcib  part  Qfitbeir  Uvti 
to  loitering,  and  ina6live  pieafurei.  Luxuiiom  ivith- 
out  variety  or  elegance,  andi  expeniive  vHlh  great 
pstrade,  and  little  oonvemeneer  their  ^YanmSiitr  is  nath" 
Ing  more  th^Hllignive,  fpeciou^  infigaififince*  Fn^n 
idlenefs  and  conuitution,  their  whole  bMinefsisjiniOur 
iindinitrigue ;  their  ladies,  oF  cpnfequence, are  not  dif- 
difk^njifhed  for  their  challity  or  domeiiick  virtues. 

Tht  Indtans,  who,  notwithftanding  ^e^evaflation^ 
of  tKb  firft  invaders,  remain  in  great  numbers,  are  be- 
conjt,  by  continual  ojgpreilion  and  indignity,  adeje£^ 
'^,  timorous  and  abiferable  i-ace  of  mortals. 

The  bracks  here,  like  thofe  m  other  parts  of  the 
> i|^orld, ire  ftubborn,  robuft^and  hardy,. and  as  welt 
Adapted  for  the  grofs  and  inhuman  flavery  they  en* 
dure,  as  amy  humart  beings,  -  IRiis  may  ferve  for  the 
general  ehara£bsr,  not  only  of  the  Mexicans,  bpt  for 
She  greater  ^arrof  the  Spfuiiflk  colonies  in  South  A- 
uaemrai  *'   ■>♦■■.■  vv';>Hi»;v^*v,-  .<        '■■ 

The  civil  covcmraent  of  Meafico  is  administered  by 
,     tribunals,  cafled  atidiences.    In  thefe  courts  the  Vice- 
toy  of  the  Kinc  of  Spain  prefides.     His  employment 
■^  thegreateft  truft  and  power  his  CatholickMajefty 

^  at  his  difpolal^  and  is  perhaps  the  rithe/l  goviBr,n- 

jnt  cntrufted  to  any  fubj«ft  in  the  world.  "The 
^f^iceroy  continues -in  office  but  three  years. 
?^*  The  clergy  arc  extremely  numerous  in  Mexico. 
The  priefls,  monks  and  nuns  of  all  orders^  make  a  fifth 
part  df  the  white  inhabitants,  both  here  and  in  other 
parts  of  bpanifh  America. 

ChiefTowHs.']    Me  x  f  co,  the  capital  of  thisplace,  is 

-fiiuated  on  a  large  plain,  icnvironed  by  mountains  <)f 

'ftich  heleht,  tfiat,  though  within  the  torrid  zone,  the 

temp«rarait!  of  its  climate  is  milid  and  l^Uhful. 

'     All  the  buildings  are  convenient ;  and  the  publick 

edifices,  efpecially  the  churches,    are  magnificfnt. 

The  revenue  of  the  grand  cathedral  amountai|fii  ivsar 

j£'.8o,ooo  flerlinga  year^  of  which  thrf  archbid^dp  has 

£*^5fi0Of  befides  vaft  funas  arifing  from 


*^ 


*     Spanish  AM« RICA.      849 

The  inhabitanu  are  reckoned  at  150,000,  who  dra«iii^ 
aonually  from  llu^  mtnea  above  ten  millions  of  nioney^^- 
excluTive  of  the  vaft  fiuns  fecreted,  an4  applied  to 
private  ufes ;  yet  with  thefe  almoft  incredible  treafuresy 
the  pcoy|ji<nay  be  feikoned  poor,  as  mod  of  them, 
live  beyolM^iiBir  f<»tliines»  KMCommoitly  leiminata 
a  life  of  pr^^ki^^i  if|rej»|Fei»<  indigen^ 

AcAr^t^oMo^lE^  '^ bay  ef^tlie South  Sea,  about 
aio  miles  ibutheaitt:^^.  Mexico.  In  this  harbouri^ 
which  is  very  conipMlKdious,  the  Manilla  gallcom  ^k|t• 
in  at  leall  tei»>iiMtti^sof  dollars,  in  return  foi;40ie 
goods  ihe  brings  thither,  and  for  the  payment  ol^a^ 
Spanifh  garrifons  in  the  Fhillippine  ifles.  ^ 

Hi/tery,']    The  empire  of  Mexico  was  fiJi|ji9«^  bit 
Cortca  in  the  year  1521.    Montezuma  Was  a||(^^^ 
time  Smperour  of  Mexi<;6*    In  the  courfe  ofthe  Wa^. 
he  was  treacheroully  taken  by  Cortes,  and-  held  as  ij| 
prilboer.     DoringlhilimpritonnMnt  of  Ii4j|n^ztfqaa| 
Cortes  and  his  army  had  made  repeated  at<#li^9^c»>  Htt 
lubje^,  but  without  fuccefc.     Cortes%iMknow  dtte^, 
mined,  as  hit laft  refource,  to  try  what  eflwft  the  sillei| 
portion  of  Montezuma  miglit  have  to  fiEnthe  or  ovei^ 
awe  his  ftibjeds.    This  t^#>rtunate~  Prince,  at  th# 
mer<^  of  :|l|e.4teacherous  Spaniardis,  and  reduced  t«i 
thellii.1^cfltty  of  becoming  the  inftrument  of  ^  ' 
ownllifgrac^  and  of  the  flavrry  of  his  fubje%' 
vancied  to  the  batUcments  in  his  royal  robes,  vH 
the  pomp  in  which  he  uTcd  to  appear  on  folemnjlH 
lions.    At  fight  ^f  their  foveilngn,  ^whom  they  ha 
long  been  accuft«lped  lo^ionour,  and  almoft  tp  x4^ 
vere  as  a  God,  t^jfrppons  dropj^d^jp  tii<;;i|r|ipn4|» 
every  tongue  wai  filent,  all  bowed  iheif  heaa$« Jim 
many  proftratedtbifcinfelveson  thegrouhd.     Mcmt^ 
zuma  addreflnl^h^  iHthfiyer^  aiguiiient  that  couM 
mitigate  th^trrage,  or  peirfUad«^^t)yeii|  :V>  ceafe  from 
hoRilities..  When  lj|^cn^^  }»» .dlilourre^  a  i'ullen 
murmur  o^difapprobation  ran  through  thc^ciowd^^  to 
this  fucceeded  reproachefi  and  threats ;  and  their  ifury 
^'iSngijpi  a  moment,  they  violently  poured, in  whple 
flights  6f  arrows,  and  voUies  of  ftones,  upon  their  un* 
hapm|  i^jonarch  j  two  of  the  arnaw^ftruck  him  in  the 
MmgL^  '  *  '^":  body. 


■■«W 


•59        5PANI«H    AMERLC  Ai 


r 


¥ 


body, 


Jt  ythkhf  with  the  blow  ol  a  (lone  on  his  tlcnDpIe^ 
•;^t  an  end  to  hi&  life.  GuatiiiuMilti  .^cceeded  Mon> 
tezutna,  and  maintained  a  vigplnlus  oppofitiou  a^aind 
the  aflaults  ui  Cortes.  But  he,  4i)ie  his  predeccfTor^ 
jaftei*  a  nob'e  defence,  wa$  forced  t6  rubinit4<<iiAl(vious 


JO.UM<»Jw5':g^w 
dered  that  aUJ^is  tnenfiiiiff  flHddi 
bk«w  ~  Whi^a  |nrifiimf!V  cSf* 
^aled  his  trcafurey  he  «v>aa 
)nc  by  laying  him  Of)  WnsiiM^f 
5«ief  the  refi^Q^cLcrL.'e^ty  of  ami 
L  viiih  i^hc  LrkviQcible  for(iti£ie''' 


or- 

into  the 

paving 

,ure,rwhich 

}  Bin:  he  bore 

^  CftiSors  co^ld 

^n  4>^cf<<*f1^ 


our.    One)  9I;  %ik-  chifsf  ^ favoQMiesi  ^kis  jfplibw 

ing  ovcrtiMae  by  the  vioteoceof  t;he  aigulih, 

jc^edeye  tow^r49hl&mafter^  whiclifeein- 

e  his  ]MKi|ii(Bpiv%<VQVeal  all  thatikeitneur. 

igb  %iip(p4^  fringe,,  ibrted  on  hinf  ft  ^kof 

«||hMiQgle4^th  fcorn»  pp4t€hecl^ 

l^jnkiog*  *'Am  I  now  repo&og  oaai  fedlot 

rjr' ISlvlh-aved  by  the  reproach}  he  pecfi^etjed 

ffi  horrid  pefcued  thcri^al  vi^iiiAfrom  ihe  hatids 


»f  hi»  toi^MraiNt  'and  piplf^<(l  i li fe  $>ir  nfwr 
( ^od  fuifenag^.  <  Cott^s. jdi^in  Spfti«i4 
in  i^e 6eid yeacof hift agi^   £nvied  ( 
fnmki  and  ill  .te<|uit^  by  the  cc^ 
Whas  b«eiii>«4iivt^i^d  ceWbi^lBd 
ages.  .  fityhif  own  deliieiie  was  cafi 
and  bi^ied  ttkere.        ;'V  ~/      'Va 


^.GkV^tm    4^rf|^'|^A, 


khmua  ol^riep,  ai^ 


ParaguijorLaPlata. 

cmft 

Pa|ag«at«»  ¥§1, 


Iro, 

St.  Scbaff^in, 
Buennbs  Ajxts, 
St.  Jago, 


tiaei^ca  bi 
follows  :1 

Spain» 

D«ccb, 

Purtu^at^ 

Spain,' 

Spain> 

The  naclvei. 

TERRilt. 


*5*'ljfc, 


j^' 


w     "'^y"^^ 


; '     V 


.      "t    '        * 


4 


"paving 
;,:which 
he  bore 
rs  co|ild 
eri4«t|' 

guifli, 

tneiur* 


t 

fa  to 


t^^».A 


'  : 


M 


»*■ 


.If 


<*^  ^. 


,■»-*?!  «*-*',«.<^^ 


<f* 


? 


f 


'I* 


If 


r 


"\ 


i,«*(«M|»fti 


11*^; 


«; 


*■ 


n 


(-1^ 


«» 


'>*<K.-„  r- 


SPANISH    AMERICA.        a^i 

TERRA  PJRMA,  or  CASTILET 

^3%^.  O  U  O. 

mWe*.  -Jm 

Length  1400  I  k,.^„_;  J  «©•  ind  8a*  Weft  Longituc*!*. 
^■""""^'ii^  ^  neweeii  ^  fne  Equator,  and  li^  North  Latitude. 

BO^^PiJpkNbitK,  by  thfi  At*antick  ocean ;  Eaft, 
by  thiypii^b^n  kucliurii^arti ;  South,  by  Ath- 
azonia-aiirfyiMijil;^  Weft,  by  tKe  ]^a<iifick  ocean. 

Climate,  SoUmiiiiPfpyuftidns.J  The  climate  here, 
-efneciaUy  In  t%  ifo)rtJ)fc^  fians,  is  exlrctnely  hot  injct* 
fultty  dimf»|  tlfe'^lwiiole  year.  From  the  raontli'  tdf 
May  to  iSttc  enddX^lioven^her,  the  leaion  called  w%tcr 
by>tbe  itthftbiragts,  is  fflmoH:  a  Cjbntinual  iucceflioli  of 
thunder,  rain  amd  tempefb  ;  the  clouds  precipitatfing 
the  rsnns  with  iuch  impei^uoftty,  that  the  IdW  lindfl 
cxhib||  the.  appearance  <|if  an  ocean.  Greait  ^zMM' 
the  arnmiy  is  of  confcquehce  alraoil  continually  fleibd 
ed  ^"vnd  this,  togethelr^iwlth  the  exjcetCive  heat,  (o  inw 
pregnaies  the  air  w^tW'Vapours,  that  in  mafiy  prov- 
inces, particularly  about  ropayan  and  Porto  Beilo,  it 
is  extremely  unwholefome.  The  foil  oFthis^^ritry 
is  very  different,  the  .inland  parts  being  exceedi'ogly 
rich  and  fertile,  and  the  eoails  iandy  ajVd  barren.  It 
is  impofilbtletfi^vlcw  wi^libut  admiration,  the  perpetual 
veq^iure  |>f  the  woodf,  the  luxuriincy  of  the  plainly 
ar^t^<}  towering  he^ht  of  ^the  mountaits.  ^Tl# 
cot^iV  produces  corn,  fugarji  tobacco  and  ff^^j  M. 
all  finds;  the  moft 'remarkable  is  that  of  the  m^pM^ 
nillottee.  It  beiirs  a  fruit  refembling  an  ajSpIi 
which,^  under  thtt  fjl^cious  appearantc,  contain!  fhi 
tnoil'Tiibtile  poif0|>.  The  bean  of  Qrrdiagenafi  the 
ktxit  of  a  fMciei'i^^lorr  libout  (he  l^heu  bf  #  bean« 
^d  is  ah  £:^cdQ|»it  «nd'  never  failing  ifemedy  fc^t"  the 
bite  t>f  the  m6^eil<oa^likM^  which  'infety 

frequent  4IM^^^lii9  country*  ^monj  the  nifiit-u 
'  merchandize'  of  terrij^intoa,  ihe^arls  rouiifd  00'  ti« 
«oaft,  particularly  in  W  tfaf  df  Aiitena;  uPttidt^lLhc 
h^fl:  t'bnfiddrabie.  Ai^immenfe  number'  of  n^jgro 
flaves  are  employed  in  nming  for  ihcfe,  and  hairfe  ar- 
rived at  a' wondftrful  dexterity  in  this  occupation. 
They  arc  fometimes,  howevtr,  ckwDyred  by  fharks, 

.  .  *        .  •  -.  ^  whil& 


% 


-m 


''^' 


.f  *-^- 


C58  .     SPANISH    AMERICA* 

«vhile  Uiey  dive  to  the  boUQnui  or  are  emitted  againft 
the  (helves  of  the  rocks. 

Chief  Toums.']  Panama  i|  the  Capital  of  Terra 
Firma  Proper,  and  is  fituated  upon  a  capacious  bay.  lo 
which  it  gives  its  name.  It  is  the  great  receptacle  of 
the  vaft  auantiiies  of  gold  and  fiK;cr»,  Wi  jlth  irther  rich, 
tncrchanaize,  from  all  parts  of  Peru  and  Chili  j  Here 
they  are  lodged  in  ftore  houfcs,  till  tljc  ptopcr  feafon 
arrives  to  tranfport  them  to  Europe, , 

Porto  Be llo  is  fituated  dofe  lo  the  (ea«  on  the 
<^eclivity  of  a  mountain  which  furrounds  the  whole 
liarbour.  The  convenience  and  faf^ty  of  this  harbour 
is  fuch,  that  Columbus,  who  £rft  dificovered  it,  gav^e 
it  the  name  of  Porto  ficiIn,.or  tlic  Fidlc  Harbour. 

//{/Ztfry.]  This  part  of  South  America  was  difcov- 
ered  oy  Columbus,  in  his  .third  V4>yage.  to  this  conti- 
nent. It  was  fubduod  and  fettled  by  the  Spaniards 
about  the  years 51 4,  after  defiro^^ng,^  with  greaf  in- 
, humanity,  icveral  T:iill  ions  of  (he-natives.  This  coun- 
try was  called  iTeria  Firma,  on  account  of  its  being 
the  hrft  part  -of  the  continent  which  was  difcovered^ 
all  ithe  .lands  diicovered  previous  to  this  being  ifl<uids« 


E      R      U. 


tnilcs. 


length  iJSoo 7  t-.*— —  J ^o**  and 8iO  Weft  ton 
Breadth   SCO  1  «>«^«">  J  The  Equator  and  25° 


igltude. 
%  L«(tirjde« 


^"ttOUNDED  North,  by  Terra  Firma  ;  Eaft,  lay  the 
4)cean. 


Andes ;  South,  by  Chili ;  Well,  by  tlie  Pacifick 


Rivers,']    A  prodigious  number  of  rivers  rife  in 

the  Andes,  and  run  through  this  .country,  amocg 

which  aie  the  Grenada  or  CafHa|finSk  Orinoco  and 

^inazon.    The  bft  liasjts  Cburceifi:  Peru,  and  after 

fYunnirg  eaRward  upwa?d&  ^f  three  t^uland  miles, 

iallsinto  the  Atlantic^  ocean.    Thiis  nver,  like  all 

^4Dther  tropical  rivers, annualEpoverflows  its  banks. 

ClimatCi  Soil  and  Produ&ions.']    Though  Peru  lies 

within  the  torrid  zone,  yet,  having  the  Paci£ck  ocean 

4)n  the  weft,  and  the  Andes  on  the  caft,  the  air  is  not 

4b  ftiUry^  as  is  ulual  in  tcopical  countt^s.    The  Iky  is 

*  gt»esia% 


m 


SPANISH    AMER.ICA. 


n$ 


^generally  cloudy,  fo  that  the  inhabitants  are  fliielded 
rrom  the  dtrefk  nya  of  the  fun  ;  but  what  is  extreme- 
ly lingular,  it  never  rains  in  Peiii,  This  defe£i,  how* 
'CveVf  IS  fufficiently  fupplied  'by  a foft  ^\d  sentle  dew^ 
tvhich  falls  every  night  on  the  ground,  and  fo  refre(h« 
es  the  plants  ana  grafs,  as  to  produce  m  many  places 
•the  ereateft  fertility.  In  -the  inland  ^arts  of  Peru,  and 
by  the  banks  of  the  riversi  the  foil  is  generally  very 
fertile.  Kut  along  the  fea  coaft  it  is  a  barren  fand.  The 
producHons  of  this  country  are,  Indian  com,  whe^t, 
balfam,  fugar,  wine,  cotton,  cat'Ie,  deer,  poultry,  par- 
rots, wild  fowls,  lions,  bears,  monkeys,  &c.  Their 
(heep  are  large,  and  York  as  beads  of  burden.  An- 
other extraordinary  animal  here  is  the  victunna,  or 
Indian  goat,  in  which  is  found  the  bekoar  ftone,  cel- 
ebrated for  expelling  poifons.  The  province  of  Qaitoi, 
abounds  with  cedar,  cocoa,  palm  trees,  and  the  king- 
uenna,  which  affords  the  P^uvian  or  Jefuit's  bark  ; 
aHo  the  ftorax,  guiacum,  and  feveral  other  gums  and 
drugs.  Gold  and  filver  mines  are  found  in  every 
provincej  but  thofe  of  Potod  are  the  richeft.  The 
mountain  of  Potofi  alone,  is  faid  to  have  yielded  to  the 
Spaniards  the  firft  fofty  yeirs  they  were  in  poffeffioii 
of  it,  two  thoufand  millions  of  pieces  of  eight. 

Oovernment*']  Peru  is  governed  by  a  viceroy,  who 
is  ablblute ;  but  it  being  impomble  for  him  to  fuper- 
inteaid  the  whole  extent  of  his  government,  he»  ac^ 
gates  a  part  of  his  authority  to  the  feveral  audien^el 
and  courts,  eftablifhed  at  different  places  throughout 
his  dominions.  *       ^ 

Chief  TowHsJ\  Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru,  and.ref* 
idence  of  the  Viceroy,  is  large,  magnificent  and  pop-' 
ulous ;  and  for  lUe  fplendour  of  its  inhabitants,  the 
grandeur  of  its  publick  feftitn^ls,  the  extent  of  its  com* 
merce,'and  tl^^deiightfulnefsof  its  climate,  is  fupe« 
riour  to  all  cities'in  Sc^th  America,  Theie  etninent' 
advantages  are,,  however,  considerably  overbalanced 
My  the  dreadful  ^rthquakes  which  fr^^uendy  lyi^en 
liere.  In  the  year  1747  a  mod  tremendous  earth- 
^{uake  laid  three  fourths  of  this  city  level  with  the 
jroundi  and  entirely  demolifhed'  Caiwo,  the  port  town 

■^i'  X  beloi^ing 


n. 


SPANISH    AMERICA. 


belonging  to  it  Never  was  any  deAruflipn  mora 
complete  or  terrible ;  but  one,  of  3000  inhabitants, 
being  left  to  record  this  dreadful  calaroityi  and  he  by 
a,  providenc;  the  mod  Angular  and  extraordinary 
ima||inable. 

.  Lima  contains  60)0oo  inhabitantf»  of  whom  th9 
whites  amount  to  a  fixth  part. 

All  travellers  fpeak  with  amazement  of  the  deco- 
ration of  the  churches  with  gold,  (ilver  and  precious 
fiooes,  which  load  and  ornament  even  the  walls* 
Quito  is  next  to  Lima  in  populoufnefs. 

Jtiifiory,J  The  Spaniards  6rfl  vi filed  Peru  in  1 526. 
Fizarro,  with  an  army  of  about  160  men, after  a  icries 
of  treacherous  and  cruel  a£ls,  made  a  conquefl  of  the 
^whole  country,  for  the  King  of  Spain,  in  1533,  to 
whom  it  has  ever  fincc  been  fubje6t.  The  natives 
have  frequently  attempted  to  regain  their  liberty,  but 
have  hitherto  been  unlucceCsful.  Some  late  infur- 
redions  have  happened,  but  the  confequences  are  not 
y«;t  particularly  known. 


H      I      L      I. 


niln. 


Length  iico3  K.i*««n  5"*5**  ••"*  45°  South  Latitude. 
Breaath  500)  ""**"  i  6s<»  and  850  Weft  Longitude. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Peru  ;  Eaft,  by  La  Pbta; 
South,  by  Patagonia  \  Weft,  by  the  Pacifick  ocean* 
Clmatet  Soil  and  FroduHions.^  The  air  of  Chiliy 
though  in  a  hot  climate,  is  remarkably  temperate,  oc- 
cafioned.by  the  refrcfhing  breezes  from  the  fea,  and 
the  cool  winds  from  the  top;  of  the  Andes,  which  are 
ccaitinually  covered  with  fnow.  This  country  is  free 
frpra  lightning,  and  although  thunder  is  frequently 
heard,  tt  is  far  up  in  the  mountain*  Spring  begins 
here  dbo\xt  the  middle  of  Augiift,  and  continues  till 
l^ovember.  It  'n  fummer  from  November  till  Feb- 
ruary, .  Autumii  contiaqcf  till  May ;  aiKl  winter  till 
Auguli.  It  rarely  fnows  in  the  vallies,  thpugh  the 
mountains  ai«  always  covered.  This  country  isen- 
^nely  kofiiwm  «^kin()s  of  ravenous  beafta^  poifoqous 

aniin|J» 


SPANISH    AMERICA.        959 

animals  and  vermin  ;  not  even  fo  anuch  as  a  fly  is  to 
be  found  here.  The  foil  is  extremely  fertile,  being 
^watered  with  numberlefs  little  rivukttfrom  the  inoun-< 
tains.  It  produces,  in  the  greateft  abundance,  apple«t 
pears,  plumbs,  peaches,  quinces,  apricotSf  almondv-, 
olives,  grapes,  cocoa  nuts,  figs,  &c.  It  abounds  in 
gold,  filver  and  lead  mines,  and  the  rivers  themfelves 
roll  on  golden  fands.  But  their  ftaple  commodity  i» 
cattle  ;  they  have  them  in  fuch  abundance}  as  freauent- 
ly  to  caii  the  fle(h  into  the  rivers,  referving  the  nidesi^ 
tallow  and  tongues  for  exportation. 

Hijtoryy  InhabitantSi  £?c,  J  The  Spaniards  made  fev- 
cral  attempts  to  reduce  this  country,  but  with  no  great 
fuccefs  till  the  y«;ar  1541,  when  they  built  the  capital 
&.  Jagpy  no'^v  the  refidence  of  the  Spanifli  Govemour, 
and  a  Bifbop's  fee  ;  and  afterwards  Coo^uimbo,  Coh> 
ception,  and  Baldivia.  The  natives  are  remarkable 
for  wit,  fortitude  and  patience  ;  and  the  Spaniards  to 
this  day  have  never  been  able:  to  fubdue  them  \  they 
continue  dill  mailers  of  part  of  'ihe  irUand  eeuntiy. 
Tjiere  have  lately  been  iome  ibrmidat^  infurrefiaona 
againil  the  Spaniards  by  the  natives,  which  haw 
greatly  alarmed  the  Spantih  court. 


^k:r*' 


PARAGUA  OR  LA  PLATA, 


nritflt* 


'    Leotth  1500  7  K-^-^._  f  IS**  tad  J7®  8o»th  Lititadcir  ->     j^ 
.     Breadth  1060  \  «»«***«"  J  y,o  gnd  75»  Weft  Unpitude.   .     * 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Amasessa  ;  Eaft,  by  Bi«- 
ail;  South,  by  Patagonia;  Weft,  by  Pert;  'm^ 
ChUiw 

'  Rivers  and  hiouniains*']  Thi«  country,  beficv'S  ms. 
infinite  immber  of  fmail  rivers,  is  watered  by  three 
principal  ones,  which  united  near  the  fisa,  form  the 
famous  Rio  de  la  Plata,,  or  Plate  rivei*,  and  which  »i- 
nually  overflow  their  banka,  and,  on  their  reeefs,  leave 
them  enriched  with  a  flime,  thatpiroduces  great  pknty 
of  whatever  is  committed  to  it.  This  river,  whcrf  it 
unites  with  the  ocean,  is  150  miles  broad.  At  100 
Kilei  from  its  mouth,  a  (hip  in  the^niddle  of  the  chan- 
"^4 ■«lf 


•^       SPANISH    AMERICA. 

net}  cannot  be  fecn  from  either  fhore ;  and  at  Buenot 
Ayres,  too  miles  Hill  further  back,  one  cannot  dtTcciii 
Ihc  oppoftte  fhore.  There  are  no  mountains  of  con* 
fequence  here,  excepting  that  remarkable  chain  which 
ciivides  South  America,  called  the  Andc;^. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Produce."]    This  country  confide 
of  extcnfive  plains,  300  leagues  over,  except  oi>  the 
caft,  where  it  is  feparated  by  high  moimtains  from 
Brazil*     La^Plata  it  a  mod  defirable  climate,  and  one 
of  the  mofl  fruitful  countries  in  the  worM.    The  cot- 
ton and  tobacco  produced  here,  with  the  herb  called 
Paragua,  which  n  peculiar  to  this  country,  would 
elone  be  fufiicient  to  form  a  flourifhing  commerce^^ 
There  arc  here  alfo  feveral  gold  and  fiWcr  mines.       '  ' 
'^     Chief  Towns,']    Bvlnos  Ayr e»,  the  capital  of  La 
Plata, }»  the  moft  confiderable  iSea  port  town  in  South 
America.     It  is  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  river 
la  Plata,  aoe  miles  from  the  mouth  of  itr    The  tiver 
is  upwards  of  so  mile». broad  at  this  place.     From 
.this  town  a  great  pa,rt  of  the  treafuie  cf  ChiU  and  Pe- 
^lu  is  exported  to  Old  Spain.    The  natives  of  Tacu- 
.nan  are  faid  to  have  wooden  houfes  built  on  wheelii 
which  they  draw  from  place  to  place  as  occafion 
.wquires. 

JJifiory  and  KtUpon*]  The  Spaniards  firft  difcov- 
cred  this  country  m  the  year  15159  and  founded  the 
town  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  1535*  Moft  of  the  coun« 
try  is  ftill  Inhabitated  by  the  native  Ameticans.  The 
Jefuits  have  been  indefatigable  in  their  endeavours  U> 
convert  the  Indians  to  the  belief  of  their  religion,  and 
10  introduce  among  them  the  arts  of  civilised  life,  and 
liave  met  with  furprizing  fuccefs.  It  is  faid  that  above 
^40,600  fiimilies,  lisver^  years  ego,  were  fabje£t  to 
the'Jeluits,  living  tn^ obedience  and  an  »we^  bordering 
«a  adoration,  yet  procured  without  any  violence  or 
conilraint.  In  1767,  the' Jefuits  were  lent  out  of 
America,  by  royal  authority,  and  their  fubjeCls  were 
fiut  upoa  the  fiune  fbotin^^with'  the  reft  of  the  couiw 


PORTUGUESH 


?*r: 


1 

fa 
Pi 

^t 


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o 

ai 

tr 
bi 
XI 

c< 
ir 

1 

\ 


t 

a 
I 

■ 

1 

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I 


S=3 


PORTUGUESE  ^AMERICA;;     ir 


#»  41    A    Z    I    L. 


M 
w 


Length  atoo  1  fc.H«.«  S  M*  ■" ^  *•**  Weft  I^agltudfc. 
Breadth  700  i  °«t^«"  trhe£quatsr,and3^Nortb  Latitude. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Amazon  and  the  Atlantick  ocean ;  Eaft,  by  the 
fame  ocean ;  South,  by  the  mouth  of  the  river  La 
Plata ;  Weft,  by  a  chain  of  mountains,  which  dividet* 
't  from  Paragua,  and  the  country  of  the  Amazoas. 
,  Airt  Soil  and  Produce,^    '^^  >>>'  of  this  country  is 
'Kot,  but  healthy,  and  the  foil  exceedingly  fertile  in^ 
mai|e,  millet,  rice,  fruits,  faffron,  balfam  of  capivi, 
ginger,  indigo,  tmber,  rofin,  train  oil|  cotton,  the  beft 
of  tobacco^  line  fugar,  brazil  wood,  &c.    Here  alfo 
are  mines  of  gold,  filver  and  diamonds,  and  a  great 
quantity  of  excellent  oyital  andj^(pei;.     Thiacoun- 
try  alfo  abounds  in  cattle,  apes,  parrots,  and  beautiful 
birds.    The  rivers  and  lakes  aie  ilored  with  fifli>  and' 
there  is  a  whale  fiihery  on  the  coaft. 

InhabUants,  Reiigion,  £^.]  The  coait  of  this  large 
country  is  only  known  ;  the  luitives  ilill  poffefstne 
inland  parts ;  whereof  thufe  towards  the  north  m 
called  lapayers,  and  thofe  in  the  fouth  Tppinamboys. 
Thefe  natives  feem  to  have  little  religion,  and  no  teftvr|(|, 
pie  or  place  for  publick  werlhip  ^  mit  yet  are  faift  to 
believe  a  future  ftate,  and  have  lulbe  notion  c^  r^* 
wards  and  punilhments  after  this  life. 

Hi/lory f  ISt,"]    The  Portuguese  difcovered  thlttouilN- 
try  in  tKe  year  1500,  but  did-flbc  plant  it  till  the  year 
1549*  ^hcn  they  took  poflefllon  of  All  Saints  0ayr 
and  built  the  city  of  St.  Salvador,  which  is  now  the 
Hefidence  of  the  Viceroy  and  Archbifhop.   The  Dutch 
invaded  Brazil  in  1623,  and  fubdoed  the  northern - 
pinpvinces  ;  but  the  Portuguefe  agreed,  in  i66i,  to 
pay  the  Dutch  eight  tons  of  gold,  to  leKnquifli  their 
iriterefl  in  this  country,  which  was  accepted,  and  the 
Kostuguefe  remained  in  peaceable  poflfeflion  of  aH 


Xa 


Brazit^ 


stsfi 


GUIANA.— AMAZONIA. 


Brazil  till  about  the  end  of  1 762,  when  the  Spanifli 
Governour  of  Buenos  Ayres,  hearing  of  a  war  be- 
%  tWeen  Portugal  and  Spain,  took,  after  a  month's  fiegCy 
the  Portuguefe  frontier  fortrefs}  called  Sti  Sacrament ; 
but  by  the  treaty  of  peace  it  was  reftored» 

~G     U     I     A     N     A, 

(Belonging  to  th«  FrtHcb  and  Dutch) 

IS  divided  into  Cayenne,  which  belongs  to  'the 
French;  and  into  Surinam,  whiph  is  a  Dutch 
|>roVince. 

Cayenne  extends  240  miles  along  the  coaft  of  Gui- 
ana,  and  near  300  within  land.  It  is  bounded  North, 
by  Surinam ;  Eaft,  by  the  Atlantick  j  South,  by  Am- 
azonia i  Weft,  by  Guiana.  Ail  the  coaft  is  very  low, 
bi^t  within  land  there  arc  fine  Jiills,  very  proper  for 
fettlentents.  The  commodities  aie  fimilar  to  tbofe  of 
the  Weft  India  I flands.  • 

Surinam  is  one  of  the  richeft  and  moft  valuable  coU 
onics  belonging  to  the  United  Provinces.  The  chief 
trade  of  Surinam  confrfts  in  fugar,  cotton,  cofSce  of 
an  excellent  kind,  tobacco,  flax,  fkins,  and  fbme  vaU 
uable  dying  drugs.  They  trade  with  the  United 
Stlites,  of*  whom  they  receive  horfes,  live  cattle,  and 
pfOvifionS)  and  give  in  exchange  large  quantities  of 
snolaflfes;  The  Torporifick  Eel  is  found  m  the  rivers 
«'  of  Guiana,  which,  when  touched  either  by  the  hand, 
or  by  a  rod  of  irj^f  gold,  copper,  or  by  a  ftick  ©f 
fbmd  particular  Wmds  of  heavy  wood,  communicates 
a  ftiQCK.  perfc6lly  like  that  of"  eleftricity.  There  is  an 
immenlc  number  and  variety  of  fnakes  in  this  coun- 
,   try,  which  form  o^  oFits  principal  meonveniences. 


A  M  A  Z  O  N  I  A. 

'  ' :  »' '  Length  laco—— Breadth  560  miles. 

BiGUNDED  North,  by  Terra  Firma  and  Guiaim  ; 
!■  Eaft,  by  the  Atlantick  ocean  and  Brazil;  South,, 
^y  d;  l>Ua  J  atid  Weft,  by  Peru. 

"^'■'  ■  ■■    -  .       _       . 


OC( 


an( 


^ 


AM    A    Z    O    N    I    A. 


«» 


^^^ 


I 


Arv^/.l  The  Amazon}  whkh  is  cae  of  the  larseft 
tt<'er»  in  the  world,  runs  a  courfe  from  weft  to  ea«  of 
about  3000  milc«,  and  receives  near  200  other  rivers, 
nany  of  which  have  a  courfe  of  5  or  600  leagui^Sj  and 
ibme  of  them  not  inferiour  to .  die  Hudfbn  and  the 
Delaware;  The  breadth  of  this  riv^r  at  its  mouthy 
where  it  difcharges  itfelf  by  feveral  channels  into  the 
ocean,  almofl:  under  the  equator,  is-  150'miles;  and- 
1500  miles  from  its  mouth  it  is  3^0  or  40  fathoms  deep; 
In  the  rainy  fdafon  it  overflows  its  banks,  and  waters-, 
and  fertilizes  the  adjacent  country. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Produce.^  The  fair  (^afon  here  is 
about  the  time  of  th^  folftices,  and  the  wet  or  rainy 
iisaron,  at  the  time  of  the  equinoxes.  The  trees,  fields 
and  plants,  are  verdant  all  the  yesr  round.  The  foil 
is  extremely  iicb,.producing  corn,  grain,  and  fruits  of 
all  kinds,  tobacco,  fugar  canes,  cotton,  caffavi  root,  po* 
tatoes,  yams,  iarfaparilla,  gums,  raifins,  balfams  of  va- 
rious kinds,  pine  apples,  guavas,  bonanas,  &c.  The 
forefts  are  ftored  with  wild  honey,  deer,  wild  fowls 
and  parrots.  The  rivers  at^d  lakes  abound  with  fi(h 
of  all  forts  ;  but  are  much  infefled  with  crACodiles,  al- 
ligators and  *./ater  ferpents. 

InJkabitants.']  The  Indian  nations  inhabiting  this 
wide  country  are  very  numerous ;  the  banks  of  «dmofll 
every  river  are  inhabited  by  a  different  people,  who 
are  governed  by  0etty  iovereigns,  called  Caciques,  who 
are  diftinguifhea  from  ,  their  fubje£l:s  by  "coronets  of 
beautiful  feathers.  They  arc  idola^»|l|,  and  worfhip 
the  images  of  ihcir  ancient  heroes.  <«|p  |heir  expeUi« 
tions  they  carry  their  gods  along  with  them. 

Hiflory,']  The  firft  difcovcry  of  this  country  was 
made  by  f  rancifco  Orellana,  about  the  year  4580,  who 
coming  from  Peru,  failed  down  the  river  Amazon  to 
the  Atlantick  ocean.  He  obferved  on  the  banks  of 
this  river,  companies  of  women  in  arms,  and  from 
thence  called  the  country  Amazonia,  or  the  land  of  the  . 
Amazons ;  and  gave  the  name  of  Amazon  to  the  river, 
whiib  formerly  had  been  called  Maragon.  The  Spafa 
iards  made  feveral  attempts  to  plant  tliis  country,  ^|«£ 
al\!ra}'^  met  with  fo  Boany  diinculties  and  difafters'fl^ 

,',   .♦  icndercd '^^^ 


V- 


.• 


'# 


% 


t6b 


PATAGONIA. 


icndeivd  all  their  defigns  abortive.  The  Portuguefe 
h«v«  fotne  fmall  fettlemejats  on  that  part  of  the  coaft 
which  lies  betwixt  Cape  North  and  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Amazon  ;  but  this  excepted,  the  natives  are  in 
the  fole  poiTeffion  of  all  the  country. 


#   # 


♦• 


PATAGONIA, 

Is  a.  tra£l  of  country,  7  or  800  miles  long,  and  2  or 
300  broad,  al  thefouthern  extremity  orthcAmerf 
ican  continent 

CUmate,  Soil  and  ProduStiom.']  This  country  is  full 
of  high  mountains,  which  are  covered  with  fnow  moil 
of  the  year.  The  ftorms  of,  windj  rain  and  fnow  here 
are  terrible.  The  foil  is  very  barren,^  and  has  never 
been  cultivated.  » 

Inhabitants,  Charaiter,  ii'c.l  The  natives  li^c  in 
thatched  huts,  and  wear  no  clothes,  notwithftanding 
the  rigour  of  the  climate.  They  live  chiefly  on  Bfh 
and  game,  and  what  the  earth  fyontapeoufly  produces. 
They  are  of  a  tawny  complexion,  have  black  hair,  and 
are  a  gigantick,  brave,  hardyj  a£tive  race.  Their 
arms  are  bows  and  arrows  headed  with  Rxnts^  We 
know  nothing  of  their  government  or  religion. 

Hi/lory.']  Ferdinand  Magellan,  a  Portuguefe,  in  the 
fervice  of  Spain,  firft  difcoveted  this  country  ;  at  leafl 
he  was  the  ^rflkJ|at  failed  through  the  ftraitscallend  by 
his  name.  JMlpllan  paffed  thefe  flrtits  j^ib^  yhat 
1519.  The  continent  is  often  called  Tetri  S(l'4Mran- 
ica  ;  and  the  largefl  of  the  neighbouring  «ii^-'^m  a 
volcano  ilk  it,  is  called  Terra  del  Fuegcf^^Kj^dpoibli 
foutherly  point  of  which  is  called  Cape'' ^^Kf(^'  \l 

Upon  thjM^'ft  difcovery  oj^he  Straits  bf^fl^Aism\ 
the  Spaniards  l>uilt  forts  and  rent  fome  co^P^S  thith- 
er; but  moft  of  the  people  perifticd  yft^  lobid  and 
hunger;  Jthce  which  time  no  fettle tn ents ^ KiVc^MBiiBn 
Itttmptcd  hel-e  by  any  European^*  '^{"^-wF^  . 


»^^f^ 


26l 


are  in 


)m  a 
loft 


WEST  INDIA  ISLANDS. 

(Thefe  belong  to  Great  Britain,  Spain,  France,  Holland^ 

and  Denmark*  J  * 


TO  Great  Britain  belong,  Bermudas,  the  Ba- 
hama iflands,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Antigua,  St. 
Chriftopher's,  Grenada,  and  the  Grenadines,  Nevis» 
Montferrat,  Barbuda,  Dominica,  St.  V|ncent,  Angu- 
illa  ;  to  which  we  may  add  thieir  northern  iHands, 
Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton,  and  St.  John's.  Jamai- 
ca, the  largeft-of  the  Weft  India  iQaivds,  is  computed 
to  produce  annually  70,000  tons  of  fugar,  upwards  of 
4,000,000  gallons  of  rum,  befidet  coffee,  cocoa,  indigo 
and  pepper* 

To  Spain  belong,  the  ifland  of  Cuba,  one  half  of 
St.  Domingo,  Porto  Rico,  Trinidad,  Margaretta,  Tor- 
tuga.  Virgin  iflands,  to  which  we  may  add  the  ifland  ' 
of  Juan  Femandes,  which  lies  300  miles  weft  of  Chtli« 
in  the  Pacifick  Ocean,  famous  for  having  ^iven  rife 
to  the  celebrated  romance  of  Robinfon  Crufbe.  The 
ftory  is  this :  One  Alex.  Selki^,  a  Scotchrt^^^^-,  was 
left  afliore  in  this  folitary  place,  where  he  liveii  federal 
years,  till  he  was  taken  up  by  Cant.  Rogers,  1709  ; 
he  had  almoft  forgotten  his  native  lasigua^,  feeminj^ 
to  rpeak  his  words  by  halves.  Durinj  his  refidenee 
on  uie  ifland,  he  had  killed  500  goatl^y  ninning  them 
down,  and  he.  had  marked  as  many  more  on  the  ear 
which  he  had  let  go.  Upon  his  return  to  England  he 
was  advifed  to  publUh  an  account  of  his  life  and  ad- 
▼enturefi;  in  his  little  kingdom.  For  this  purpofe  he 
gave  his  papers  into  the  hands  of  one  De/oe,  to  ^'>r^^ 
pare  them  for  publication*  But  the  wKfer,  by  ttiv. 
help  of  thefe  papers,  transformed  Alexander  Selkirk 
into  Robinfon  Crufoc.  %r 

']%the  French  belong,  the  largefl  part  of  the  ifl- 
andof  St.  Domingo,  the  iflands  of  Martinique,  Gua- 
deloupe, St.  Lucia,  Mari^  Galante,  Tobago,  St.  Bar- 
r  -  tholomew 


s€a  L     U      R      O     P      E. 

tholomew  and  Defeada,  and  the  North  American  ifl- 
ands  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon.  Thefe,  with  their  Af- 
rican and  Afiatick  pofleflions,  and  their  fettlemcnts  at 
Guiana  and  Cayenne,  contain,  according  to  Mr.  Neck- 
^o  inhabitants.  vt  *'/ 

:o  rfiStLANT)  betehgpfte  iflands  of  St.  Eu^tiay 
labgpnd Gurrmm,   ■....'»  # 

1  To  Denmark  beloQg,  the  iflands  of  3f,  Cruix,:St. 
Thomas,  and  St.  Jcho.  In  tKefe  iflgnds  tlie  Moit^vi- 
aushave  ufeful  e/tabli(hmenti» 


1^1  i      ij,||l>  ■■■n'jiini 


E    V    R    O    P    E. 


vt."' 


..■lii'iir  I   iiii 


lond. 


% 


^  Uif  th  3000*7  u-»i«^  f  IP**  W.  and  6|f  £•  I^MW.  from 
rBrfhdth  «5oo  i  •«»»«««  J^^fio  and  7,0  NortliJitirMde. . 

^  ff^^U  N  D^SilNordi,  by  the  Froawn  ocean ;  taft» 
|XJ  bf  Aruri  £k>ud^)ly  the:M$dite)rrahean  fea,  w3)ich 
Nfiiirtdeak  from  Afrkm j  Weil,  iy  the  Atlantick  ocean, 
nrKich    fisparatcs   i^  f;^    Atneiica.      Containing 

*  J^iviftonsy  Pv^<UioH,iScJ    iTie  fialla^i||||  TABLE 
,^x|dbit3  ^e  latfft  and  iBo(t  accurate  account  of  the 
^^rand  diVmm  of  ^roplCtW  tliQir  extent,  aa4  re^ 
'xxoppAratl^^puatio^^fapycxtanU        ;     > 


f-»  #  "^^ 


f  w 


Sf 


^■ 


rti 


ll  ..hi- 


Grand 


■m 


lerican  ifl- 
[htheir  Af- 
"lemcnts  at 

Mr.  Neck. 

[t.  Euftatia, 

m 
Croix, -St. 

fie  Morivi. 

J 


tude. 

fca»  wfcich 

«k  ocean, 

Untuning 

n*  of  th© 
}  an4rc4 


IJ?vr, 


!■■■■■!■■  -M-acaKJC: 


9 
I 


■^.Y^^ 


•/^    (yevvrv/t/ut  ^«^Z'»'<'/^;*«^^lf>5Sr* 


vv^iar    (yev^Tyt/ift 


t-**^    -__^«*«K 


■^i^*^ 


>l!!L.. 


;-'  r 


7>---  ^ 


gH  u      ROPE. 


i6s 


0«n^divifion.fA'"»^^«^"^ 


of  Europe. 


Ruflia,  (Euro.) 


Sweden^ 


Denmark, 


Poland  and  Li' 
thuaniay     . 


ftates  in 
(<ft«f  mitea. 

1,104,976 


009,391 


i82,4Co 


i6o,Soo 


Germany, 


The  kingdom  of 
Pru/Iia  alone. 


'ranee. 


ffoHand, 


Great  Biitain& 
Ireland, 


Swttserland, 


Gatlisia  &  Lo- 
domitia, 


192,000 


No.  in> 

h*blt- 

Population.  4»SJh' 


30,000,000 


3,000,000 


2,aoo,ooo 


fquarc 
mOe. 


PublickRev. 
enue  in  fter- 
ling  moneys 


8,500,000 


»»,»44 


163,200 


lo^ixo 


100,928 


26,000,600 


1,500,000 


24,800,000 


2,360,000 


20 

H 

12 


^3 


T3S 


236 


£.5,800,000 


1,300,000 


1,000,000  f 


•^ 


3,6cojooo 


Jd 


I  l,0O0,OCC 


J  5,296  •    1,480,000 


Italy, 


Portugal, 


Hungary      iha 
Tranfylvania, 


Spain, 


Turkey, 


90,000 


27,376 


92,112 


188,44^ 


182,562 


Total       2.712.114. 


2,800,000 


16,000,000 


r,«oo 


^170,000 


■»*'< 

io,ooo,co6 


7,000,000 


109 


"7 


136 

lio 

S6 


i8,coo,ooo 


4,000)000 


►14,500,000 


68 


3« 


144,130,000  \  i^y) 


1,800,000 


f  5,000,000 


5,000,000 


«  Excluiive  of  Ifdand.  f  Of  IMi  Spain  ihnte,  - 

«  '        .' 

Military  itnd  Marine  Sinn^,']    The  land  forces  of 
the  European ilates,  in  the  year  1 785,  \v«re  a»  follows  :    . 

France  300^000  Prufiia  -rc^ooo 

Aullria  282,000  Turkey,  (210,000 

Ruffia( 450,000 in  In  alH  in  £ure^  170,00a  . 

tUj  in  Eiuops     S9O1OOQ  Spain  (incUmilk.)  60,000 

Denmark        ^ 


t 


.»'• 


Denmark 
Great  Britain  (in 
eluding  militia) 
Sweden 
Sat^nia 
IlbUand 


E      U      R      O     ^     fi. 


72,000  Elefto.  of  Bavaiia 

and  the  Palatinate  24,000 
58,000  HeflfeCaflel  1 5*000 

50,000  Hanover  20,000 

40,000  Poland  15,000 

37,000  Venice  8,000 

Naples  and  Sicily   30,000  Wurtcmburg  6,000 

£le6bo.  of  Saxony    26,000  The  Ecclefiafl:*  ftate  5,000 
Portugal  2o,ooo  lufcatiy  3,000 

Including  the  parts  of  Europe  omitted  in  this  cal- 
culation, the  armies  of  all  the  'Countdes  of  Europe,  a- 
mlpni  to  two  millions  of  men  ;  (o  tha^^t  fuppofing  one 
hundred  and  forty  millions  of  inhabitants  m  Europe^ 
no  more  than  y\  ox  the  whole  population  are  foldiers. 

Number  of  Ships  of  the  Line,  f  r'.gatei,  Cutters,  Sloops,  ts^ 

England  465  Turkey  50 

France  s66  RuIIia  63 

Spain  130  Sardinia  32 

Holland  ^                95  Venice  30 

Sweden  85  Skily  S5 

Denmark  60  Portugal  24 

Total    1325 

Rdi^fi*']  The  reltgioni  of  Europe  are  the  Chrifl- 
ian,  the  Jewifh,  and  the  Mahomtttan.  The  twafirll 
itre  fpread  aU  over  Europe  ;  the  firft  andiaft  are  the 
only  eilablifhed  dnes,  the  jewiih  being  merely  toler- 
ated. The  chief  divifions  of  the  Chriftian)  are  the 
Greek,  the  Roman  Catholick,  and  the  Proteftant. 
The  Greek  religion  is  efiabliflied  only  in  Ruflia,  and 
tolerated  in  (bme  parts  of  the  Auftrian  dominions,  in 
Poland,  and  chieny  in  Turkey  ;  (iibdivifions  of  the 
Greek  church,  -lip  the  Armenien  aad  Neftorian 
church.  @f  the^oman  Catholick  chuich,  Janfenifm 
is  a  fubdi V  ifion.  The  Proteftant  religfo  n  is  fubdi  vided 
into  the  Lutlieran  and  Calviniffc,  or  refcrmed  religion  ; 
of  the  forraer  the  Epifcopal  churdi  of  England  and 
Ireland  is  a  branch  ;  of  the  latter  the  Prcfbytertan 
church  of  Scotland.  Hicre  are,  bcfides,  many  feda 
aiiaptcd  to  tjie  different;  degrees  of  theological  knOw4- 


n 


P    O    R    TUG    A    L. 


iBs 


rope,  a- 


I.: 


3 

M 


:l 


edge,  or  to  the  different  warmth  of  imaginatton  of 
thofe  that  adhere  to  them.  The  principal  of  thefe 
fe£U  are  Arminians,  Mennoniiis,  Socinians,  Unitaii- 
ams,  Moravian  Brethren,  Quakers  and  .Meti^odifts« 
The  portion  of  the  furface  of  thexountriei,  in  whkh 
the  Froteftant.religion  is  cftablil^ed,  to  thofe  in  w^ich 
the  Roman  Catholick  rcHgion  prevaiU,  is  neaily  as 
three  to  ^our.  The  number  of  Roman  Catholic k$, 
according  to  tlie  bed  calculations,  is  about  90,000,000 ; 
the  number  of  ProteAants  only  24,000,000,  which  ia 
a. proportion  of  nearly  .4  to  4« 


P   O    R   T   U    GAL. 


mllM. 


Length  300  7  l-.„„„  J  37**  and  42°  North  L«titude. 
Breadth  100  i  "«"*««"  {  70  ,nd  10"  Weft  Longitude. 

BOUNDED  Worth  and  Eaft,  by  Spain  ;  Sout!^* 
and  Weft,  by  the  Atlantick  ocean.     Containing 
19  towns,  527  villages,  3343  parities. 

Rivers,^  Every  brOok  in  Portugal  is  called  a  river. 
Its  rivers  rife  in  Spain  and  run  wei(  through  Porlugal^ 
into  the  Atlantick.    The  mod  noted  is  the  Tagus. 

Capital.^  Lisbon,  at  the  mouth^of  the  Tagus,.con« 
taining  about  150,000  inhabitants.  In  .1755,  it  was 
laid  level  with  the  ground  by  a  tremendous  earth- 
quake, which  was  lucceeded  by  a  general  conflagra- 
t4on,  in  whic^  cataRrophe  upwards  of  10,000  people 
loft  their  livest  a 

Climate,  ProduHions  and  Commtrct^  jfortugal,  fitu- 
ated  in  a  gjenial  climate,  abounds  ioMieellent  natural 
prpdu£lions,  and  is  well  wateVedl^p  po^cITes  very 
rich  provinces  tn»  and  upon  the  coflf  of  nTia,  Africa 
and  Amenca.  It  i«,  however,  rwt  proportionably 
powerful ;  its  inhabitants  are  indigent,  and  the  balance 
of  trade  is  againil  it.  It  is  even  obliged  Reimport  the 
•neceflaries  of  life,  chiefly  corn,  from  other  countries. 
Portugal  produces  wine,  w<fol,  oil,  filk,  honey,  ani« 
iieed}  fumac,  a  variety  of  fine  fniits,  fonae  corn,  flax 
.  y  and 


m 


M 


O    R    T    U    G    A    L. 


and  cork.  In  1785,  the  goods  imported  fr«.ru  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  into  Portugal,  confiding  of  wool- 
ens, corn,  fifh,  wood  and  hard  ware,,  amounted  to 
upwards  of£'.96o^oo  flerling.  The  EngIKh  took  in 
ret«|m,  of  the  produce  of  Portugal  and  Brazil,  to  the 
amount  of  £^.7 28,000  fterling«  Only  15  millions  of 
livres  are  fupiiofed  to  circulate  in  a  country  which 
draws  annually  upwards  of  £'.1,500,000  fterling,  or 
36  millions  of  livres,  from  the  mines  of  Peru.  Since 
the  difcovery  of  thefe  mines,  that  is,  within  60  yearS) 
Portugal  has  brought  from  Brazil  about  2400,000,000 
of  livres,  or  £'.  100,000,000  fterling. 

Government  and  Religion,']  Since  the  council  of  the 
tlirec  eftates,  viz.  the  clergy,  the  nobility,  and  the 
cities,  the  members  of  which  are  nominated  by  the 
King,  was  fubftituted  in  the  room  of  diets  or  meetings 
of  the  itates  (which  event  took  place  the  latter  end  of 
the  laft  century)  the  government  of  the  kingdom  of 
Portugal  has  hicen  abfolutely  monarchical.  The  pro- 
cee<^,iu>;;v  of  the  courts  of  juftice  are  flow  and  arbitrary, 
sn\i.\  U;C  number  of  lawyers  and  law  ofHcers  is  excecd" 

The  imtt  of  religion  in  Portugal  is  the  fame  as  in 
SpJSin.  The  Portugueiis  clergy  confift  of  one  Patri- 
arch,, a  dignity  granted  to  the  c;hurch  of  Portugal  in 
the  year  1710,  of  3  Archbiftiops  and  15  Bifhops, 
The  whole  number  of  Eccleftafticks  is  200,000  : 
go,ooo  of  which,  and  fome  fay  60,000  are  monks  and 
nuns.  The  number  of  convents  is  745.  The  num- 
ber of  clerical  perfons  to  that  of  tht  laymen  is  as  t 
to  11. 

jajfory."]  Portugal  was  anciently  called  Luiitjinia, 
and  inhabited  ilfl|r:.  tribes  of  wandering  people,  till  it 
became  fulMe^-lo' the  Cartha«nians  and  Phoenicians, 
%vho  were  difpoltefled  by  the  Romans  25O  years  before 
Chrift.  In  the  fifth  .century  it  fell  under  the  y  ake  of 
the  Sue vi  and  Vandals,  who  were  driven  out  by  the 
'Goths  of  Sptin,  in  the  year  589 ;  but  when  the  Moors 
of  Africa  made  themfelves  mafters  of  thegreateft  part 
t)f  Spain,  in  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century,  they 
f>enetrated  into  Lufuanid  j  there  they  eiUWAied  G«y«i 

ernoursr^ 


4         ^      P      A      I      N.  667 

emours,  ^vho  made  themtelves  Kings.  It  became 
ii  ije£l  to  Spain  in  1580;  but  in  1640,  the  people  re- 
belled, (hooK  ofF  the  Spanifh  yoke,  and  ele£ked  fcMP 
their  King  the  Duke  of  Braganza,  who  took  the  name 
of  John  IV.  in  whife  family  it  has  ever  fince  renuin- 
ed  indef^endent  of  Spain.  Her  prefent  Majelty'i 
na'^e  is  Mary  Frances  Ifabclla,  who  ;  eded  lb  the 
throne  in  the  year  1777. 


I 


{'t: 


and  44°  North  LatStucte, 
and  10°  Eaft  Longitude. 


BOUNDED  W«ft,  by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantick ; 
North)  by  the  Bay  of  Bifcay  and  the  Pyrenean 
mountains,  which  divid'  it  from  France;  Eafl  and 
South,  by  the  Mediterranean  Tea,  and  the  Suaits  of 
Gibraltar. 

Spain  it  divided  into  t4drn:rtd8,  in  which  are  139 
towns,  and  21,083  villages  and  boroughs. 

RivtrsJ]    The  Deuro,  the  Tagus,  the  Guadiana,  the' 
Guadalquiver,  all  which  fall  into  the  Atlantick  oc€an» 
and  the  £bro,  the  ancient  Ibcriis,  which  fal  is  iiito  the 
'  Mediterranean. 

Capital,']  Madrid,  fituated  on  a  branch  of  Ihc 
viver  Tagus,  containing  140,000  inhabitants.  CadiZi 
fiituated  on  the  Atlantick,  a  littlu  to  the  northward  of 
the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  is  the  great  emporium  of  Spain, 
and  contains  80,000  inhabitants. 

Weakh  and  Commerce. 2  The  adyanjbages  of  Spain,- 
»a$  fb  climate,  foil,  natural  productions,  rivers,  navi- 
gfttion  and  foreign  pofleflions,  which  Jin^immenfely 
rich,  ought  to  raife  this  monarchy  high  wov%  all  othr 
4iF  powers  of  Europe.  •  Yet  ihe  reverfe  is  the  cafo  : 
Spain  is  but  thinly  peopled-— has  but  little  commerce 
•—few  maauBi^ures — and  what  commerce  k  has,  is 
almoft  entirely  in  the  hands  of  ftrangerf)  notwitb- 
ftandimg-the  impediments  thrown  in  their  way  by  the 

Spain 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


^|2£    125 

US 

2.2 


mm 


I 


1.1 


1.25 


lit 
lit 

u 


140 


I 


2.0 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WKT  MAIN  STRiET 

WnSTIR,N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  •72-4503 


'^ 


A<St 


^ 


nM^. 


S      P     A      I     R 


^^iifn  produces  exteUent  oranges,  lenioijt,  almondft 
p9^h  poi^egranates,  dates,  piftaclitos,  capffs^ 
rnots,  tobacco,  foda,  faflvon,  honey,  fait,  laltpetre^ 
winflbf  a  rich  and  ddicfoQs  flavour,  cotton,  ric^i^ 
'«%^>l>il,#rQol,  filkf  hemp,  flax,  Ac.  which,  with 
]^r%er  indhifttv',  miBht  bcr  exported  to  aa  amazing 
Mlloinii  'And  yet  all  the  exports  oi  Spain,  moft  ar> 
ticles  of  which  no  other  country  can  fupply,  we  efti'- 
aiated  at  pnly  £»^tZ3B^$B^  fterling.  Spain  does  not 
|lroduce  coj^n  enouih  for  its  own  confumption,  and  is 
imHer  the  neceflity  of  importing  large  quantities. 
^  Gwirnnunt.'l  Spain  is  an  ablblute  monarchy.  The 
provinces  of  Navarre,  Bifcav  and  Arragon,  have,  pre- 
Mrved'ibme  of  ^eir  aincient  privities.  The  King'f 
Qdi6b  mud  be  regiftered  in  the  cpurt  of  Carlifli^  J^* 
isre  they  acquirer  therlbrce  of  m^K  Th^  crdwl^  it 
hereditary  both  in  the  Unale  and  female  line.  By  a 
l^w  made  in  tf^s*  ^Bmafes  heirs  eannoC  fucceed  till 
^fter  the  whole  male  line  is  extinOs 

Re^onA  The  RomaA  Cstholick  religion,  !» the 
^ilttmm  of  alkothers)  is  th6  religion  of  the  Spanifli 
ittonarchy ;  and  it  is,  in  thefe  countries,  c^  Ae  moft 
ikoited;  fuperftltlous  and  tyrannical  charaCler.  All 
4il«rdenomihati«iit  6f  Chriftians,  «s  weS  as  Jews,  arer 
eaepoiHi  10  all-  the  ^verities  of  perfecttHoA.  The  pow> 
cr  of  the  court  of  Inquidtion,  eftabli&ed  in  Spun  in 
T4|i7l|i  hatbeen«dimini(hied,  in  (bme  refpefis,  by  the 
iliteifeienee  of  the  ctvii<'ip^er,  11  is  fuppofed  thaft 
«h6  elenrgy  6f  this  Idntllbiii  amount  t^  900,006,  hlAf  of 
iNiltO^'aife  monks  amt  nuns,  diftributird  in  3^  c6ih^ 
vents,  ithe  revenue  of  thei  Archbilhop  of^oledo  fs 
^-^i0bd  dtilfaife  There  are  in  the  kiiigdom  ^f  ^'^  * 
ircMiilli<MI,^4^Jlifliops  f  in  America  6  Archl 
ai^  iliMi(d|t;  itfthi  Philiippiy iQei;  1  A 
4p  tftid^'Biftooa.  All  thefib  dighities  ale  %  the 
of  the  K'tt^.  Fifty  tv/b  inf«rtidiii^  icittegaf^cf 
'ki^esand  O&es  aiie  in  the  gift  t^HM  9^. ' 
'"iwj^S  Thcfirft  ihhaWtantsof'i^^at^e 
ya  plople^fGauK;  after  them  the^aenicitoiit 


|)d(S^e^theatfelves  dPihe  moftfouth^  |»aits  miHp 

country,  and  may  well  be  fuppoftd  toliV#  bll|*^ 


? 


eftiv 


t   F  *R     A     N     C     E. 


t69 


firftciviliscii' pf  O^f  Mn^^on^  "n4  Uif  fM|o4^^ 
^  tb^  moil  iMici«|tt  citifA.  Atipr  thefe  foUaW)Ml  ^ 
Qr«^l|UM  J  ilitn  the  Ginhfgi^^iif >  P%  wtioSi  ^fg^* 
^t^  a^ltfieiv  yfaabcfow  QW*^  >t  »)pfca|ne  jfeW^  to 
the  Roman*,  tiU  ^he  y^r  409,  i^rh^  tbf  Q^Uii,  Yiim, 
dalf^  f  uevi,  Alapt  9fi4  9(U^«gi|  ouC^fiftfotw^iM^i^ 
drawing  hif  fo^pcfi  fe^im  thai  l^ing^qm  to  t|i«  <^  m- 
ya<|c4  '%  9n4  divijcl^  \t  i^moQift  ^mCply^;  Uif-  vm 
Goths  in  ^  Uttl«  lin)^^  vfci*  lyt  ii^%ri|pf  t)  ^ij»d«?; 
t^ir  King  AjpAaica.  I.  vrh<)  f^wiM  Mvb  Sj^nlAt 
moparclut.  After  9  ^i^r  ,fij^^e{|bi|  of  mooarchii^ 
wo  ^ooafT^  th^  Ifte  l^iQg  Chahlii*  lU*  whp  afccnd*^  ^ 
ffl  tl)c  throng  vpon  th?  dfalh  o|  1|^  |ui|i  t>cp^r  fl^i* 
piHAKA  Vlnn  thf  y«ar;^769f' 


ff*= 


aoEt: 


F    JRi-  A    NT'    C    £« 


©ROUNDED  Nprllirljy  thff  ?i^ilii|ch^^^  ai|f 
JjI  thjl  Nethf  rUmis ;  tA%  by  9^*^^^*  $iri^r* 
|an4  ^nd  IiaW ;  ^puth,  by  jftif  M!e#t«?r?j^n  «p^ 
Spain  i  Weft,  by  the  Bay  or  ]^l¥^iy«  Qop^ining  40^ 
€iti<^  ^S^W^fiPwilcr  *piv*%  4a»fPP  |anaeii>WJ|poQ 


^t^iii a  v#iy  »U4cUjPir«i   l«f  Win i|!0tt|»?rt«5a 


vfciy  fipfMl^i  8  H  IP  bpwdw*.  by  b»#  rMf? 
faip9i  tbp  lopwfBr  bf?i9chps  of  vhm  <:iic^l'lM  C(9:?ter 
partbf  ibf  MlPSdPini  i^  0ol^\|i^y  ^^fidp  wU 
lai^  rivers,  foch  at  the  Rhone^  the  Loifocy  tl^  (Js 
lj|^iie,^he  Si^ii^  #«*  tat|>tt»WH»ii|Jpf  WP  w^wju 
Il9vi|abl$ ;  apd  i*  it  (WFitigwpli*  to  Isvfo^ocptm  y^ 
pB^  af}yiQ^0M  repd«r  |hi«  l^n^  or^  of 
.#kh«ft  co»»tri(i#of  K^rop^bptll  ym'jeSf^  t0|»al* 
nna  produ^uVM  wd  (cpmo^rce,  W"*e  »#  *^pw 
«p«ito«4)ty  #f  Fraivp,  Op^  iptUip9  $|r  htin^nd 
thopTaiNl  M^r*$  Pf  Krowi|i)  aM|J|aid  OhI  in  y  incyai^df ; 
IMfl  ^  net  p^it  Mqn  <aitb  jiqreif  c(M^nat)e4  at  irm 

.ii  10  I  pmiiMis  ajB^ifig,    fmm  uppu^iy  cf^i^ 

y  »  wmti- 


'■f' 


Wines  to  th<  amount  df  t4  tnlllbhs  of  Uvm.  Thtf 
ffuits  and  other  produ^ont  of  Prance,-  do  ndt  li^' 
differ  fiom  tkofe  of  SOain,  buta^  Taifed  in'iiiraldlr 
filter  p$^,''  fbnce  lias  vetV  important  flfliifii^ 
&4b(>Wwn,|md<mthe  AmerieMlMMiE  ^^^ 
'  In  'ip^  tHeinr  #e^  In  Fnnee'  i^oo  fiHe  Wm 
V1.000  looms  for  filk  ftuB^  la^Oeo  for  Hbbandi  wt 
lice,  ao;ooo  fo^  fitk  ftoekit^g*,  and  Ae  dffiboif  filk 
o^anufii^ures  employed  a,eoo,o6o  of  ^IbopUs. 
In  point  of  eemmerceyFrance'majrt^  ranked  niMtt 
Englatid  atid  Motland;  The  French  kiiv^|ft  greats 
"bare  efthe  Levant  ttiidb^tkevenjofy'  'iKne  valti^ 
edm«tteiftfarprivileget  In  ^ttmef ;  t>idr  tteir  Weft 
a  ^flefliohi,  whidh  a«e  adMiriri>!y  oUttvated  ind 
^  vemc^jafe  the  richeft.  Befk»e  tlw  laUr  American 
war^the  bailee  ofeommo^in  fiitrblir  of#rance  waa 
eftimated  at  7Q,oop,»filtlMa»W»dli^  fince  been 
dimtniihed.  'k--:'-^'¥^^-. 

(kfvefimi^i*^  .  Vnftide41  ^  «oft  lo^^orlaM^and 
glorious  feyoiutipn  in  favour  of  civil  and  rtlifiibui  lijt* 
*f^  it  hoW  aifcdnipltfhinffliii  F^nicls. '  '' ^ 

In  Frattice  there  are  18  Archbifl!^M,'ltt  B^lki^j^ 
,^s€6.bo6  clergymen,  5400  cohven^ieoottinfo^ 
perldn^  devoted  to  mohaftick  lif6. 

JLearninMi]  The  fciencet  have  ailifen  t  f*^ 
great  Height  in  this  kingdomi  and  thi*  natioii  ...  iK»aft 
of  having^nxUi^d  ^t^l«^yftct^Oi«^l^^moft  ev- 
ery' braiicn  of  fcienttfick  tknowletif^  ^d'  elegant  li^ 
eratiire.'^Tbere  arc  20  Ufniverfitk^  •^-  Firance*  ^  The 
aoyaiaciademies  of  ifciehce^  of-tKeFieivcb  kmgi^e» 
arid  of-IMiriptiohs  and  antiquiliet  at^M^  are  jmiy 

J0or^t  France  watibrigihally  the  county  Of  the 
-  antHent'Oiuts,.  and  was  conquered  by^^e  H^ans 
't\venty  five  years  befoiteChri ft.  ThI  6olhS|  ^^diV 
'  Alans  ai^  Sue^i,  and  a^rwards  the-  Burgundi^  d^- 
'  vidid  if  ainongft  them  from  A.  Di  400  to  47^!wfaen 
'^lie  Fratlki^  another  ftt  of  German  eihlgrinil|  ^'lia 
had  fcttI^t)#weenti||B  Rhine  and  the  Maine,  c^^m* 
>lcte(i  the  foundation  of  the  prefeht  kingdom  binder 
^a»  It  was  con^uered^except  ntitfh^  EdWi^ 
"""    •'  .    •■■ ,  *  1II«„  '. 


I    T    A     L     r. 


•7t 


III.  of  ]£ti|landt  bstuPMii  %^%  and  1]UQ.  In  1410 
in  entiM  oonqueft  WM  nuMle  oy  Htnij  v^  who  ^H 
appoiiitod  rettoK,  durbg  tho  Uie  of  Charity  VI.  ic« 
linOiiitledgipidlieir  to  the  crown  of  Fitncct*  wk  hom*' 

3c  paid  to  him  accordingly.   The  Engltih  Iproiirll  lo^' 
\  ita  pofleffiona  ki  Frpnce  during  the  lelgii  of  Hbniy 
VI.  between  14114^  fndfiM.  * 

The  prtfenk  King  of  Ihtt  pofent  mnpire.  it  tewilr 
XVI.  fhe  friend  of  Amerfea,  and  the  protecbr  of  th|i^ 
tight!  of  mankind,  who  wi^  hern  Augull  a|»  17^4^  ^ 
snarried  Jl aiw  Antoniedi  of  KvXoniu^lixv^iPi  1770. 1 
acceded  Id  the  throne  i^wn  the  d^^  or  hta'  fiml  ^ 
fatfierXewif  XV.  May'sO|  t774 v  ^  ww  ctoWned  ^ 
•tRhein^June  t8»i775,     


t  ii»<'t« 


I     T     A     L     Y. 


■MiMi 


a- 


i,    ,  LcBftti  «o  1  fc*---^  J  3t<^  M*  47**  Hortk  Litltiat^ 

ITALV  M  a  hfgep(eimiAil%  ^ue4^f  ^^  «^ 
.^r;  and  iaVoin)ded,Nvr^«  Dy#«  Al);^  il^hic^ 
divide  it  from  France  and  Switzter»nd  \  'XmI^  by  t)ie 
Gulf  of  Venice,  or  Adriatiek  Se* ;  Soudi  and  We&i|Hjr 
|he  Mediternmean  Sea. 

^ '  The  whole  of  the  Italw^<wini<!>mcoiMW'dMuyUi|f 
Corfiea  and  iS^idinii,  ate<ttvldedta«  Wikm : 


'td  fhe  klagJ 

dom  ol  Sar> 

,    4iBl«  Ifttloog 


loMbt, 


MontMmtf 
,  AlefliuDdiiDe, 

isardiSlaia* 
TodiekludomfNiBlst,      , 
•f  8«pla„    I  SicUy  ifM. 


.  r  Milan, 

vTo  tn  Imper.  \  Mratoc^ 


C  Mixftu4«l«* 


.Bopetdonialoas. 


{rr«fpfA*i/Pam<H  ' 
MoDa<«» 


•Jpi 


|l«fMUiclU,  <  St.  Mj|fl«e»^ 
'   C  Genoa. 
TdfrartM, '         Carfici  llU 

To  die  icpvb-  y^my 

.  I|^tfa  to  dM  Veoetia^  4«iDt<l« 

^bratedcountiy  in  £urope|.  having  been  fbr&Mitly^ 


yah. 


•lr» 


I     T 


A^X- 


Y. 


feat  of  the  JRomam  empire,  siid  »  M  praftiit  Oif  di^ 
Bope.  The  tomiliy  it  To  fins  and  fmit^»  UiM  it  ?• 
commonly  ^tlled  th«  g$ii«kn  of  Xurm.  Ill*  ait  i« 
temperattt  and  whol«toinc,  «xc«pt)tig  tW  lenrkiMy  fi| 
the  church,  where  it  i$  vpty  iidtSknnU  the  foil  ii 
furtile,  and  prodDcce  wheat,  liee,  win* ,  oili  oraoMi 
and  all  forts  of  fhiiti,  flow^n,  honey,  ftU;  and  in  txut 
kingdom  of  Naples  ave  eottim  and  fugar.  The  Imvfli 
i  mw  ftdl  of  aU  ktnda  of  game.  On  the  mounlaina^  ere 
%}e  paftores,  which  f«»d  gleat  numhert  of  cattle^ 
•  Inka^ktmUiJ  JMy  contaiaa  between  tt  arid  13 
waiiqina  «f  Inhmavta^  >  l%e  Iialiant  ^e|l  in  cobit 
jplaiftoti<eiiNi^  bfha^tir  |o«fich  otther,  and  affUvl^ 
ity  to  foreigners.  Murick,.ppetr^i  paintifigfiisttlpture 
«p4  architedure  are  their  &vounte  iludicf,  j|nd  there 
are  no  peopk  who  l|aye  brought  them  to  sreater  per- 

Melmtmi^  The  Italians  are  zealoqtjpfpfeifors  of' 
the  doBrine  of  the  church  of  Rqi^;^,  7^  Jpws  ai« 
here  tolerated  in  the^publick  axercife of  theirreligion.. 
11ie;ni|lvf s,  mthfr  m  xeVflfiife  m  the  FK^,4n»^y 
being  iilditurioiifly  kept  in  i^nQrance  of  the  proiellaQt 
doCirines,  entertain  moQ^ftrfniMtiiQtieiit  «^imI  the  diC> 
^tei &f r»m.  tho  ^i^v^Mimimhi  Th«  inauiilWo* 
here  is  little  more  than  a  founds  In  Njp^theie  ens 
wAtm^tfii  toy  j|^9pi ;  Jn  f^  $  Ar«hbi(h« 
ops,  arid  mWim99*    M^*f fear  i^s  iHene  ntn  in 


^  „  Roiit^ohee«i€f"<a[pi|^Qfthi  weiJd, 
is  nowktha  chief  city  in  Ifjilyi  |t  eo#ain^dr  iri  the 
year  1714,  :r43,o9p  inhaWtants,  and  if  fttuated  ^poa 
the  river  Tybcr.  It  was!  feufided  l^RomidiiS750' 
vesrs  before  ChnAi  and  wm  ffnbtoerly  thiee  tnaes  aa 
large  as  et  jre^t ;  arid  \^  now  dne  c^f  ihe  largeft  and 
haridli&tri«w  citJei:  in  Eiwopei 

i^ounUdti/,']  Mount  Vefuvius,  in  the  kiii|diei|i  Of 
Naples^  and  jpnayii^cily,  are  remailtiible  for their< 
fiNy  1|F^tioii|  whi^niiquently  bwjr  whole  iities[itt 

'^"'^*^  '  ,        Covermiient»J 


.i 


S  W  I  T^  fi  R  LAN  D. 


*7$ 


Odvmment^l  The  government  of  Vienice  it  irtftxh 
cratical,  under  a  chief  magtftr|»te  called  a  Doge,  wh0 
is  fatd  lobe  a  King  as  to  robes,  a  fenator  in  the  coun- 
gtt  houfe,  a  prifoncr  within  the  city,  and  a  private  dian 
out  of  it. 

lltere  are  many  diilerentfoveretgnties  in  Italy,  ft 
is  divided  into  little  repaUicks,  principalities  «nd 
dukedoms,  which,  in  fpiritual  raattrri,  are  fubu^  to 
the  P(^,  who*  like  the  ghoft  of  the  decealcd  Roman 
empire,  fits  crowned  upon  its  grave. 
..  liifioryA  The  era  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  bes 
gins  Aprtlsp,  753  years  before  th«*birth  of  Chriff. 
Authors  generally,  .aflign  the  honour  to  Riiiiurus  tlii 
firft  fling,  who  was  twt  ei^f^tdm  years  old.  He  w» 
a  wife,  courageoiis  and  politick  prince. 

St.  I^ter  is  {daced  at  Uie  head  of  the  Popes  pf  Bi(h- 
opf  of  Rome,  in  the  sgd  year  of  the  common  era. 
Theprefent  P(^  is  Pius  VI.  deded  Februaiy  i^, 
«77S- 


S  WIT  ZXREiTN  D.    . 

BN adth  too  }  *«««««»  1450  ud  4!*'  MorthXtUwde. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  Gehnany ;  ^f^by  TImT, 
Trent  and  Lake  Conftance  ;  SetiUi,  by  Italy  i 
Weft,Vfv«tKe.    ■  ,   \:    :■^Tv?-M•t.-:.-.,..--^.•7-• 

-  Ct<lK!r.}  BtftHi  on ^^  fiver  Aar,  is  die  m^ft  mm^ 
fiderable  city  in  Switserland.  Basii^'oi)  the  binlcs 
of  tiie  RhiM,  cootaint  aao  ftreetsi  and  i^ibilnt'it 
fKckobed  the  capttsil  ofaUSMtaerhmd.'  .  ^^  >    / 

Rioir$*'\  The  pir«()cipal  riven  «re  the  Rbin^  and 
Rhmte^JKiilf  ^f  wmch  rife  in  the  Alps^ 

iftrr  ^mm  ^^<'^'»0  '^h**  coqntry  is  fbH  of 
npunti^i^^m  the  topaof  lome  of  them  tbi  ftiow  «e« 
mattit  tile  yiariound  {  theairofcon(e<)ucneolsk9^ 
and  ih%  &ofts  fevere.  In  die  fummet-  the  ipe^ality 
oJTthe  fimiendein  th^  fame  pnmnce  vc|y  unc3<>*^  in 
iia|Mtfo9S»  On  one  fide  of  thUlioutit jM»  caued  the 
i^»^  tlie^^  iiihali^iftnu  are  often  r«»ping,whil^^i^ 

*   ^  (owmg 


## 


»w 


^WITZERI^AND. 


iowing  on  tl^e  other.  The  vallies,  however,  are 
warm,  fruitful  and  well  cultivated.  The  water  of 
Switzerland  t»  excelleivt,  defcending  from  tho  inoun- 
laina  in  beautiful  caurajStii  which  have  amoft  pleafiy 
and  delightful  effe£l.  It9  productions  are^  iheep,  <!||. 
^e,  wine,  flax,  wheat,  bailey,  applet,  peachei,  cher- 
ri|[$f,  chefnuls  and  olumba. 

fcpuittUoi  and  CharaHer^"]    For  the  number  of  «ii- 
habitantf ,  fee  table  of  Europe. 

The  Swifs  are  a  brave,  hardy^  induftrious  people, 
remarkable  for  their  fidelity  and  their  eealoua  attach- 
ment to  the  libiertiei  of  their  country.  A  general  fim- 
yu^ity  ^jkBiannen,  an,  open,  unftf{eaed  fraokaef^  to* 
gether  ^^  an  invincibte  fpirti  of  fi;efdom,  aro  the 
moft  diftinguifhinjf  chtraAeriftickaof  the  iohabitinlji 
pf  SwltaerUnd^  On  the  ficft  entrance  into  this  c^n. 
Uy^'  tra,vellers  cannot  but  obferve  the  air  of  contenit 
and  ijtfisfa^on*  wiucli  ap^ei^rs,  in  the  countenaiices 
of  tlie  inhabitants.  A  <^a{te  for  literature  is  prevalent 
9mon|  them,  from  the  higheft  to  the  loweft  rank.^ 
Thefeamthe  bappv  c^eoueocesiof  «  mil4  rttpubli* 
can  ge^el^hment.*  -  V     - 

JU^OH,']  The  eftabHihed  reKBioni  9.re  calvintfn 
and  popew  i  thourii,  in/feme  doarinal  poiiitak  ^they 
diiiep  muck  from  Calvin.  Their  fentiments  on^lig- 
jpm  tolcAMflw  aTOflBweh  le£i  liberal,  thia,  imov*  4m 
gpyevnmeniu 

Gopernntentq  Swltieriand  compffhcn^'t  liilrteefi 
wHiloM.  thfttii^  f««)a«^d»ffefQii*repwbUck^,aaunit* 
«gl4i^one;  confederacy,  f^r  their  mttfunl  pivfertati^iv 
ThAfQvemiiieiit  it  partly  ariftoeretieal,  and  paitk  der 
mocratical.  Every  canton  la  abfoUile  m  iti  owtf  jurK- 
lli^ieii.  But  whether  the  gcivefameajt  1>e  ariilo^t* 
ical,  democratieal  or  mixed,  a  general  %ki(  «f  Itherty 
pervadet  and  a£biatet  the  f'sveial  cen%iMiii.  The 
real  inictrefts  «f  ihepreple  ap|>.*ar  to  iplipiM  t9> 
1^  ^b^y  eiti#  a  dBgiee  of  happi«4ffi»  ool iibi|e«pilk* 
ed  in  ddjpoi^  fovemmevti, 

^i^J  The  old  inhabiiaoteof  thia  country  il«re 
emn  Hthfm ;  Oi^ere  deftiated  by  JiiUua  Caifafi 
$7  ycain  befoxe  Qjhni^JMKl^  m^m^m»ilfli^sSH 


TURKEY. 


*75 


jeft  to  tlw  Romans,  ttU^  was  conquered  by  the  Alc- 
itians,  German  emiffinnts,  A.O^  9^5  ;  who  were  ex« 
pdled  by  Clovts,  King  of  France,  m  496.  It  under- 
went another  revohition  in  869,  being  made  part  of 
tm  kiiKEdom  of  Borstindy.  In  io3t,  it  Wfs  given, 
by  the  mh  King  of  Bufgumiy,  to  Conrad  11.  Emp««  ^ 
tor  of  Germany ;  from  which  time  it  was  heM  as  part  ^ 
of  the  empire,  titl  the  )  ear  1307,  when  a  very  finger 
Tar  revolt  delivered  the  Swifs  cantons  from  the  Ger* 
man  yoke.  Grifler,  Govemour  of  thefe  provincei 
fbr  mt  Emperour  Albert,  having  ordered  <Mic  WiH» 
iam  Tell,  an  tUoftrious  Swifs  patriot,  under  paiq  c^ 
death,  to  ihoot  av. an  appte,  olaced  on  the  hMjdof  otie 
of  his  children^  ht  had  the  dejeteritv,  thou^fWdift^ 
ance  was  very  cotilideraUc,  to  ftvikeit  off  without 
hitting  the  child.  The  tyrant,  perceiving  that  he  had 
another  arrow  under  hisdoakt  aiked  him  for  what 
purpofe  he  intended  it  ?  he  boldly  replied,  **  To  have 
ihot  you  to  the  heart,  if  1  'd  had  the  misfortmie  t»  kill 
my  (on.'*  The  entaged  Govemour  oitlertd  him  to  bta 
hanged,  but  his  fellow  cificens,  atihhated  by  his  fbrti^ 
tude  and  Mtridtifm,  flew  to  arms,  attacked  and  van* 
^oiflred  Grifler,  who  was  !0iot  dead  by  Tell,  and  the 
indapendencjr  of  the  feveral  itates  of  this  country,  now 
called  the  Thirteen  Cantons,  unxler  a  republican  fonm 
of  flovemraent,  todk  place  iitimediatefy ;  which  wat 
maob  perpetual  by  a  lea|rae  among  tfienifelv^  in  the 
year  131^-$  i^nd  confirmed  by  treaty  with  tbb  othitt' 
]^ower8tyf  £arO|:^  ^^49*  ^SeVetr  of  thefe  cant0ita«rR 
Roman  Cathdicks,  and  fhc  Proteftants. 


atfei 


T  IT  11  K  E  Y,  in  Europe. 


I    1 1        11  li  .>iWW>i*l 


Mi 


%J1Sa  ^j '»•"»«'» 


BObfldEP  Kofth,  hjr  Raffia,  Pbiand  and  Sclavs. 
nia  V  Eaft;  by  Cirdiffiti»  fte  Bl3it:k  fea,  the  Fhu 
^ntis,  Hi^fleipont  and  Atdiiftdago ;  SiMt,  by^the 
|(edlterraman  fea ;  Weft,  by  thitf  fiun^rfta,  and  the 
Venetiaaa  «iid  Ait£riaa  temtoiiei* 


t76 


T     U     R      K      B     Y. 


Soiif  Air  'and  PvoduQions,'^    Nar 
pi  her  blcfliugs  upon  the  ihhabii 


Narure  ha*  been  lavifli 
iianu  of  Turkey  in 
Ihele,  particuJari. '  The  foil,  though  untmprovect 
through  the  indolence  of  the  Turki,  it  luxuriant  hi- 
yond  deficrijption.  The  air  it  falubriout  and  friendHjjj^ 
|o  the  imaytnationi  unleft  corrupted  hy  the  neighbour* 
ing  couotnett  Of  through  the  unclcafihnefs  ofitt  inhab- 
itanlt.  The  liealiDns  here  are  regular  and  .pkaljupt»  and 
have  been  celebrated  from  the  remoicii  timet  of  an- 
tiquity. The  Turkt  are  invited  to  frequent  batbingi, 
by  the  purity  and  wholefoneneit  of  the  water,  in  ev- 
ery part  of  their  dominioot.  Raw  filk,  cotton,  oil, 
leather,  tfijbacco,  uke  foap,  Jioney,  wax,  manna,  and 
yar tout iNiiti  and  drugt,  arc  liere  produced  in  plenty. 

Chief  Cities,']  9^m«taiitino^jlx,  the  capital  of 
thit  empire,  ftandt  on  the  weft  lidle  of  the  Boiphorui, 
iiiUhe  ptovince  of  Romania,  watiebuilt  by  tnip  £m- 
perour  Conftantine  in  the  fourth  century,  who  trani- 
icrred  hither  the  feat  of  the  Roman  government ;  up- 
on his  death  it  obtained  thetiame  of  Condantlnopfe. 
It  it  of  a  triangular  ihsi^pe,  waihed  by  the  fea  cm, two 
fidet,  and  rifing  gradually  from  theihbre,  in  the  foini 
of  an  amphitheater.  Xhe^iew  of  it  from  the  harbour 
St  confeiledl^  the  jfincft  in  the  world.  The  city  is 
forrounded  by  .a  wall  about  twelve  milet  in  circum- 
]fetence,Jmd  the  fuburbt  ajte  very  extenfive.  I^  con- 
taint  4,000,000  fotiU,  of  which  200,000  arc  Greckj^ 
40,000  Anneniant,  and  6o»ooo  Jewt.  . 
^  ^dipon*'\  The  ejllabliihed  reliuon  in  thit  empire 
It  the  MahooMtan,  of  the  Te^  the  Sunnitca.  All  oth- 
er religions  are  tolerated  on  paying  a  certain  capita- 
60CU  A  Among  theChriftians  r^sditu;  inTjurkeyfttnole 
of  the  orthodox  Gred  t  arctheMnoft  4ium<(a-oiit,  and 
theyenj<^,  among  other  fMiiFiI%et,  that  of  being  ad- 
vanced to  digniMet  ?nd  poiU  of  truft  and  pro^t.  The 
Turk.i(h  iqlergy  are  pumerom,  being  compw't^  of  all 
,^f  jear n(p(|  ia  theempi^  and  a^e  the  v^y  teachers  of 
the  law,  apjd  mi^  be  (potii(i4te(i  19  aU  im,pipilaat  cafet. 

CewmmenL'].  The  Ti^ikifh  £mperciui|^  who  it 
.ufually.  cali^  the  Gr^d  Seigniot,  hai  atji,  itfilimited 
j^wer  over  the  livet  and  (^itunet  of  Jiitiuljie^.  But 

*  ihii 


r- 


nlayilh 

proved 
lant  b^ 
friendf 
ighbour- 
rt  inhab- 
fiupt»and 
sft  of  an- 
MUbingi, 
fi  inev« 
ton,  oiI« 
nna,  and 
I  plenty, 
apital  of 
>lphorui« 
U!ip£in- 
^o  trans- 
tent  ;  up- 
mtlnopfci  '• 
acm.two 
the  forai 
5  harbour 
le  city  is 
I  circum- 
I(  con- 
e  Greekj^ 

lis  empire 
AUothp 
in  capita- 
keyitnole 
tons,  and 
being  ad- 
e»$t«  The 
Xt^ofall 
sachersof 
timt  caret. 
c  yih&  is 
Ufilimited 
bas.  five 
Ihij 


n  u  n  G  A  16  T,        mt^ 

cbitBy-twwAidi  his.nHrafterB;Bad  oIL 


4Mcra>QfAiM.  Their  tows  In  MMral  am  equitaUfb4l 
duly  f!3(teuied,  but  juiUce  it -iiequeatljf^  hoiight  liidk 
Xttdb 

^  Jhfttm\  The  g^Hiwffi  Mi|pii:i^  •r  fetewigly  df" 
the  TitiMk)enpii%.  i»— t^wMidt  QtitSMmv^s 
b^Oikrmmh  upon  Uwrtait&diAiviMi^df  tlwen- 
pifo  •(  ih#  ■>tewi'  CjPitlw  in  thoyear  4909y  wib»  wM) 
InocflBded  bfn  vmm  i^jit^mott  wwriilwPraicet  tktt 
.aco  ffMonbd  itkhiaoty^  IJIm  TttrtBtOi  throiio  it  h«* 
vodiUfy  im  tk»<family  of OTmhi*  The-pMCmt  Ooo^ 
man)  ^rliuriuft  fimpattwi,  ia  Aan  a&KMiPT  or  Ao  ■« 
ilia's  ill*  who^kad  taaa  t«  oonfinaoMnt^aiity  faur 
yeart.    He  Aicceedcd  hit  bsother  MniUpflilU*  Ja»>  < 

;   Jtl    i;    R    O    A    H     y^ 


'  '     ■    i^aaia* 

IMUmXMU)  NodH,  hy  FoUmd ;  M9>S^hfTm^ 
13  vaaiaaiKLWaladiia.}  $aiiihf,by(^ci4vsoiil#{  >Wa£W 
l^  Awftiia;  aod.Moimiiia*  Divided'  into  4/j||ter  Mv9h^ 
gm^i  QorilMi^tliatOairtAifr  t  UMi^Zmifr  J^baj^to^iisNick 
«f  thaPaiiidm 

iuu]  SaatiMt'ar^sopm 
4M/ 4iiii  I^MiiM^  Tha^  aw^ia  file  fouthem 
pat«|4»fi Uii>gwy#? «ef)i  unheiiU;^  enrfaistot  iag>n 
<«at«d  uMieia  a»:  Iritcajaad  Wiiilhat*  Thesiif  in^tha 
•naHlttti  piina^  iifiaaiu.  fame  and  Meaidiy^  HhmkSi 
'mr^ammfHUfB  ia:«ai?  fmi|ei4»d'  p#BdiMpft  ahapft  «y* 
r4(iBi'iif  Mtii  '  ^fkm  Kiareia  fine^i^  ol  Menfo 


raaMeh  eaieinedtw  sHUtaaiy  dIBaavfc- 
JUfifiiMN}  Tha«fi«Mi<lMd  vaUgi^  iirif Ungwy  i( 
•^iUaiiA;€«t|ii!liali»  aiaiaghiChe#reaiar'M^^  dNe 
lahri<at»i<aaia  ftqte^MaoMiiielii  t^^^  tiiey  twm 
'ait#»yi4i«4btt  ejfciatie  idtf-ihair  i«l%iou>lit»^ 

^MffMMtMtfif   %,tha^<baaiinttoiiofHMP|anrt  lh« 
<4i«i#ttlil^fileld  to  be  ekaive^    This  point  m  not 
i^*i?  •       %     ^  *di5>ute4. 


*■  #? 


siJMl 


HUN    G    A    R    Y. 


<^rpultd.  AU  that  it  infifted  on  U,  that  the  heir  of 
the  houfe  of  Aiiftria  (hall  br  eleCted  at  ofteo  at  a  va- 
caiMiy  happens.' 

The  rnalia  of  Hungaty,  eoAflfting  of  the  crown  and 
((tepler  of  3t.  Stephen,  tne  firft  Kihg,  art  depofitcd  in 
Frelbuf^.  Thefe  are  carefully  fecum  by  feven  locks, 
thekeysof  which  aie  kept  b^  the  fimie  number  «f 
Nwngarian  noblemen.  No  pnnee  is  held  by  the  pop- 
ulace as  lecally  their  fpveicign,  till  he  be  crowned 
with  the  diadem  of  King  Stephen }  and  they  have  a 
notion  that  the  fate  of  their  nation  depends  upon  this 
crown's  remaining  in  their  poOeflton  i  it  baa  therefore 
been  alwawsremoved  in  times  of  danger,  to  places  of 
the  areateinaleiy. 

CnU/Towns,']  PiutiBuao,  in  Upper  Hungary,  is 
the  capital  of  the  whole  kingdom.  It  is  well  built  on 
the  Danube,  and,  like  Vienna,  has  (uburlps  more  mag- 
jnific^t  than  itfelf.  In  this  city  the  ftates  of  Hilo'gary 
hold  their  aflfemblies,  and  iA  the  cathedral  church  the 
fOiVereign  is  crowned. 

.  mjl^tl  This  kinadom  is  the'  ancient  Pannonia. 
Julius  (Viar  was  the  hrft  Roman  that  attacked  Hun- 
gary, «nd  Tiberius  fubdued  it.  The  GotKs  aftei  wards 
lOCMt  it  f  and  in  the  year  376,  k  became  a  prey  to  the- 
Htins  and  Uofnbards.  It- was  annexed  to  the  empire 
dfCeMiuiny -under  Cbai;leaBange,-ln|tbeceme  aninde-, 
pend^n^kingdoin  \n  920.  It  was  the  feat  of  bloody 
wars  between  the  Tu^ks  and  \9erfnins,, from  i5i|0,to 
*189r  ^hen,,by  the^featy  offielgnKie,  it  was  ceded  10 
the  ntter,  and  is  now  annexed  to  the  Ceirman  cihpire. 
Formerly  it  was  an  aifemblage  ol'  djlferent  ftates,  and 
^teohes  was  the  firft  who  aflumed^the  title  of  fting,' 
hi  Qte  year  907*  He  was  diftinguiflicd  witlji  the  ap- 
peUatiofi-pf  &%imt,  becliiCie  he  firft  introduce  chrilU 
lanity  into  this  country ^^  Thie  prefent  lovereign  ""is 
JMas  iaTiie  a  KiA,  whofucceedea  her  fatherCHAa  t  st 
VI.  Fdbruaryi  a«  1736^.  She  piairied  Francis  Stephen, 
firand  Duke  of  Loraine,  cbofen  Emperour  Septem- 
ber 1745 ;  who  died  in  Aueuft,  17051  by  wbotai  Iho 
4h4  the  prcieiit  £lnpe^^^r  Jofeph  II. 

'''-      r^  '        ^         CERMANt, 


><i  '.* 


G    E   R    NT  A   N   y. 


•79 


.    LMi|th  Tool  !,.>*..  r4j«4'M4u«4o'N9ftliL«itt«4««' 
firMiih  s*o  J  *******  ls«  and  lyV^ES  Lm|{i«4«. 

BOUNDED  North,  by  the  German  oceuii  Den* 
mark,  and  the  fialtiek ;  Eaft,  by  Poland  and  Hun- 
gaiy ;  South,  by  Switaerland  and  tnc  Alpa,  which  di- 
vide it  from  Italy ;  Weft,  by  the  domihioni  of  Fmnee 
and  the  Low  Coutitrtet*  from  which  it  is  ieiwraGod  by* 
iihe  RftWe,  Mdrelle,  ind  Che  Meafe^ 

DiviJiMs,^    The  German  em^liv  ir  ^vided  inl» 
'illtn  circles,  via. 

"'  Cktbu 
Vfiu  SasoBfi 
LMNrJasoBf^ 


lUM 


Pefi$f0tiui, 

a,iflO|^iOO 
aijoo»99o 

l(OO0^CO9 


Grtftt' 

Pftktkn* 

Burtwif 

m^W^^0^^K^M 

FriiM»BU>  ' 

i«Mo,mo 

$waUa 
Bavaria     , 

\^ 

Attftria 

^xU^to 

timt  UhlAf  '  i,ioeioo0 

I    Beridcf  thcie  ten  circles  there  belong  aUb  to  thi 

Omnan  emj^r^y 

f   Th«kta|4omortt«l)caiIa.il«14«4lBlei«4licl«a«   a,aM,OQo 

,    TM  Mimulfal*  of  Mtravia,  ia  J  clfdca,  1,137,000 

Tk«  Mii^iiiAM  of  IhiibtU^  (b«l^|i«|  CO  dtf  ) 

Bicftor  of  Sasooy)  j 

.  SUoio,  (Wk>»gfi^  » tha  RoeiaB  tn^Ka) 

-  Produ^iims  tu^'Cmmerce,'}  Frdm  the  advanta|raiie 
fitdHictn  ind  thiB  jpreat  otteot  of  OenDany^,'fiOBi  tlui 
yarioda'iMPeaniAcib  m  die  toA^  the  number  of  its  motilt- 
talns,  forefts  aiidJii^  riv^r^  we  fhould  be  led  to^»> 
pe£ti  Vhat^we  a£hiwuy.^d,  a  great  variety  and  pl^ty 
of  tiytdfibdii^bfif.  Thi  nortliem,  and  chiefly^tbo 
fiorlheaftecn'pii^s^  fnmilh  dlan^'  foite  of  peltry,  l^a 
(kini^ktxeL\k9ni  woti^^  iqnirrels,  lynxe^  w%l 
oats,  bb#ct,  Jke.  .The  ibuthftm  pam  produce  iexc^- 
lent  wines  and. f mitt  i  and  the  iftiddle  provEneepgniM 
plenty  of  corn,  etitde  and  minerals.  Salt  is  found  in 
^eirmanjr  ici  ({reater  abimdimce  and  purity  than  in 
jnoft  odiefi  countries. 

.    GooenmaitJ  « The  German  ^pbre,-  which  till  tffe 
year.849,fir9a^^conneAe(|with  France,,  now  forms  a 
^  ftate 


G    E    It    M    A    K    Y. 

%Ute  by-iHelfy  t>r  may  be  confidered  as  tt  couAitoMttt 
•f  upwarils  of  900  foverei^ntiesytndependetat  of  cacb 
other,  but  compofing  one  political  body  under  an  eieii- 
ive  head,  called  the  £inperour  of  Germany,  or  the 
RomsRi  Emperoqr*  All  other  feveieigns  allow  him 
the  fir'fl  rank  among  the  £uropean  monarchs.  Eight 
Frtfices  of  dfe  empire}  caDiod  Elcdors,  have  the  lisht 
•f  ek£Ung  the  Bmperour.^  The  electors  we  divided 
into  eccfejiaftical  and  tsmponil. 

The  King  or  lEIcftor  offio-^ 

S^  TkcSk^oFOfnAiPaVMbM'   ^ 

TbeAcohbiAMpefMcBtt,;}  r  pf3av»rM,                    .    g 

Ttie-ArchhlAiopof  Tre«ci»^5^  Th<i-£]eaoYor5n<my»      >-i 

TlHArcltWfliopo/ColotB*.)  S  Tto  Ilcftor  of  Jmsiai-r  % 

S  bun,                             .    r 

^  ThefleaorofBiaiiffdcfc, 

M  tHMover.)                     J 

ReUgion,']  Sinee  the  year  ^£5^^  the  RoUMn  CmIh 
oUok,  the  Lutheran,  and  the  Gj^'inift,  generally  caUed 
the  Rfjfbrmed  Religion,  have  been  the  eftaMimed  m- 
iigionsofflQeriBaav.  The  ficft  prevails  in  theioutb 
of  Germany,  the  Lutheran  in  the  noBt]lii»iaDd  tlM»R#- 
fbmed  near  the  Rhine. 

€afiuf^2  Vi-BwNAi-onthe  Baonoeg  is  tfie -capital 
•T Aiiftru ,  aadof the  wrhole  Gerisaa .empire ;  v^d i» 
]d)e  refidence  of  tht  Emperour* 

me  umakmtaaS  v&hi^covtnmimi  amreadoaa  marts 
••uiiaienceadbn«iviadhBr£wopBaBinalMn^  l^etf 
jpve  itfac  ibosKNir  or  ittiMating  the  Aot  «f  FnaliB^ 
dbottt titt  year  i^go.  ■■■       ■  i, 

H^orvr  ^0  GhaiienuiBge*  «r  diaries  the  <Grea^ 
JCingtof  ^i»nce»  was  tJie  Caisndertof  ithe  Gttewuasntxa^ 
oirei  in  600,  JoTeph  II.  the  pcdintt  £n>pBMiur^<w«* 
Boro  March  i^,  4741,  andcvowned  XangM 'd«cRjoiii*> 
ana,  1 764.  la 4 765,  he  waaetcdod £ii^eBOMv upoa 
ihe  deatih  of  his  father  Franeis  K 

The  dSenaaa  empire,  when  confidered  as  jone^&ig^ 
pOMWT'Or  fiatc^  wtlh  the  Emperour  at  its  bsadi  isof  b9 
great  political  confequence  in  Eunope^  iKcauftv  ^'om 
the  inequality  and  weak -connexion  o!!  ila  parts,  and 
the  difierent  nature  of  their  government,  ficom  &a  i 

fignificancy 


mk  tfETHCRXitNOS.  ^g 

figftti«attcy  of  its  ill  compofed  anny,^  tnd  abdv«  allT 
from  the  dfifiesant  view*  md  tmtroai  of  iti  atit  Aeiri^  it 
it  ni^t«o impoffible  its  iQtmA^vAdhtxmHoi,  com**^ 
pMftUnd 


^^1  »  ii     «»ii>ntii 


.^M- 


■§'  tv 


>i<h«>ad4MlBi*«aiaMa«<UlAdM 


fin    Ml    a  II-. 


Limburg,  belonging  to  the  Dutch  and  Aaftrians^ < 
Luxemburg,  Auftrifli  and  Frenchu,-^ 


ITHK  N£TH£RLANDSv  6ft  FLAK^^ 

DERS.. 

mlict. 
Length    axo  |  |^»„„„  1 49*  Hud  Ji*  Worth  LfCifMdk. 
BreaMaooi '**•'**"  I  »«>«nd   70  E«ft  Longitwle.       . 

BOITM  D^t)  l^drth,  ^iloUaid ;  fiaft,  by  Cer-. « 
many  ;  South  ali<ilWftft»  bf:  Brance  and  th« 

Enriiflitfea, 

Di9ifioru»2    Tklmomitty  is  divided  int«  Mn  proy*  - 
inces^viftiv 

«f»barfc,  l«(Jh|thjit»t1ie  t»tA  Md  A^Wairt,  {Jjjg^^  | 

Llabttif^ 
burg,  Auttnfli  aa4frenciw-^  Lttxemban*  . 

Namar,  mrddle  parts  belohgi)!^  to l^ifMirj.  VTiiiiiiii'. 

Hainiitfit'AnftrMMi  aadF»Wcl^  ,  M«mi 

Cambiefiiyfubjeft  to  Fraaoci-  CiimWifk 

A|toU»  fttbjkd  to  FranceyLT  ^^  Arts*. 

rian^fffi^l      anlPreochi  f  t  OMMidl 

InkabiUuOftmd  ReUj^wH,]^    the  Netherl<li<hi'«M  iiiw 
habited  fay  about  1^500,000  Ibirff.    The  Romsrn  Cat^  • 
eUtk  St  mt  eftabliftfed  religion^  bu^  PtoCeftuut  And 
Jewt  are  not  molefted^'. 

>JtfwijMii'«r.l !  Their  pranctpa^  ttunaftftoMs  ire»  . 
fine  iawm,  camorickt,  lace  and  tapeftry,  with  Wbi^h 
tliev  ean^  im  « t<^i^*dv4iitagb<M»  ttvl&eky  ef^ttlly 
wita  ^Bna^kadt^Mtm^whMmtfy  itlteompuied^  tHey'i^ 
eeiveaibahnce of  half  a  miitiMtanmially  llhr fii^  6i  t 

viCJ^f  TttMi^^  BaOMt^tir  the  chief  tMtrfiHof  Bm>' 
bom  ftndthflf«ipitai<  of  Flanders.^  Heh^  the  beft  tami 
bldtaaie  mallet  '^  mtoft  of  the  fine  iiocs^  wbitdkaii^ 
i|«ii»iii«vi8iyrpiirtof  tlMiA^odd«A  <  '^^ 


,/tiis;. 


ia. 


J5^*«7-]  * 


^ii  HO    L    L    AND. 

\  NiJMy,']  Flanders,  originally  the  «:ountry  oF^the 
■mcient  Bdgae,  was  conquered  by  JuKus  Caelar,  forty 
feven  jreats  before  Chrift  ;  |>aflcd  into  the  hands  oF 
Frante  A,D,  41a  ;  and  was  governed  by  its  Eorlsy 
fuibjeft  $0  that  crown,  from  864  to  1369.  By  mar- 
riage it  then  came  into  the  houle  of  Auftria ;  but  was 
yieued  to  Spain  aki  1556*  Shook  off  the  Spfanifll 
yoke  1572,  and  in  the  year  2735,  by  the  treaty  of  Vi» 
en'na,  was  annexed  to  the  German  empire. 

■  I  -I  I    ^   .1         I  ri    .1  I       »      III  I  ■  )      .    — 

HOLI^AND,  OR  THE  UNITED 


;;t;»r 


PROVINCES. 


,  «•,' 


Length  180/ 

m5 


t^miWiln,. 


Breadth  ] 


between 


BOlJ>^0£Pv£:#ft„  by  Germany  ;  South,  Ity  this 
r  Auftrian  and  French  Nethenands;  Weft  and 
North  by  the  German  ocean*.  Containing  i43tQwns^ 
1400  villages.,  1*  ' 

';  Divided  into  feven  provinces  r-      • 

PromiiKtu  Chu/TstiMU*.  '    JiiitA. 

delitTp. ,  Nimwegiten,  ia,oca 

HolUnd^  Air.fterdanBy.  2JZ,cco 

Ut«eche,.      *     .       '    Wttetht,  .      jo,oco 

Zcclead,.  Middieborg,!^  t4kOco 

,    K(ieA»D4»  I»euwMden.; 

P^ttyffelt  Desenter. 

•     Oroeaigfcii,  Groei»?»t».  • 

'  Country  of  Qitnthe,  under  the  proteftion  of  4he 
United  Provinces.  i- 

^y-Lmda-of  the  Generality,  commonly  mlled  Dutch 
jfinibant.. 

"i  ^  IFeoOA  aml€MimeK&,'j  The  feven  UniDed  Provioee* 
'ilf&rda  ftriking  pr<H>ff  that  unwenMcd.an^Berfever^ 
thg.  tnduiftr y  is  capable  of  conquering  «\'cry  >di  fadvant 
tage  of  climltte  and  fiti^on.  The  air  and  water  «re 
h»dy  the  foil  naturatli^mxinces  fcaroely  any  thing 
btit  turf ;  and  the  poifepion  of  ihia  ioi),.  pooi;«8  it  is^ 
is  dH^uted  by  the  ocean,  which,  rtfing  conitderably 
above  the  level  of  thmland|  can  only  W^fiisvttntedliy 


■'u-V^'^ 


s^ 


ib'^ng, 


VA 


H    O    L  X    A    R    K 


f»» 


ftroaiMid expcnAve dy kes*  fron oveiflowing i fyo^ 
which  feenuto  be  RjoUn  from  ii»  naUirali  4oiiuiim« 
Hotwithftanding  thefe  dtffic«4des,  which  might  bem 
iafiinnounuble  to  a  leHt  ioduiUioui  people,  the  per{e» 
ycringlabounof  the  patient  Dutchmen  have  rendered 
this  (mall,  and  feemingly  infigniMcantterritory»  one  of 
iht  richeft  (pots  in  ^rope,  MMh  withra^eft  tomspu- 
lation  and  propaty.  In  other  oountries,  whien  are 
poiTefled  of  a  variety  of  natural  prodi^iom,  we  are 
not  furprifed  to  find  manufiiftures  employed  in  mul* 
tiplying  the  riches  which  the  bounty  of  the  foil  be- 
ftows;  bill  tO' fee,  in  a  coii^ntry  like  Holland,  large 
woolen  manufkAures,  where  there  are  (carcely  any 
flocks  ;  numberlefs  alttfts  employed  in  metals>  where 
there  is  no  mine ;  thJcni£u¥lft4>f  law  mills,  where  there 
is  fcarcely  any  foreft ;  an  immenfe  quantity  of  com 
exported  f|om  a  country  where  there  is  not  agricul- 
ture enough  to  Aipport  one  half  of  its  inhabitants,  mufl 
ftrikt  every  db(erV«r  with^^  admiration*  Among  the 
moft  valuable  pradu^lfions  of  ihis  country  rnvr  be 
reckoned  theii^  exceUent  cattle;    They  export  large 

Quantities  of  madder,  a  vegetable  much  ui'ed  in  dyingi 
'heir  fiiheries  yltld*  clear' profit  of  many  millions  of 
florins.  The  trade  of  HoUand  extends  to  almoft  ev<i 
ery  part  of  the  work}^  tqt  the  exchifiooy  ■  iii  fomo 
branches,  of  all  thet^  European  corapetitovsk 

CapUaLl    AiisTvaDAsi^  which  is  bwlt  on  piles  of 

wood,  and  is  one  of  the  moftcommevcnV  cities  in  tho 

world.     It  has  more  than  one  half  the  tr%de  of  Ho)- 

kod;  andy^  in  thia»celebmted  Center  of  an  immenfd 

commerce,  a  bank  is  eftabliflied  of  that  fpecies,  called 

a  Giro>Binky  of  vtty  great  wealth  and  greater  creditt 

•    Gavemmentiy   Sivce  the  great  confederation  of  U- 

•.trecht,  made  in  tiie  year  i$79»  the  (even  United  Proy* 

inces  mtii^  be  looked  upon  as  one  pc^tical  body,.unit- 

ed  for  the  prefieivalion  of  the  whole,  ot  which  each 

fmgk  province  is  govemod  by  its.  own  laws>  and  ex- 

ereifes  moft  of  the  ri^^it9M0f£;aioy eseign  ftate*    I  n  con- 

fcquei^ce  of  the  unim,  the  ievcn  provinces  guarantee 

tS«ach  other's  rights,  diey  make  war  and  peace,  they 

vkvy  tAxes,  &c.  in  their  joint  capacity ;  but  a»  to  in- 

A„.  .  ternal 


«i4 


R    O    L    L    A    N    O. 


tfa»  otur  ^rovincety  and  of  tbe  Aipteae  power  of  tfa» 
iepiibltdc»  The  {ii»vtikcfli  T»nk  m  the  mtiet  Ikw »m 
mentioned.  Tlwy  fenddiBputiea,  dboAn  out  or  li« 
ptDviactallbtfli,  to  thcl^caictal  flfieknbly,  odkd dm 
QkdttiGmumli  whidi.  it  tnvcftcd  wii&  tbe  <u|»mo  k* 
gUbfeilvc  yamtK  of  the  coofJederHtioii.  Sethjpeovitnoif 
may  fenaM  jnaity  memlkn  as  it  plea&s^  inatJt  has  on* 
iytsne  voice  in  ^  elTeably  of  the  ftates*^  AcoMrdiog 
to  thc'iateft  legidationSf  thiu  afibnably  m  eompofcd  of 
56  defMitics.  M  ifae  liead  of  thin  n^obliaiil  govern* 
ment,  is  ibe  PtincoStadthoidec^  or  UovtMour*  wfad 
eisercifet «  vciy  coeiderdbic  part  of  tfao  sxeddive 
power  of  tiiefiate. 

Mdinm*']  The  CalvintEft  or  Refomaed  religion  i^ 
cft«birfliedmHoIkh<r;  but  ^itJvsrs  are  tolerated. 

NWe  but  Calvxniftc  catt  hold  any  empiovmeitt  of 
tmft  or  profile  12be  cfaanckaa  governed  oy.  nv&yto* 
riea  and  Synodck  Of  tbe  latter  the»e  are:  fikio  for 
fiogk  prpviaeety  and  one  aiattooai  iSynod,  fabje^ 
however,  to  the  control  or  the  StaOee  Gcaieral.  Th« 
French  and  Wattooa  CalviniAi  have.S^nods  of  their 
own.  In  tbe  fevcnpvoviiicorard  1^79  niniflers  of 
the  isftafaUihed  chiircb,M^of  tbeWalloan  churchy 
800  Roman  Catholkb,  53'  La^M^ni  43  Ahtvinian, 
and  312  Baatift  minifta^  In  the  Eift  Indies  there 
aiie  ^,  andlniho  Weft  Indiat9  ann^erl  of  the  e& 
taUiAed  cbUfdir 

Bijlan^  Tbcfis  provinces  wetoofiglnally  an AffisflK^ 
blage  drfevcr^  Lordibij^cte^ADdanf  upondi*  Kinft- 
of  Spam ;  from  who^  yoke  they  withdrew  them* 
felvea  during  the  ssigo  of  Pbilip  II.  ifr'tbe^yoar  15  tp^ 
imder  dieisondu&  oftha  PriiioeofOnmM,  and  fevm- 
<d  the  vepubltck  dqw  caUed  tfaefetreh  United  PmUM 
incas,  or  Holkuid^  that  heia^i  tm  mofb  uemaFkaUa 
pwvince.  The  ofiooof Staddiobier,'  e«  Ciip»in<Mei>« 
cral  of  the  United  I^ovincea^  waa  mada  hereditary  in 
the  Poiicoof  Chranga'afcifeilyf  BOtcM^ting  iamatea^ 


■  1    i  •■ 


*i  ,  r-:,)  . 


.i.vJ>.^*.4fc4^'^4*' 


POLAN0 


P 


iSS 


t\«<,    n  iif  iiiiiin>i.nii   *mmm^ 


etsastt: 


notLiyuiL  ANi»  urmjAtiiA. 


:*U 


BfcAdth 


US] 


Itetwew 


5  *^**  «Ba  3i«*i«ii  i*!ig*tttie» 


BElOllE  dw  cietfaordinairy  pMptittdn  «filhis«iuiH 
try  bv  t)i«  King  of  Praffit,  aided  -by  itter  Wmpt" 
rear  and  £mpre&  Quoen,  »id  li»  Empms-tX  Riifite, 
^bidi -event  nappeiwd  linee  theTcnr  1771  >  the  king- 
•dom  «lf  PoUnd*  with  the  dulchy4»f  Lith«niis.«nfwxed» . 
wsboQndod  North*  by  Livonift,  Miifeovy  «nd  ibe  ' 
Bakidci  £aft,  by  MiJtovy  {  <SefMiCh|  by  tkmguf, 
Turkey  and  Little  T^as«■ry  j  l^ft,  %  G«nMny. 
Conlaininf  iy|o4owns. 

In  Eotcnd,  »e  vitt^gn  as77,«cOBVent«  of«tisitJ5» 
cnMemen^  elUtei  ^s^ogfa,  rnhb^  9^  xonvtoM  )o( 
monks  579,  limifet  an  ^enoial  a^7j|,9it,  ^padJatfn 
a,s4^ooq,  Jewi  500,oo(W 


,J  JFbe  kiapdom  of  Bpland  oontaim  «05 
town Y  and  u  divided  in|q^  ,^.  Great  PcUn<i»^wbicn 
MTuWyid^^  woidMrodJ%i. 

a.  Little.  P«lan4  ttiree  W(M<^iVAa^ipu  ^  F(da^i4* 
jtbr^^piioti^a.    4[«j:^iqb  »^^  oT  ftta 

Kttfl&a.  R»  PiodoIiaL  and BratkaV*  ^•^pwr,.  ^  7^  V^lt> 
hyjm,  ^  C  The  «r»t  4u|9by  pf  X*itbv?^9i4»  ¥rbi<ii  jp^ 
chides  \<l^tf^  Ru0u^  |pi|<^klliiir^  aii4tb# 

•dujtchy  o]t  t$z|ttuiite. 


:  *:-  timns^ 


■d 


mfk  fliates  in  &itwpa,<o«riiig  to  ^  opfreffion  of  «be 
trades  petole-in  thetMvm,  aad  ikelkMeryoF  limfmAM 
Mtryn  l»;the1kill«f  tii»iiativeii»afaGultefebiaRB 
aayfiopofiion  to  iii»fbi<iatiy^df  ikv£Dil»£(daiMl  «Mtt 
be  one  of  tne  richeft  coontncaia-lisB  wmU ;  ibrtwa^ 
a  huge  part  of  it  Ues  uncultivated,  it  exports  aaincon* 
fidenible  quantity  of  corn.  Want  of  induftiy  and  of 
freedom,  are  the  chief  reafons  that  the  balance  Of  trade 
is  fo  much  a|ainft  Poland,    The  exports  are  coiar» 

bempt 


h 


% 


186       POLAND  AND  LITHUANIA. 

hemp)  flax,  horfes^  cattle,  (about  i4)0,ocx>  axon  every 
year]  peUry,  timber,  me|al«,  mamia,  wax,  honey,  &c. 
the  value  of  them  in  tihe  year  i777»  amounted  to  near- 
ly 30  millioni  of  dc^rs.  The  importi,  confiftiiig 
chiefly  in  wine,  clath*  Hlk,  hard  ware,  gold,  filvfr, 
£a((  and  Weft  Indiagoods,  were  fuppofed  to  amount 
to  no  left  than  47  millioni  of  dollars* 

Ccvintmfnti^J  Since  the  late  revoltition,^  Hie  goV" 
■  cmrafent  !of  Poland  is  ariftocratical.  Its  nominal  head 
is  an  eleficive  King,  fo  limited,  that  in  publick  a^  he 
is  often  called  only  the  firft  order  of  the  republirk. 
On  being  ele&ed  he  is  obti^ed  immediately  to  fign  the 
J*a^  ConvetUa  of  Poland*  The  fovereign  power  is 
.veftedin  the  hands  of  the  thi:eA  orders  of  tlie  ftatci  the 
King,  the fenateand  dtenobiiilyi 

^R£H^n,J  The  eftabli/hed  religion  is  the  Roman. 
.GitholiclU  PrOteftants,  to  whqm  the  name  of  dtffi- 
(tents  is  lipw  confiiyed,  are  tolerated.  The  power  of 
ithe  pope  and  of  the  ^riefts  is  very  great. 

CafntaiJ]    Warsawj  fituated  on^the  river  Viftuli^ 
-in  the  oenter  of  Poland^  eontaiintng  50,000  inhabitants. 

'  \BiJf9iy,2  Pblaiid  w4s  aiiciently  the  country  6f  the 
'Vaiiaals,  who  emigiiat^  fro^  it  to  invade  the  KO|nan 
'tmpUt^  It  vHtt  ier^aied  iMo  a  dutchy.  of  ll^hich  Le- 
clnis  Was  tfii  fitft  Duki^,  i^.  D.  %4.  lb  his  tlnve  thd 
nfe  of  Mia  litalfllvei' wis  unknown  to  his  fubjejfts* 
their  coml^eree  Wng  cftrrted  obi  only  by  eJcchahge  ot 
|(K)ds.  It  became  a  xibgdom  in  tl^e  year  1000 ;  Otho 
III.  Emperour  of  Germany,  cohf^rrhis  the  title  of 
Xin^on  Bbleflaus  i;  Red  RUlBa  wit  added  to  this 
kinj^m  1^  Boleflaus  11.  who  married  the  heirefs  ol 
that  counti^,  A.  D.  1 059.  BIfmemberfcd  by  the  Em- 
perour of  Uermany,  the  Bmprefs.  of  Riiffia,  and  the 
King  of  Pniflla^  who,  by  apardtien  treaty,  feized  the 
mdft  valuable  territories,  1 772. 


>)*-■ 


PRUSSIA. 


utj' 


PRUSSIA. 


T?HE  countries  belonging  to  this  monarchy,  are 
fcatteicd,  and  without  any  natural  connexion. 
The  kingdom  of  PruiBa  is  bounded  North,  by  part  ot* 
Samogitia;  ^outh,  by  Poland  Proper  and  Maibvia*, 
Eaft,  by  part  of  Lithuania  i  Weft,  by  PoUlh  PruOia 
and  the  Baltick;  160.  milps  in  length»  and  t%z  in 
breadth*  Its  capital  is  Komingsberg,  containing. 
j^4,ooQ  inhabitants.  Frulfia  extends  to  55°  north  la|i- 
itude,  and  is  divided  yaXo 

:    papvlttiQa.        Cipitak      TDim. 
The  countriet  which  are  independ-  7  g  I  Bft l in,  I  570 

•  «iit  of  the  Oerman  empire,         jo,too,cooi     145,136'   j 

The  couotries  which  are  aepeadcnt    6^400,0001    iiihdbi(.    I^'C 
'WeoUh  and  Commercf,^    The  different  provinces  of 
the  Pruflian  monarchy  are  by  no  means  ec^qal  to  one' 
another!  ivith  '^e£^  to  fertilHy  and  the  articles  of 
their  produce.    The  kingdom  of.Pru0ia,  being  the 
mod  northern  part  of  the  monarchy,  is  rich  in  corn, 
timber,  manna  grafs,  flax  and  ««ltly  of  all  f«rts,  and 
expartfi  thefe  aiti<iles.    Amber  is  expbrtbd  annually, 
to  the  value  of  20,000  dollars.    Pruffia  wants  fait,  arid- 
Ka5  no  metals  but  iron.   The jpi^fits  of  its  filheries  are 
cpnMerable;    Other  parts  of  the  monarchy  pfoduce 
varipus  metallick  ores,  minerals-  an^  precious  liones. 
Tlie  Turn  accruing  to  the  King  from  themines,  amouu^f  * 
10  800^000  doUari^  and  the  profits  of  private  propri* 
eton,  tp  500^000  tloUars.    Five  dioufand  ha^<ls  are 
employed  in  the  filk  manuCa^ures.    Prufiia  annusdfjjf 
exports  linen  to  the  v^ue  of  6  millions  of  dollars*- 
Their  manufaftures  of  ift>n,  doth,  filk,  linen,  leatheri 
cotton,  porcdaine,  hard  ware,  glafs,  paper  and  their 
other  principal  manufaQures,  employ  upwards  of 
165,000  hanos,  and  the  produce  ot  their  induftry  ii 
eftimated  at  upwards  of  36  millions  of  dollars.       .* 

Government  and  Religion.']    The  Pruflian  monarchy 

ttfembtes  a  vety  complicated  machine,  which,  4>y  irs 

ingenioc^  and  admirable  conftruftion,  produi[|ts  the 

gr^tefteffiBds with  the greatedeafei but inilhich  tli» 

*   -  yielding 


lift 


P     R     U     S*    S     I     A. 


yielding  of  a  %v4)cel,  or  the  relaxation  of  »  fF'|"|S>  ^*^ 
Aopthe  motion  qf  the  whole. '  The  united  efieCls  of 
flouriihing  Enances,  of  prudent  economy,  of  accuracy 
and  difpatch  in  eVery  branch  of  adminiltratlon,  and  of 
a  fbraudable  military  ftrength,  have  given  fuch  coa* 
fequence  to  the  Pruifian  monarchy,  that  the  tranquil 
lily  and  fecurity,  not  only  of  Germany,  but  of  aU  £u- 
rope,  depend  in  a  great  meaAiif  on  thApoltticlcs  of 
its  cabinet.  The  adminiftration  of  juftice  if  likeWile 
adimirably  (imj^fied,  and  executed  with  unparaUekd 
qutckneft; 

Under  the  reign  ofthe-late-Rtng,  Frederick  theGieat» 
all  profeflions  »f  faith  lived  peaceiMy  together^  bo- 
c|iufe  the  eflabliflied  religion,  which  la.the  nfbrmedf 
had  no  power  to  opprefs  uibfe  of  a  different  perfuafion. 
Roaaa  Cathbljcks  and  Jews  are  veiy  nunerous  in 
rbePniUUn  domini«n« ;  tbey^ enjoy  the  9io&  pprf(t4fc 
freedpin  in  the  ^eicifii  of  their  veligipii., 

Jf£fi(ny,2^  BmSE»  ws^a.  9Q(ie!ii%  t«hal»tcd  by  a» 
if|p)ati'out:an4  Cfuel  peopl«»  lihebarbaiFity  and  rav- 
sigeit  they  were  continuiilly  niMuVtng  upon  their  neighs 
bours^  wliged  Con? adi  Mat  of  MafiivJa,  about  th» 
i;iid4)eoftbf  tbirtieeii^«Nitvry«  tadU  te,hi<4i&A-^ 
an/f§  tbQ  KnjghjtSi  9f  ^e.  TeutAnick  order,  wbo  weie 
j&iStv«tunifMlii!oniibeb^rUnd,,  XbefelUightJi^Qfo 
m  Qiond  Mailer,  4it^c|ie4  tbpfe  people  witH  iUefeft^ 
«nfliaf|Q&  Ik  Uoodv*  v»r  o^%  y^ara  re4mo<(i  th^tt  to 
«he4ieiifl^f  «n4  oMige^  thcqn  to  embeace.Uifi^Uaniiy^ 
Tb(^  nmtn^ained  their.  coiM|uefli  till  igjiSi  when  AJ- 
bpif „  Margica,ve  ■  of  dlandenburja;^  their  bift,  'Gjpand 
Mikllir«  biviiig  ma^o  KimfeU  malter  o£«\l  PraJai^,,ced^ 
«ed  tbipi^eftein  part  to  the^lCi^g  of  PoteiR4».  «ndi  wa% 
.^fkiMKiiile^C!^  Uiujkeoif  O^e  ea(|ern  Barti  but  te4^bel4 
9»  a  <M  <^  that  king^cviw  Tb«  tleilpr,  Fre^eric^ 
"^WiUlaim*  furnaine^tbe  Gvcat»%  itrefly  v4tbPplcmi 
VI  ^^s$,,obt«ii>cd  arCo^j^rmiPLtioii  of  ^i«Mrl  of  PmiV 
fiato  Miiiaiul,bi3.hie»lF«f;frce  frQi^wMK^Up^  »o4  in, 
i^fit^<  be  waa  declared  independent  and  ft»<cieign 
Ouko.  With  tbefe  titk%  »nd  at  GfaodMaae r  of  the 
TeMtoiiicli^,the,ycontifived>tiU|  1,70^,  wben  Fa«dei^ 


fkets  of 
ccuracy 
1,  and  of 
ich  cott* 
:nmquiU 
faUfiu- 
iticK*  of 

anUckd 

heri  b«- 
efonDcdy 
rfuafioiu 
eraus  in 
kF«»rff4t 

d  by  a» 

3(01»C  the 

iho  wf  I© 
i4U?nity^ 

^.Pokwi 
«roftM 


R     tJ     »     S     I      Ai  ti| 

•of  the  l9te  Ring,  raife^  the  dtitchy  of  Pruflia  to  a  king- 
iAbttif  lirld  on  Jkiliiaiy  it,  1701,  in  k  (bl<^mn  adbmbitr 
of  tMAs'ftate*  of  the  empire,  plaoNi  the  crowri  With  his 
own  hanidf  upon  hit  head ;  foon  after  whkib  he  was 
«ckndwlMgkia  M  King  of  PrufQit  by  ill  this  oth^r  £u- 
ropein  powers,  t^iederi^k  III.  died  Auguft  17, 
^766.  and  Was  fticceeded  by  hiknepheW,  Frederick 
William,  who  wan  ^rii  4  7^4. 


k     U     S     S     I     A. 


MMM 


between 


C  44*  40*  aad  t*"  North  tat. 
I  %%<*  ud  6a*  £aft  Longitude; 


|:]4>»8o,ooo 

THIS  is  the  lar^eft  empire  in  the  world,  extending 
froni  the  Balttck  and  Sweden  on  the  Weft;  to 
*Ramtr<;hatka,a'nd  the  eaftem  ocean ;  and  on  the'Noxth, 
Yroni  the  frozen  ocean  to  the  44th  degree  of  latitude* 

'  Divifiotis.J  Rifffia  is  at  prefent  divided  into  42  gov- 
ern  merits, ,  which  are  comprehended  again  under  19 
'<general  governments,  vie. 

Govtramtatt*       f»bai,  Cupitalu 

Europeanpartof Huffia,  ^o  lomiliiont.    Peterlburg, 

Afiatirk  Ruflir^     -  iH  4  do.  Cafan* 

'The  fiiperiotity  of  the  Eurojfieaii  ptirt  over  the 
vtft-  btit  iTricuitiVated  provinces  of  Afia  is  ftriking; 
The  pro\/inceS  acquired  by  thd  divlfibft  of  Poliind,' 
are  highly  vaiuaUt,  to  Rililli,  lb  tivhkli  the  ac^iitTuioa 
of  C^runea  is  by  no  m^anii  comparable  in  value. 

Thi's  imttierife  empire^cbnij^ithends  upWa/ds  of  50 
^different  nations,  amt  the  niimbe^  of  Unguages  is  fuD-' 
pfofed^  not  ^o  be  \<dtiS  thait  the  numher  of  nations. 

**  Wed&k  ahd  Coimmmt.']  I  n  fo  va  ft  a  trad  of  cbun- 
trv  ayiii  empire  of  Ru(na,fpreading  under  many  de« 
||||flMati(ude,  Watered'W  more  than  B  riveii,'wicK 
T^^irobgh  the  %ace*of  seooo  mi^es,  and  tro^itd  by' 
aneatt^nfivechaln  of  mountains,  w^  miiy  expeft  to 
find  Hh  infinite  number  of  natural  produfti'Cins,  though . 
We  lAl^iiake  fditae  alloWances  for  the  great  deferts 
MT  Sitflnii  and  the  many  parts,  not  yet  thoroughly  inw 
by  natural  hiilorians.  The  fpecies  of 
A  a  plants 


39* 


R      U      S      S      I      A« 


plants  peculiar  to  this  part  of  the  globe,  which  hav« 
already  been  difcovered,  amount  to  many,  thouiands* 
The  foil  contains  almoft  all  minerals»  tin»  platiitia  and 
fome  lemi  metals  exci^ted,  Ruflfiaabounds  with  an- 
imals of  almoft  «11  the  various  luods»  and  ha«  n*>ny 
that  have  never  been  dcfcribed.  It  has  the  greateft 
variety  of  the  fineftfun.  In  1781,  tficce  were  cxr 
ported  from  Petetfburs  alcmt,  438^77  ikins  of  harei» 
36,904  of  grey  fquirrds,  1,954  of  Dears,  b,oi8  of  er- 
mine, 5*639  ^'  foxttf  300  of  wild  cats,  befidcs  thofo 
of  wolves  and  of  Htvtjufiick  (a  beautiful  animal  of  the 
rat  kind)  exdufive  of  the  exportation  of  the  lame  ar- 
ticles from  Archangel,  Riga  and  the  Cafpian  Tea.  In 
one  year  there  were  exported  from  Archangel  783,000 
pud  of  tallow  (  a  pud  is  equal  to  40  lb.)  8,6o8  pud  of 
candles,  and  toa  pud  of  butter.  In  1781  from  Pc- 
terflnirg,  148,099  pud  of  red  leather,  10,885  pud  of 
leather  for  foles,  530,646  pud  of  candles,  50,000  pud 
of  fcap,  27,416  pod  of  ox  bones,  090  calve  ikms. 
The  fimeries  belonging  to  Ruflta  are  very  ptodu£Uve. 
The  forefts  of  fir  trees  are  immenfely  valuable.  Oaks 
and  beeches  do  not  grow  to  a  ufeful  fixe  beyond  the 
60th  degree  of  north  latitude.  They  export  timber, 
pitch,  tar  and  potafh  to  a  vaft  amount.  Rye,  wheat, 
tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  (ail  doth,  tinfeed  oil,  flax  feed, 
iron,  filver^  copper,  lalt,  jafoer,  marble,  granit,  &c. 
«  are  among  the  produ^ions  oTRuflia.  The  whole  of 
the  exports  of  Rultia  amounted  in  178^  to  near  13 . 
millions  of  rubles  or  dollars ;  the  iinpofts  did  not  Inuch 
exceed  the  fum  of  1  a  millions.  The  imports  cbnfift 
chiefly  of  wine,  fpices,  fruits,  liiie  cloth  and  other 
manufaQured  commodities  and  articlea  of  luxury, 
Thene  are  at  prefent  no  more  than  4S4  manufaClure^s 
•in  the  whole  empire. 

Govcmmerd,']  The  Emp^rour  or  Autocratof  of 
.l^uflla,  (the  prefent  Emprefs  ftyles  herfelf  Autociatrix) 
is  abfolute.  He  muft  be  of  tlie  Greek  church  by  the 
andpnt  cuftora  of  the  empire.  The  only  writteti  jfim- 
damental  law  exiiltng  is  that  of  Peter  thefif^  by 
which  the  right  of  fuccefnon  to  the 'throne  d!%x9nds 
entirely  on  tpe  choice  of  the  reigning  mona|€J||  ^hip 


'^'' 


v.i 


R      U      S      S      t      A. 


agt 


hit  untimited  authority  over  the  lives  and  projperty 
ofaUhii  fubieftf.  The  management  of  publick  af* 
hAn  if  entrufted  cvftveral  departraenti.  At  the  head 
of  all  thofe  concerned  in  the  regulation  of  internal  af* 
feira(lheacclerullical  Synod  excepted)  ia  thefenate, 
under  theprefidencjr  of  a  Chancellor  and  Vice  Chan- 
cellor. Tne  tbverdpi  nominates  the  members  of  this 
fu2>reme  court,  which  is  divided  into  6  chambersr  4  at 
Peteriburg  and  a  at  Mofcow.  The  provinces-  are  rul- 
ed by  Govemours  appointed  by  the  fovereign. 

Religion^]  The  r«igfon  eiubliftied  in  the  Ruflian 
empire  is  the  Greek.  The  moft  eflential  point  in 
which  their  profeflion  of  faith  difSsrafrom  that  of  the 
Latin  church,  is  thedoCtrine,  that  the  Holy  Ghoft  pro- 
ceeds from  the  Father  tytdy.  Their  worlhip  is  aa 
much  overloaded  with  ceremonies  as  the  Roman  Cath* 
olick.  Saints  are  held  in  veneration,  and  painted  im- 
ages of  them,  but  no  ftatues,  are  fuiFere/4  in  the  church- 
es. The  church  has  been  governed,  fince  the  time  of 
Peter  the  Great,  by  a  national  council  called  the  Holy 
Synod.  Marriaie  ta  ioibidden  to  the  Archfanfliops  and 
Bifliops,  but  is  allowed  to  the  inferiour^^ergy.  Thcie 
are  479  convents  for  men^  74  for  women,  in  which 
are  about  70,000  perfons.  Above  900,000  pea&nit 
belong  to  the  eftales  in  poilbflion  of  ^e  clergy. 

IKJioiy,']  The  earlieft  authenttck  account  we  have* 
of  R^ffia  is  A^  0. 86a,  when  Rurick  was  Grand  Duke 
of  Novogorod  in  this  country.  In  the  year  061, 
Woliaimcr  was  the  fifft  Chttftian  King.  I^^e^  |feles. 
cOn<]uered  it  about  1058,  but  it  is  uncertain  |Cb^  long 
,they  kept  it.  Andrey  I.  began  his  teign  1158,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  Mofcow.  About  1 200  of  the 
Jl^ungis  Tartars  conquered  it,  and  held  it  fubjcft  to 
tn^^  till  1540,  when  John  Bafilowitz  reflored  it  to 
iiKlepehdency.  About  the  middle  of  the  fixteendi 
century,  the  Ruffians  difcovered  abid  conduered  Si- 
,i!fri||.  It  becamp  an  empire  173^,  when  Peter  I.  af- 
lumod  the  titles  olFEmperour  of  all  the  Ruflias,  which 
was  adniitted  by  the  powers  of  Europe  to  be  c^fcrvcd 
In.^ture  hegociations  with  the  court  of  Petcriburg. 


■  t  q 


The 


*■ 


•$• 


S     W      E      D     B     K. 


The  reign  of  Eli«abeth»  in  the  courfe  of  U«  pcefeat 
century,  it  remaikahlsy  on  account  of  her  abcailhing 
%\\6  uf«  Af  torture,  and  governing  h^  ful^c£U  Sot  twen- 
ty yeaff  without  inflicting  a  finglp  capital  puniAiment* 

,  The  prefant  Emprclii  ia  aftually  employed  in  found- 
ing a  number  oF  fcooolii  for  the  educaiion  of  tht.low- 
cr  cla(ftt  of  her  iub^i,  throughout  the  heft  inhabit- 
ed parts  of  the  empire ;  an  inftitution  of  the  moft  ben- 
eficicial  tendency.  Which,  if  rightly  exccutfdt  will  en- 
title  the  great  Catharine,  more  than  any  of  her  prcdt* 
•cellbri,  to  the  gratitude  of  the  Ruffian  nation. 


SWEDEN. 


KilM. 


^■^ 


'Xength  1300 1  1..^...  f  JO®  and  70*  Vt*h  LitlMd*. 
breadth   6co  ]  W^r""  \  tt<^  aiid  jo*  Eaft  Unjltudt. 

BOUMDED  North,  by  the  Fi^sc«rWean ;  E«ft,by 
RuflU;  South,  by  Denmark  d»l  the  Baltick ; 
Weft,  by  Norway.'  The  whole  kingd6m  of  Sweden 
contains  t o^  towni,  8o,i!5«i>  villageayahd  laooeftatM 
of  the  nobihty. 

Fepuhu 


Diinfiont.  Sf.Mikl 

I  Swtden  Rroper,  1      ml. 
%  QptbiMd,         M'  *» 
3  Nurdland, 
'4  Ciiptand, 

i  Finland, 
Swedifli  PomertB. 
7  In  the  Weft  Indies,  Sweden 
1785,  the  ifluid  of  Baithcletiii. 


,000 


.95>47* 

4«»78o 
1,440 


2,I0p,0C.0 
150,000 

<}a4,ooo 


{Stockholm. 
8oiQOoiahabSt»t«i 
iiund. 

Abo.        "• 
Bergen. 


obtaiued  from  France,  in  the  yi 


Climate,  Exports  and  h^orts."}  Sweden  h-."  an  in- 
hofpitable  climate,  and  ihr:  greater  part  o)  lUt^  km^  ^s 

^barticn  ;  upwards  of  1 10,000  fquare  miles  ic  o^i  uh'  ■ 
vated.  Yet  the  indttftry  of  the  inhabitants  in  urci  and 
a^t^riculture,  has  raifed  it  to  the  rank  of  a  Secondary 
Europein  power.  Sweden  impiirts  300,0^  tons  of 
cov n,  and  4,535  hogfheadvof  ipirttuoui  h'^uor^  be- 

-fidcj  i-vfinp,  »ax,  fait,  wine,  be^f,'  filk,  pftpe^,  leather, 
snd  >I*iV^r^  W*  r.  Indf*  g<^ds*  Thteirtrporti  rf 
S'j^  ^dT  confift  cb'tfly  of  Wood,  pitch,  tar,  fifh,  fiir^ 
coupetj  irvmi  fome  gold  and  filver,  and  other  ^ner;ri% 


t     W      E 


E      N. 


•#3 


t6  the  amount,  in  the  year  1768,  of  upvir»i4$  of  » 3 
milliontof  doUan ;  and  their  impot  ts  in  the  fame  year 
amounted  to  little  more  than  10  millioni  of  doUara. 
The  Swedes  trade  to  all  parte  of  Europe,  to  the 
Levante,  the  Eaft  and  wdl  Imiieiii  to  Africa  1  ^d 
China.  % 

C« '  "u  *"]  Since  the  memorable  revolution  in 
;  7 jt«,  3wci^ sn  may  be  calM,a  monarchy.  The  fen- 
^.  J  ^  ')  claim  fome  (hare  in  the  adminrftration,  but  ite 
memben  are  chofen  by  tKs  King.  The  King  hat  the 
abfolute  difpofal  of  the  army,  and  hat  the  oower  of 
calling  tnd  of  diflfotving  the  affembly  of  the  ftatet ;  but 
he  c«nnot  impofe  any  new  taat,  without  confuiting  tho 
diet.  The  fenate  it  the.  bkheft  court  or  council  in  ' 
the  kingdom,  and  it  compowd  of  17  ffnatort,  or  fu- 
preme  counMlort.  Theprovineea  ate  under  Cover* 
nourt,  called  provincial  CapUtnt.- 

KeHgidH.}  The  rellgiofr  eftaUifhed  in  Sweden  is 
the  Lutheran,  whieh  the  fovereign  mull  profeft,  and 
it  engaged  to  maii^tain  in  the  kmgdbm.  Calvinifttt 
Roman  Cathblickt  ind*  Jewt<  ate  tolerated.  The  fu« 
periour  clergy  of  Sweden  have  pre ferved  the  dignities 
431  the  Roman  Catholiclt  i^hurch  ;  i^  it  compofed  of 


-.  '^ 


infbrjjOiUr  cl<erg)r,  comprehending  tbe  miniftiBrt  of  par- 
ftkeki  &c,  amoanti  wily  tb  ^^7;-    •  r  ^ 

HiSmyt,']'  ^^  hwc  no  account  of  thit  country  till 
iHt^r  loeign  of  Bomio  III,  A.  D.  7 1 4.  Maraaret,  Queen 
of  Denmark  and  Norway,  Was  called  to  the  throne  of 
Swe^f  on  the  fioived  iiefignatiaii  of  Albert,  their 
I(tQgf  Af  D,  1$^,  It  remained  united  to  the  Dantik 
(^wn  till4#a3,  when  the  famous  Guftavus  Vafsex^ 
-polled  the  Danea,  and  ever  lince  it  has  remainodr«ndO'> 
p^ent $  biH  was  made anabft^ute monarchy by4h» 
l^feat  King,  in  177a,  < 


,  i    :■•■■ 


A;a  a 


im 


|.-r 


294, 


*ik 


Possessions  of  DENMARK  in 

EtJRQPE.  ;^ 

*■.. .  ,  1-     "  1 1        — 

X  '   w  the  Danifh  provinces  contain  1 32,400  fquam 
JtjL  t'^iiles,  and|  including  the  colonies,  2,500,000. 
.Mihabitants.  ' 

ChUf^owns,        Inbatm 
CorsKMAexM, 


Divifiont, 
f  Denmark  Prop 
er,  ont^eBal  >  I3»oqq 
tick  fea,  J 

2  Dutchy  of  HoU  ) 

ttein   in   Oti-  >    a,9oo 
many,  J 

3  Norway,wh{ch  | 

hat  the  Atlan-  >  ( U,ooo 
tick  weft,  J 

4  Faifoe  iflandf,       -— — 

5  Iceland,  46,400 


Sf*m}ltt.    Ptfttiat, 


i,iz5,oco 


310,000 


7a3,i4x 


46, 


,000 
toi 


Oiwkfladt^ 


Bergen, 


Skalhott. 


M83 


l8,C09 


The  whole  of  Dexraiark  contains  68  towns,  22  bor- 
oughs, ^5  eatldpms,  16  baronies,  932  eltatfcs  of  (he  in>^ 
lenour  nobility,  7000  villages. 

Norway  contains  only  18  towns,  twoearldoms,  and 
27  eftates  OJF  the  other  nobility. 

The  D^nes  have  (ettlements  at  Coromandel  in  Alia, 
on  the  coad  ot  Cuinea  and  other  places  in  Africa, 
iind  in  Greenland,  in  American  Gieenland  is  divid- 
td  into  Bail  and  Weft  Greenland,  a  very  extenfivft 
4»untry,  but  thinly  iAhabi|ted.  Crantf  reckons  only 
957  ft^^cd,  and  7000  wjandering  inhabitants  in  Weft 
Greenland.  The  JDanesl»are  the  only  nation  who 
have  fettlements  in  Weft  Greenland  ;  where,  undei 
their  protefitton,  the  Moravian  brethren  have  miiTion- 
arie%  and  very  ufeful  eftablimments. ■■--' 

W^Uhtmd  Ccimtrct.']  If  Aie  cold  atld  barren  kingr 
dom  of  Norway  did  not  require  large  fupplies  of  corn 
fimn  Denmark,  the  latter  could  expOr4i  a  cobfiderabhs 
^tuMitity  of  it.  Slefwick,  Jutland,  Seelahd  and  Iie^ 
laii<^,  are  very  rich  coi ti  «ountrtes,  and  abound  in 
black  caule.  The  chief  produce  pf  Norway  is  wood, 
timber,  and  a  great  variety  of  peltry.  The  mines  of 
l!lbrw|y  9re  veiy  vahiablei  as  well  ^s  it»  fi(heriesV 
»      ,  ,       ■  Only  . 


■i^* 


4». 


GREAT  BRITAIN  anv  IRBLAHP«    194 

Only  one  fourteenth  part  of  it  it  fit  foragrtcuUure. 
The  balance  of  ^rade  la  in  favour'  of  Noffwuyi  an4 
againfl  Denmark.  TThe  .whole  of  the  exports  of 
Def^mark  an^  l^olfteini  amountedt  in  1768,  t9 
s>38^t68.t  rtx  4oUar;S ;  the  imporU  ^>  1,97^^800^.  T]|« 
cxpolrU  of  Norway,  to  >  ,7 1 1 1369, :  and  tbti  impoctjM^ 
1, 338,884  dolUrs*  ,  MaiMiMuies  dp  not  thrive^  itf 

Denmark*  ^-^'h^-^-^j^  ' 

MeUgien,']    llie  (ame  as  in  Sweden. ; 

GouernmeiiU'^  Denmark  is  an  hereditary  kingdom^ 
and  governed  in  »a  i^folute  manner  ;  bu:  'he  Danifli 
Kings  are  legal  fovereigiis,  and  perhaps  the  ooly  legal 
fovereigns  in  the  world;  for  the  fenat<»s#  npbility, 
(clergy  and  commons,  divefte^ithemldves  of  their 
right,,  as  well  as  power  in  the  year  k66k,  and  made  a 
formal  furrender  of  their  liberties  to  the  then  King 
Frederick  III.  .  , . , 

Hifioryf"]  Denmark,  the  ancient  kingdom  of  the 
Goths,  was. little  krrawn  till  theyeat  714  when  Gor- 
mo  was  King.  .  Chriftian  VII.  is  the  pieft nt  fQver«' 
eign  ;  he  yifited  England  in  1 7^.  His  Queen,  th^ 
youngefl  fiflsr  of  George  UI.  King  of  Great  Britain, 
was  Uiddenly  feiaed,  confined  in  a  caftie  aa  a  ftate 
prifoner,  and  afterwards  baniihed  the  kin|[dom«  This 
Coynts  Struen(ee  and  Brandt  (the  firll  prime  intr>iftei^ 
and  the  Queen's  phyfician)  were  fldized  at  the  fanie 
time,  January  1772,  and  bdieaded  the  fame  year. 

Bartholinus,  celebrated  lor  his  knowledge  of  iinatOf 
my,  and  Tico  Brache,  the  famousaftronomer,  were 
natives  of  this  country. 


--.-t^- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  and  IgJgLAND. 

Lie  between  49^  and  58^  $0'  North  Latitude,  and  x^  £(kft  and  6^ 

20' Weft  Longitude. 


EDhUfoHS, 
NGL  AND*  Wales 
Scotland, 
Jwilaad, 

Cttrntiis.  I 
^gUnd  Is  diTide(ft<iat9  40  | 
wmo*  ■  .     n 


fj  mil.  \p9ti$thit'»H 

54,ni 

25,600 
21,216 


tapirti, 
7^ooo,ocotLoM  noM, 


I,MO,^00 

2,161, $14 


Sco,coo 

8o,cx«> 

i6e,cco' 


EdiribHrgi 
DubUtt, 
CoMatitu 
Scotland     31  and  2  ftewardlbiplh. 
IlKlaiid       }x.ia4p*ovinctt. 

The 


f. 


W^" 


m^ 


1^    CR£ATfiRfTAIM  AKD  ICELAND. 

The  Bbglifli  poITers  the  Fortrefs  of  Gibraltar,  ind 
H         valuable  fettlements  in  Afia,  Africa  ancl  America,  '  * 

WeitUk  and  Commerce:}    Thetwodivtfidnsbf  Gi^t 
Britain^  England,  and  ScdRand,  differ  ividdy'  with 
K  irdpea  to  their  niiaiA  fertility,  ^tid  to  the  wsal&  of 

dbJBvrihhabitatits.  South  Britiinj  or  Enj^^nd,  abounds 
With  all  the  ufefiil  pvodu€Hons^of  (Hoitf  couiitries  of 
Europe,  which  are  in  parallel  latitudes,  wine,  !Uk, 
and  iome  wild  animals  excepted;  Agriculture,  gar- 
dening, the  Cultivation  of  all  thofe  plants  whidh  are 
mod  ufisful  for  fiseding  ckttle^  and  breeding  horfes  and 
iheep,  are  carried  on  in  England  to  an  aftohifhing 
heignt.  Of  kbout  42,c^|i0ob  acres,  which  England 
contains,  only  B,5Qii^dw^oduce  com  ;  .the  reft  is 
either  covered  with  w6od,X)r  laid  dut  in  tneadbws, 
galtlens,  parks,  &c.  and  a  conliderable  part  is  ftill 
wafte  land.  Yet  out  of  the  crops  obtained  from  the 
fifth  part  of  the  lands,  there  have  been  exported,  <)urw 
in|  the  fpace  of  five  years,  from  i  y^  to  1750,  quan- 
tities of  ^  corn  to  the  value  of  £'.7,600,000  iierline* 
Tlie  net  ptdduce  of  the  English  com  latid  is  eftimateu 
^  at  £'.9,oooi00o  fterling.  '  The  rents  of  paifture  ground, 
meadows,  ^c.at/'^7,oc«,ooo.  The  number  of  peo- 
ple engaged  in,  and  maintained  by  farming,  is  fuppofed 
to  be  2|^900,oop;  England  abounds  in  feiccellent  cac^ 
tie  and  flieep.  ■  In  the  beginning  of  the  prefen^  cen** 
tury,  there  were  fuppofed  to  be  1 2,oi0o,ooo  of  (heep^ 
and  their  number  has  fmCe  been  increaiitlg.  In  the 
years  1 769, 1 770  and  1 77 1 ,  the  value  of  the  woolens» 
exported  from  England,  includitig  thofe  of  Yorklhirq 
amounted  to  upwards  of£*.  13,500,000  fterling. 

Copper|  tifT|  lead  and  iron  are  found  in  great  abund«> 
an^  m  Creal' Britain,  ^wli^ere  thereis  made  every  year 
CO— >6o,ooo  tons  of  pig  iron,  and  20—30,000  tons  of 
bar  iron. 

England  poffefles  a  great  treafure  in  its  ihexhauftible 
coal  mines,  which  are  worked  chiefly  in  the  nortUkrh 
counti^l;  Whence  the  coal  is  conveyed  by  fea,  aiid  by 
the'lnland  canals  to  every  part  of  the  kingdom.  The 
mines  of  Northumberland  alone,  fen^every  yt^^ 
wards  of  600,009  chaldensof  coals  to  Vondom^mt 


GREAT  BRITAIK  ah»  IRELAND.    29^. 

$jSpo  vefl^ls  «re  emplpyed  in  carrying  thoQ  ibng  ibp 
eaftern  coaft  of  ^nglarnl.  '  .  , 

ScQ^LANB^^'s  natural  produftiant  are  gnratly  iiiferi- 
our^^  thole  of  EaglsMij*  W>tji  Mrith  rd^Bt  to  plen^ 
and  y^ety.  It  produces  chie^X^  flax>  heai|^  cc»Ifi» 
(pme  iron  andmi^ch  lead. ,  l!he,txsule.f^  thticnia^^ 
conj^fU  chiefly  in  l}n^n»  thn^^i  fnd  coals ;  they  liiaire 
latefyj  begun  to  miinufaaurR  cloth^  ^jpetSi  fi;^» 

iRXj^ANois,  m  molt  of  Its  prQyinca[|}  notinnsnoi^ 
in  f ei:tiiity  to  Anglandr  but  very  far  behind  it  in  poiqit 
of  cmli«atk>n  jind  ind^ftiy  Thii  injtenority  mi|ft  be 
pardy  ai^rilM;ttc;d  to  the  iflJ^ne^^knoii^e^Qd  opprejT- 
J|pf|  of  Its  inhabij^ants ;  vad^m  to  tl^e  eommeecial 
jl^a^afly  of  the  Britiiii  kpilatio^froni  iyhi(^  '(>'eUn4 
hai  at  length  been  emancipated.  The  ehieitarticlje^  of 
its  pr^uce  are  catde,  (neep,  bogs  and  fiax.;  la^f^ 
qt^antitles  of  excellent  iaUedpork^  b^f  and  butter^»r« 
aniiuaily  exported.  , 

The  In(h  wool  is  very  fine.  The  prinqipaL  roant^ 
f^6bxn.of  ifreland  i^  that  of  Ijnenr  whicbt  jg Pf«#|ir  1^ 
a,  very-  valuable  article  of  exportation.  ..it^9^f0\  Hun- 
jji^ed  perloM  are  employed  io  the  filk  maiiii^^|^^,|it 
liu^l'n.  .  -      ,/;.  ■■"'■  ,.^,-,'t 

, ,  With  the  increaie  of  hoerty, and  indpftry^  thUkmg- 
dovk  will  foon  rife  to  the  cpinmercial  cpnfe^uence  ta 
|i/^idb  it  is  intitlet^  by  its  fertility  arid  fituatioi^, 
^  .The  total  value  pf  the  exports  froo^  Irelfind  to 
fJreat.ftntain,  in  1279  and.i7$a,  atai?  average,  w?ij» 
/'.a,30o,oQo,  The  bidance  is  greatly  in  favour  *of 
Ireland.  ,     .  i 

.  The  ntati^fa^res  in  l^ngland  are  eo^&fledfy,  mkh 
very  few  exceptions,  fuperiour  to  thofe  of  other,  eiisliep 
tries.  For  this  fuperionty  they  are  nearly  equally  in* 
debted  to  national  chara^er,  to  the  (ituation  of  theiir 
country,  and  to  their  excellent  confti(ution« 

l^he  £ngli^  governnaent,  favourable  to  liberty  and 
to  every  exertion  of  genius,  has  l^videdrby  m^i^  an4 
equitable  laws,  for  the  lecuiet  enjoymentof  proprty 

mired  by  ingenuity  and  labour,  and  h^s  removed 
bIcs  to  induftry*  by^pr<^itisig  Uie  imporlatio^ 
■■■>■■  •■  'of 


iif. 


%8    GREAT  BRITAIN  Awo  lUELANp. 

of  fuch^articles  from  abroad  whicli  could  be  manufac* 
tured  at  home* 

The  Brittih  iibnda,  among  other  advanei|ei  for 
navigations  have  coa<b»  tile  fea  line  of  wHich,  ihclud* 
ing  boUi  Great  Britain  and  lrehind»  extends  nearl^r 
3800  miles,  whereas  the  Tea  coaft  of  France  has  but 
1600  mites.  The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  is  !m- 
itttt^i  and  increafihg.  In  the  years  1 783  and  t  ^^84, 
the  fltips  cleared  outwards,  amounting  to  950,000 
.tons,  escceeded  the  number  of  tons  of  the  (hips  employ- 
ed in  >76o,  (24  years  before)  by  upwards  of  4oo,ooi» 
tons.  The  vahae  of  the  cargoes  exported  in  1784,  a* 
mounted  to  upwards  pf  /*.  15,000,060  fterling  »  and 
the  net  cuftoms  pallifdl^them  into  the  exchequer  were 
upwards  ipf  ^.3,000^000  (Urltng  $  and  evw  *his  fum 
wias  Exceeded  the  following  year,  1785,  by  upwards 
of  j£*a  ,000,000  fterlinj.  The  balance  of  ttade  in  fa* 
viStirof  England  is  eftimated  at  j^'.jtOOOjOOO.  The 
inland  trade  is  valued  at  £^.42,000,060  fterling.  The 
ftfheries  of  Great  Britain  are  numerous  and  very  pro- 
dufilfVe^i  The  privileged  trading  companies^  of  whith 
thi  Eaft  India  Compa.iy,  chartered  in  the  reign  df 
^GJiilttElisabeth,  is  theprincips},  carry  on  Uie  moft 
MlfH^fpint  /oreign  commerce. 
■fjfejwWtj'iiiiMrii^]  The  government  of  Great  Britain 
^y  ^called  a  limited  monarchy.  It  is  a  happy  com* 
binatioi^  of  a  monarchical  and  populai^  govemment* 
The  King  has  only  the  executive  power  ;  the  legifla* 
tive  is  (hared  by  him  and  the  parliament,  or  more 

Eroperly  by  the  people.    The  crown  is  hereditary  i 
Dth  male  and  female  defcendents  are  capable  of  {uc- 
ceSoh^    The  King  muift  pirdfefs  the  ProtSftant  re- 

Jldieian.']  The  eftablilhed  religion  in  th;^  part  of 
Great  Britam,  called'  England,  is  the  Epifcopa!  church 
of  England,  of  which  the  King,  without  any  fpiritual 

S>Wer,  is  the  head.    The  revenues  of  Uie  church  of 
ngland  are  TuppofA  to  be  about  jA3,oo6,ode  fteri- 
ih|P  AH  other  dSenominations  of^Uhriftians,  called 
DiflTenters,  and'  Jews,  are  tolerated.  «  Four  fifdiu  # 
the  people  of  Ireland  afe  Roman  CatlK^icks,  and  alp 
•  coolec|uentiy 


ir 


H 


«         ISLANDS,  SB  AS,  Ac. 

«onfequendy  excluded  from  all  place*  of  trafl;  axA" 
proBt.  Their  detigy  ait  nwQierous.  The  Scotch  ace 
Prefbyteriana,  an^  are  flri^iy  Calvinfds  ii^  do^rine  ^ 
and  form  of  eccfeiiaftical  government.  The  other 
mod  cpnfiderable  religtout  u£it&  in  £ngland  are  Uni^ 
tarians,  |^>tifts,  Quaker^  (60,000),  Methodifts,  ikoiki- 
an  Catholicl^s  (60|Ooo},  18,000  families  of  Jcwa,  «n| 
French  and  German  Lutherans  and  Calvini11$.  .,  ? 
.>  iJifieuy*']  Britain  was  firft  inhabited  by  a  tribe  gof 
Cauls.  Fifth  two  .years  before  the  birth  qf  Chr^, 
Julius  Cxfar  iubje^ed  them  to  (be  Roman  empire. 
The  Romans  remained  mailers  of  Britain  .goaycurSf 
till  they  were  called  homp  in  defence  of  their  native 
country  againft  the;  invam>iis  0,t  the  Goths,  and  Vah« 
^Is.  The  Pi^s,  ^cots  and  iS^oij^  then  took  poflfef- 
iion  of  the  ifiand,  l|i  106$,  Wiiuam  Dulie  of  Nor* 
mandy,  obtained  acom^piete  victory  over  Harold  King 
-of  England,  which  is  allied  the  Norman  ConaueCb. 
Magna  Chat  ta  was  figned  by  John,  1246.  This^is 
called  the  bulwark  f)l>£ngli1)i  liberty.  In  1485,  the 
houfesof  York  anifLancafter  were  united  in  BenVy 
Vil»  after  a  long  and^ioody  «oi|teft.  T^  ufui^iifMK 
of  Cromwell  took,  place  in  1647.  Tlic^fevolgtic^  (f# 
<atUed  on  account  of  James  thefeiJond'sabdii^iw^tM 
throne,  to  whom  William  and  Mary  fucceedbd)  hap- 
pened 1688.  Queent  Anne  fuoceeded  William  itod 
Mary  in.  170a,  in  wl^Hn  ended  the  Proteftant  liae^  Jf 
Charlea  I.  Geoiige  1.  of  thchoufe  of  Hanover, 
afcended  the  throne  in  1714^  and  the  fucceffion  has 
fines  been  regidar  in  tbia  line.  George  the  I IL  is  the 
ptefent  Kmg. 


ISLANDS,   SEi^,  MOUNT AdIS, 
*     &c.   OF  lUROPE. 


TH£  principal illands  of  Europe,  are,  Oneat  Brit* 
aia  and  Ireland  in  the  norlh.    In  the  Mediter- 
muMun  i^,  are,  Yvica,  Majorca,  and  Minorca,  futi^f^ 
^  ^  i(p  %ain.    Cornea*  fubjea  to  the  Frdich.    Sarduaia 


^-t*^ 


*- 


MH  A        S       i        A.  • 

is  fubje^l  to  Us  own  King ;  «nd  Sicily  is  govcnied  tiy  '- 
a  Viceroy  under  the  King  of  Naples,  to  whom  the 
iltand  bfeton'gs.  The  iilands  of  the  Balticl;.  the  Adri. 
atkk  And  Ionian  feas  are  not  worthy  of  notice. 
J|n«  principaUeas,  giilfs,  and  bays  in  Europei  are 
*w  Adtiaticlc  Tea,  between  Italy  atld  Tui^,&  thp 
i^rUa,  between  BaunaHt;^^^  ' 

Wi  N^  «f  Jpciy»  bctifen  I^an&jiid  S|M|ki4^e  \  . 
EnWAvkj^hgnnnlp  between  En^and  and  France ;  iktJ^ : 
EuiinCi;^  |||(ck  Tea,  between  Europe  and  Al^l  fte 
GefnntJI  o^aii,  bet#^en  Cermany  and  liritain  ;  and  . 
the|Nttfdf|eriasiean  f(^a„  between  Euro|SB«i?d  Af'rSca,      5 
lTie|hieri!»ountam^j^  £^  Alpi,  le-| 

ther|PyFenewfnll9,  lia|,  dtyidtelFfance  froei,  Sfai 
»i|»i|w»|»JOuntpiiBaf  in  tKc^iontb  of  FobiMi  l 
iij  J3fM&ireV  thcjWiW^^        in  Wale*  i  I 


de  yolcan0%  m^ '  Ikir4hg  mounttun^^  of 
iv!^8  ?iij#Sr6mbolf,  in-Ki^i»;  Etimiii  "•  ** 
LBda  in  Ib^  cold  iitand  ot 


^  J^^iiiftr^e  ftra^  of  ebiPry  ftrettkies  iitto  aH^ 
ll  cpn|(es,ik^Alflh»cfnwlHI|'df  Sibem^^ 
the|liiidy  inhifbitaflp  iel^  }at  drawn  ^m^ 

fled|«i|pver  theiho^i  toili^^Hry  r^ions  of  India  ^ 
and|Si^,  wh#e,  •feated  on  the  huge  c!cp1la<tts»  ^e  X 
peoble  jmelter  theoifelves  from  the  icprching  fun  by  ' 
the^rcisi  ^ing  utnbrella.  ,     % 

,  a|4»  the  j^iAclpai  quarter  Q^the  gjoie  l^Wliifl^ 
Am  thf  AiLM^e  Creator  pjatit^he  garden  <$Eden, 
in  If ^id'  Adsitff  and  EVfe  were  f d^|!iei|^  fHirilt'  Wh^ 
^I'S^Mfe^Wnt*"  race  Have  deriyef  their  exiAiCRfte.. 
Atta  beelfiic'a|ain  t^^  nuifery  of  the  world  tivtt  the 
dcl^jfc^  whchcev  the  defccndcnts  of  NoJih  dif^rfotl 
theiTvariQWs  cd|pnies  intb  all  »the  other  f^rts  of  the 
globe,    it  warhe^our  Saviour  was  born,  und  a^r 

,    compUIhid  " 


I' 


JSL 


.* 


'"■m 


i.*^"' 


-^    i, 


n  the 
Adri* 


in  by  ly 


Sden, 
rfRjiin 

!f  the 
erfed 
f  M 

Id  -  ■ 


eoitof 


ijoiit 

aUtlN 

•ftion 
Thi 


Upon 
cartMi 
Icqgtk 

ci4tivi 

-  ^m 

wheal 
aiHlSi 


Ar«bu 


ir 


.^"^^ -'-—"■ 


#ji 


*v 


sx-a 


4t» 


iiot 

-  TImii 


\ "  :*    /  '■' 


'.»     ' 


TART    AH    Y.  .  ^ 

coiBpiyiiad.  tho  greit  Mid  ttefctfuT  work  or.J|K  jkt 
deMp*<MH  *n<i  it  was  bence,  tbit  the  iighl»^|rtiitfl»>  • 
nottt  gofpd  wu  carried*  with  amatinf  ffa|»idity«  mt« 
all  the  iurroundtng  aa«ioni  l^Mt  difciblet  lyul  follow-  c 
•n.    'Hiit  was,  intAioft,  the  Uieater  of  ahnoft  cv«ry; 
aftton  recorded  i»4he  Holy'  Sctapturra. 

Thift  vifttraa  of  land  waa,  aa  the  eatlieft  aget,|o^ 
enied  i^4ho  AArrianti^Medety  JMiamaiMl  Cidfla. 
'  Upon  the  extin£kion  off  thele  MMre%  thi^  ^imiaa, 
cartied  their  «niia  'Ovon  .beyd||i|^Mli  Ctangea,  till  at . 
length  the  Mahomeiaaa,  or  ot  ^^  nm  vMly  tailed 
S|iieins»  fprced4idrdevalUtloiaiiEWni'lhM«oBtin0l^ 
t  dettroying  aH  ita  ancient  fplendour»  and  tcnderioa  the 
aaoft  populoHs  and  fertile  Ijpolt  of  Afii»  ^iidld  W<lin- 
cidtivated  deloita.    , 

•Among  the  hiilbeft  mowitaint'of  Afia  am  Afraiv^ 
neiurliinCariiiBnlpev^  which  the  ark  of  Noah  tdbed,f 
when  the  MNen'Of  4hn  ddo^  ftibfided  i  vttd  JUoreti' 
■nd  Sinai  in^Afnht^^ 

A6a  it  faonnded-MtiHlf  the  Ffoicn^eean  rlAieft. 

fap!i.Iiirqpo  and  iwl^Mttc^iinepitt'ind  R«d  fyn$; 

Sodlh,  1^  the  indiin  ocean  i  £eft,  by  the  %c^ 

<4  oceaa;  mnAWia€%$mi id  jNb|<>n  ndkt  It  hbIPh 

wad i|ge»in  hnndUi  f  ooo^pn^ndilifi  befidt*  llkidi^ 

'  Pirdt,  • 

UiiK  Of  tiM  Uofia  Bapiob 

Arabia, 


BOUIIl3£0  fiorth,  by  the  Froscn.  ocean  ;  $9^ 
br  <1«  P«il»fiiib  1  So«th,  by  Chinat  Indli,  Ferlfia, 
and  thn  Otfpian  fen  j  Wi^  by  Ruffia ;  9000  milei 
long,  atj^  broad.  . 

.  The  nonhim  fittlt  nie  ciMtffiye^lM  «fHi  haiien, 
to  the  Ibiithem  more  tenperaiewi  Isrttlr.    The 
fib  coutitiy 


■•    ^ 


-^A. 


y>« 


C     H     r     K     A. 


couritt7> abounds  with  unwliolefotne  label  andiiMiHh- 
e«,  moun|»in»  and  fandy^  dtCnttu  Their  oonmoditMW^ 
are  chiefly  (kins  of  foxes^  fables,  ermine,  lynxes -and: 
other  furs^  aliO)  flax,  onifk)  rfaubMrb  and  dfnunBoti. 

The  Tftitam  are  chncAy  Pagan«y  ^dlifaoalelans  or 
Cbridians  ;  the  fir  ft  are  ntoft  nueierouf  «- 

T^ufcoy ite  Tartavy  i»  fid^ea  tD tlie Emomfcof  RbC- 
fie ;  Chtnere  T«Ttary»to>th«  £isipc«oiirof  Chin»)  otiier 
pwts  of  Tattary  hitvo  theif  owir  Pfinceij  or  Ckams^ 
and  fopie  arokiDJe£t  fQ  Perfla  andiheigseat  Mogal. 

1'he  Tai tars  are  in-gtfiierat  ftroMMeinade,  ftout  nen- ; 
«retne>atie<  boneft  and  hi^tftfate^  oOvcrsilHuttiMxia'ead^ 
live  by  plunderimr.  Tm^'bitmAj  of  the  GincaiSMiii 
women  IS  »kind  of  ftb4>Ie>BOinntodftyiii  that  ccaintiry  i 
for  parents  there  m^ke  no  fcruple  of  felHngi  their <lMifh<> 
ttrii  to  reerait  tfafe  (fen^ioTs  of  the  gMM  intii  crf^tidc- 
cy  and'  FerAa.  Thejr  atoid  alMabmir  ae.th«frtaiteft 
fkveryi.  Thtlr  only  emfiiiymcinl  is  tendings  tlieir 
flockti  huntincr  and  managing  theif '  hdlRfess  a  lUe^ 
a<e  anj;ry?wm  aT'ij^iflbitr  the  wbMrthenp^n^t.  }iim«-is, 
t^at  he  nMy  llv«  tHrOMt  69ced*|Aacfeet  atio  \fOtiL  Jlile  a 
Riuflian*  •  'vd-  vjt  t 

.  '^  firft  aoknowtoikfldf  fovmeiki^  «tf  tikcie  difik»«i 
fffritjOf iesf-wae  the  famobs  Jena^fSi«ibBii^  Mt  D.  f  so^^ 
Hit^^icndapts^ofleired  it  till  1582,  when  Mungls 
sevohedtothe  NUnchew Tarta#i^ vdi6iit4giiiin China* 
The  EliRhf  ciecaaye^^  ind^pemlinii  ftata  >abouL  1 400, 
andfoFemaih;        .4 

«|i  HI  i.ll  II  i  »«lil  iCll  ilf  ij  I    t 


j:#- 


dzs 


3fi! 


H 


N      A. 


-m 


'»'''.•'> 


Aiiwav; 


CtyNA  is  bisunded  ontbe  N^yth,  l^  par^of  Tar* 
UtyVEafti  by  the  PitcificlcVctftr;  SODtb,  by 
pairt  of  the  IndTah  oc'e^h  ;  Wct!^  Fv  Tndiai  without 
tbe Ganges;  1450 nrilfcislori^)  ifsfbbfdaid^  "  ' 

The  prtneipal  riVert  are,  tli*  Yati«9u«v  Afg^««<  ttU 
lbw<  river  and  the  t^y. ;  bisftdes  a'|y»odffMtas  liutobep 
of  navigabile  canals,  which  ar.e  vtti^  tOMI^enient. 
d«a&  numbers  ^(hetCfaifiefeUxtetcciiAinfly  on  (he 
waters' in  ibdfeimais*-     '  -/.'i^^i    .<u    .■' 

This 


^4 


jr.. 


CHINA. 


9f3 


'  Tkni  fempbe  At  ikid  lo>C0ntoMf44C>o  walkdciliet:; 

Oift^  chief  «it  \vkick  arcsi  Fektn,  iStte  o»|iital,  Madfiin  md 

'  Canton.     Pekin  ii  rotkoned  tO'COfntain  a,<l^ooo  ki- 

Jwhiuvts.    Tin  oity -it  enlered  by  feven  iron  gBtcv, 

within  fide  laf  each  u»  guard  hoim. 

The  Emperour  of  Chma  as  ablblute.  He  is,  how- 
•evor,  ebUged»  .hya'inaicim  of  :ftatte,  to'  c<mfMferM|iis 
^sbjoSaatcbiyren,  .end  they  regard  btra  no  longer 
sknn  whi&»  he  l|ebaviQa  like  at  pipent.    The  Emperour 

<Gfnut  foAvr  ^ kit  P,6apk,  ^  The  preTent  Emiftonmr  is 
defcended  from  a  Tartarian  i«imii/4  Tor  ahout  i^o 
^•arsngo  the  Tartarattvcnran acd conqtuitcd  this  fin% 
xtamtKj,  Xkimtii^Xt  lilartaiy  -may  hOiw  TSBher  be  faid 
i»ibe'iyi{iefikita>iChiaa,rtban  China  toT^tary/^ceall 
the  weaiih  sof  ihe  United  J^ippore  oentefs  in  -Chatia, 
and  llavuu'y  ss  no  iinaU  nddition  to  its  -ftrength. 
r  Matiud  teligwm,  ;aa  itM^aiitad  by  their  telehraied 
'ifdrilefopIierCon&dui,  :ili.the1dftabH0icM  religion  <3i 
China;  ;3«t4he^featec^it«f  the  nsople  mt'^groA 
idoktfon«  «and  *^e  tnoft  inuatere^  fell:  are  thofe  who 
«Mr(licp  iheiddl  Bohi,  wbich^wiai^bixN^frmn  Tihrt, 
ibdil  alttrthe  4s«llil>i«iiT  Savioinw  TheiKlbiboMictv 
asis  have  haen  toleaaled  n|  CStiaa  Ibr  (SiyrTaaiyMi^ 
and  th0  JcMTs  much  {oaoM^  <Qiiiiftia^inr  hMd^|iniei 
•MkTideiram  l«Miqg,^a  misipmptrc^  hy  thelshounfkf 
^e  Jcfuitf  L.W  \f\  Incypar  ^i^%  t)ii^fi~|nifl|onaries 
being  fcrffnined  m  ^^fighs  j^ittTt  me  piv€ttmcnu 
^nd  teacnin^  dofhrmn  aeAM.ive  of  it, -were  iquit« 
•JTO^Qed,  aM  the  Ctftifttan  ich«T€lies^ 

It  is  ^MditHat  'China  cifMahit  158  mlOioiM  of  inha^ 
kants,  fciqtnracnafcb  and  6»  ^eaft  o(  age,  who  pay  an 
annual  tax.  The  Chinefe  in  their  |«ifont  are  UHddte 
iaed,  their  ixn  broad,  (kittt  tytts  tAaefc  and  ^11, 
and  their  nofes  rather  fhort.  It  is  thoughtgob4^))oli» 
cy  to  fcr^id  ewmien  from  «dl  tordeand  ctimiiOKe, 
which  thty  tan  oidy  beneiic  by  Icttini^  ihitm  4dorie» 
The  wpmm  hasvt  little  ^t&,  flump,  tofy  tipe,  black 
hasy,  Te|abir  leotures,  mi  a  ddltcale  thonsh  'fiorid 
ooaajsIeKioa  ;  the  finailqe£iaif  their  f«et^s  l«dkxn*jd  a 
principal  part<)fih(Birheaut]^||i||^Q(w»thiiigia«»rttt^ 
-  s'    f  "'*■'■  ted 


^•.V- 
'J* 


.r 


:^>a 


l^ 


1^4 


I      19     D 


A. 


led  when  they  are  young,  to  give  them  that  Mrem* 

£li(hmcnt ;  To  that  when  they  grow. up,  they  may  be 
tid'  to  totter  rather  than  to  walk. 
The  air  ol  Chinaris  generally  temperate  and  |Ood, 
though  fometimes  very  hot  in  the  fbuthem  provmceii, 
and  veiy  cold  in  the  northern.  It  ia  one  of  the  mofl; 
frjutful  countries  in  the  world  ;  the  moiintaina  thenw 
fel^g  being  cultivated  to  the  top.  The  piincipal  pio- 
du£lioni  of  China  are  fiUct,  cottor,  precioua  ftonei, 
|A>rcelain  or  China  ware,,  ^ickfilver,  tt9^  which  is 
peculf#  to  tbit  country,  giriger,  camphire,  japaced 
works,  gold^  fiWer,  coppes^  Arc. 
^*  One  of  the  greateft  curiofititaof  China,  k  *d  pei^ 
haps  in  the  world,  if  Aat-  IbjpendoUs  wall,  (bparating 
Cliin»  from  Tartary,  to  prevent  the  incuHions  of  the 
Tartars^  kia-foppofed  to'  extend  1500  miles,  and  )• 
carried  over  meuntalna  and  vaUics,  from  aoto  15  feet 
high)  and  hroad  enough  at  the  top  Ibt  fix  horfeattea  to 
travel  abreall  with  eaiW.  The  Chtnefe  hovs  upwardrf 
of  ao,ooo  fetters  or  charalkrs  ill  their  laMUage* 

:  This  tfmptre'  ia '  reported  to  havo  beeik  KMifided  by 
fbbi,  wh<»  is  laid  to  have  baen  the  Noah  mehliooed 
m  the  Kbie,  about  aijo  years  bcffere  Chrtft.  U  i$ 
MOW  merniMby  the  Eanpciioura  of  the  Oynafty  of 
t^  &l^dieiir  Tatters,  who  con^artedit^  A.  J^.  tP45* 


S=3B 


s=c 


i  Jt  ft  i;^     JNCIliiltAL. 


r».''>^"-'.>ii.»  •*■ 


BOUM  OED  North,  bv  Tartary ;  EaA^  by  Cl^iaa 
and  tbeChinefefea}  South,  by  the  Itid^n  ocean ; 
We^  by  the  fame  ocean  and  Perlhi;  length  4ooei 
miles,  breadth  i^oott 
<  The  eepiiil  tiiliai  «f  the  Mogul's  empire,  are  Agri  ^ 

In >  the  nonhtnr  pert!  of  India  thcr  air  is  temperafe  1 
but  very  hot  in  th^  fouthem;    The  heats^  howieverj^' 
>are  moderated  by  refreihing  breeaes  from  the  fea,  and 
from  the  rains  that  fall  continually  from  the  end  of  June 


fandv9 


to  the  end  of  O6kober.   Some  pacta  of  India,  e^cullyi 
the  nortbcra  pro^^^OiMp^f  ^^  Mogul's  emptrt,  are 


frui 
the 


^ 


r.i 


1      N 


I      A. 


W 


Ij)  mountainous  and  barren;  but  m  general  th« 
oil  M  fertile,  producing  plenty  pf  coiVt  •nw|he  fineft 
fruiti.  It  i»  well  watered  wuh  riven,  the  chief  pre 
the  Ganges  and  the  Indw*  Their  commoditiet  are 
^iKs^^tona.  calUoMi,  aaiidin^  fimm^  ttOetieiv  o«f« 
petf,  foid,.  ulvAT,  dMOPndi,  peaiMi  fiorctUi«»  t#c«^ 
ginger^  amlHi!,,pepptr»  /^itimmsm.  ?ad  ?  gnat  v4iM()f( 
•     oF  medicinal  drugs*  * 

\  The  |Q|«^  MqgMl  ii  an  fMc^utf  poaatch  \  hMt4«ni 
^  are  Tome  Princea  in  his.domiaioiMt  44M  M»ha« 
who  maiatain  their  indepieiMtiicy,  ,  X^fKher  lunga. 
an4  Priapei<9f  ladM|ir«  Uk^Mrifip  iii»rol^if»  ^  foiM 
f^,^^iributar.y»  tha  wffiMr  AQ  t|»e  nHMPt,pf)wtrf«*l» 
^  Thjj  Mwr*  or  ^«ilib  who  mn  «  nunlurt  of  TaiHt 
t»r4,  r^ftdins,  Arat>#i  Ac.  ifp  MidMHmtmM}  Wt  ih« 
iVMiyca  pf  |n4i«»  wU»^i  W  |ir  thunioft  ^ufifrtM* 

♦     are  ^hfcily  jIVg«9fc  winil^^mi'  idol#  •!  variMti 
qiasaii  mJHny  Chi^MliMin*  ^  fiHt]^#«  ihdiipail.  i 

In  1^x4  i>^^>v4»^^m,  i#gMB«iu#,i»  «rt%  f  ivii. 
^  ar»AMri^  ftil4«^ettv  j|ai^iii^|halr4eaUra*;  fl«^ 
are  of  aTwanhy  conipleiMOn,'  others  are  blafic  as  jf4^ 

^    th«y  mairy  v^vy  ?$m^  ihe  ms^  h#forc  »4^  fnenlca 

""   aUoffM*!  Ani»^MJ»»<l»p4fclinP<ifWfatg%(Midi 
th^j  hpaniy  «iC  ti»|B  »y$Aon9o  U  m  iha  dM«y  it  4$  4  Jll  ^^^ 

'  ^     they  Ijave  all  the  BiarU  »l  oid  age. 

Th<^  firft  coii«ucr>ar  of  the  w}|piU«f  ilviCRMailry  was 
jeiwhis  ^\n}k^  V  TM>tari^%  Prince!  Who  died  A.  X>. 
1 22b.  In  i399^.TinniifiJ>iili|P  by  eonqueftf  became 
q^r•^MffgliL  T4»Pyskaat«<Wti<WfdMthiklaMhU3| 
tOt^Ke  coti^y^ of  Tamftflfim  «q  Iht  45th  otntuiy^ 
whfjff  d«k»MM«  )^w#  f ofl«iiM4he ibvoM ftom (had 
time ;  W  Ko«»U  J'ban,  ihe  ;iiniioiir;$fl|Mli ol  Perfia» 
|C9i|g^(i«teira^y  4^mt|]ilhied  tho^  |>ow«^'/^^  lb«.Mofulff» 
earned  «way  immenie  utafores  fpom  Delhi  t  and^nee  • 
tha|;,€iriqiit  mw^j  «f  th«  R^fblfifi '  >faboba»  hmn - 
3iiad«4lt>A(fiv««i«depcodtnM^iy^.<^^}^4^  v 


\ 


I , 


•»f/^  )&r: 


Bb» 


JPERSIA. 


f"t 


%^ 


^ 


p   E    as   r    A^ 


BOUNDED  N<mb,  by  the  Caspian  tei  i  taft,  ^ 
tndii  ;  SoMhf  by  the  PerTian  |u^  anil  liulhifi 
tttiUn  i  Wdt,  by  AftaCkk'^urkey^  Hs  length  145^ 
miles;  its  breach  t«50.  r    ^  >  '  •        >^;   ^^^ 

nt  Th#^bief  «ity  and  refideh««^  «r  %ii^lbV«rel|kt^  i^^Jf- 
ptthan^iinefpaciouitdwn.'  '  ^    '    f-: 

''  ^Vhetiorrti  tnd  eaft'^aitt  of  Perfia  are  mountainous 
md-toidt  titef  t^ovinctsto  thift^mtfieiift  ar6  fatidy  aniif 
de&tt ;  thbfe  on  th^  feutb  iind  Weft  Itire  Very  fertile; 
The  air  in  the  fonth  is  ejctremely  hot  in  fommdr,  and 
irery  ^wholeibme.  l'h«>e  is  fcarcely  any  ctimir^ 
thiit  has  move  mouMaim  -and  fen^  riv^fsi  '  The  froi 
duaiohs  of  PMrfi«  alt^  finifiair  tb  thit>fe  bf  Iridic*         ' ' 

The  Perfians  arr  a  braVe,  poUW  and  ^t^genitis  j^dy^ 
pie ;  koneft  in  their  dealin|^ ind  ^ivil  to'  ftranger». 
Their  great  Jbible  ftems  to  be  bfteittatidh  in  uuHt 
«quioage4;'  ^^-■'^  '--■  "  ■  ■' '*^ 

Tk^Perfiansin  |cVi«i^,%re  ftria  rollowe^sbr'Ma^^ 
liomet's  doarineV  but  diier  confiderably  frbm  the 
Tutk^^  Thieie  are  many  Cfartftisns  in  Perfta',  an^si 
fed  who  worfhip  foe,  tM  followi^  Of  ^or^fter^     - 

QiHia  is  f^emed  by>  an  abfolute  tnonairch,  called 
Shab  or  King,  and  frequently  So^phf*  7hb  cfbwn  it 
hereditary,  but  femrib^afeejtcluded.*  '' 

11ife<l^rfijin  empire  wait  foimded  by  €yrti^*afe(sr  hfS 
•onljueft  of  Mediae  536  years  befoi^  Cbrift.  h  con- 
finiied  till  it  wis  ovelihrown  by  Alexand^the  Creat-, 
j|3i  years  befbt«  Chrift.  A  new  emprve,  Med  'the 
Farthian,  was  fdhned'by  the  Perfians  under  iftFiinrci^^ 
srso^irs  befoi^  Ghrin^ ;  but  in  A.  D.  220^  ArtaixerxeS 
veftbred  it  to^itbainient  tiills ;  and  hn  6j;i,  the  SeraH 
cens  put  an  end  to  thai  empire.  From  Ihfi  time  Per^ 
fia  was  a  ptcy  to  the  Tartars,  and  a  province' of  Indof-i 
tan,  till  Thomas  Kouli  Khan,  ottce  more  raifrxl  it  to  si 
powerful  kingdom.    He  was  af^ffinatcU  in  1747. 


.j^-' 


•^-^ 


ARABIA^* 


*  > 


A     R     A     B     I     A. 


m.  '■ 


IIQUNDED  North,  by  Jmkcf  »  ^»St{^m 
ifjf.  Q ulfs  of  Ferfta  and  Qcmuf » Soudi,  by  4he  St^i ji 
pt  Babelmandel  and  tbe,lndi«n.ocean  ;  Waft)  by^thc 
ked  fea.    Lengt!i  1300,  breadth  laook^  :  v 

Inthat  part  ofiAraUjk,«aU«d the  Holv  Land*  the 
inhabttanU  enjoy  a  pure  and  healthful  aur,^  «n4a<  fer* 
lUafoU.  Themiddlef  caUodAnibia^efeifla,  ts>cNlcr- 
for0ad  with  barren  B(i«^ntainC)i^oc|L«  and/andy  defertib 
But  the  louthef n  pai:t%  deTavvedly  called  ^  Haf^y^  . 
although  the  air  ia  hot.fnd  unwholefome,  is  ble^d 
with  an  excel)icat«  rand  very  lertiie  ibil,  producing 
baUn  of  Gileadi,nani|a«^myrrh,  cafl^afsaloetiirankiiv- 
cenfe,  fpikenard  and  other  valuable  guan»;  ciniianion» 
peop^rH^rac^eSssleoions,  .&c  TIm:  Aiabiansi  bke 
meat  of  the^$atick||,,<a(«  of  amidiUing  Aaturei  thtni 
and  of  a  fwarthy<  Cpraplexiooy  with  mack  hair  and 
black  eyes.  They  are  much  addicted  to  thieving^  In 
I7SO*  *  ^^y  of  50,000  Arajbiansyattacked  a  caravan 
of  merchants  and  pilgrimai  returning  frmn  Mecca) 
|(.iUed  6(0^000  perfons,  and  phWercu  Ihem  of  ever)F 
thing  valuable,  thoagb  ef^ort^  by  a  Turkijh  arni3« 
The  An^ac^  ij(i  general  are  .^homet^ns,.  tbfiMgh 
there  are.fotie  Pagans v  They,  have  maov  Friilces^, 
^me  tributary  totbe  Turksk  others  iodepeacient.  The 
Arabs  are  defcen4edJwm  Iihtna^,of  whofepoftd^y 
it  was, foretold*  di«t  they  (houldbe  invincible,  ^nd6at^t 
tfmr  htmfkAsnnfimi^  pei,  ond  eveiy  man*j  hands  agavt/^ 
them.  The  fiimous  ioptpoj^or  M^oroet  waa  bom  at 
Mipcca  in  the  CJ\  ceotufy*.  He  fled  to  Medina,  A*  |K 
^99.  This  is  called  the  Hegira  <ir  Flight,  from  whence 
^e  Mabomt^ns^  compute  their  tjmf*    He  died  629^ 


havini 


tM  pi-Qpii^^JiM.do&riDes  through  Arabia* 
^ypt  and  P^rfia,  leaving  two  branches  of 


j:    saoe)  poth»  eftecmed  divine  by  their  iubje^ 


5v- 

hit 


*:M^iL 


TUHKICY 


^ 


♦• 


#. 


•* 


\ 


TURKEY    in    AsiM 

iianMiiiaii  -  '  "         


K      ■  -5 


BOUNDED  Ndftti,by^e  Black  Sea  and  Circar. 
fia ;  £ift}  hv  Periia ;  Soatti,  by  Anhik  add  i$c 
lievant  fea ;  Weft,  by  the  ArtbifKiago,  the  Hdl^f^ok 
and  Propontisi  Ldngth  aood  milest  Inisadth  SocC  ^ 
'  The  air  is  nattirailydttiightful,  leieniB  and  faiubiiiMH' 
yet  the  ^.hobiltnta  are  he^uently  vifttcd  wSih-  the 
)>UigiM«  IIhs  foil  ii  calcidated  40  prodUoe  afi  the  nee* 
^8iiane«i  a|rcca^ec)  and  «ven  lusunics  «f  life.  The 
Grand  ^igniorls  <abfolii«e  Sowvdgn  of  the  Tiirkiih 
emptPB,  who  eppoinU^aftmwe  or  fieglaibe^to  0o«^ 
em  thefeveral  prdvinees-^iiMahOflneranMTti'it  th^eftab* 
iiihed  religion  of  Ibe  Tuitilh  doenifiioiM.  The  Torice, 
wben  youAg,  are  well  itiade  aiid  robuft.  Their  eyet 
and  hararitr*  hittck*  Tbe  womcii^  ieok'«ld  ttt  ^o^.^ 
Turkey  in  Afia  contains  «iany  lirrge  provin^i^  tiat^ 
iieutarly  Syriei^  Judea^  ^r  f  Aldftirte^  Phebnldtt^  Ibc 
r^hich  are  &il^  to  the  Tatks,  '  In  PJikOihe,  ^  the 
Holy  Land,  aiMlsiIhe  «tiifeitit^ieB4d}iceiir;  wece  Sabyloti, 
Daotia&us,  Nmevthi  Tyre,  Smti^  Samaria,  Betbie- 
Jieoii  Nasarethi  aMd  Jtruftletii  the  eapitstf,- Which  Waa 
taken)  pillage^ybonit^  atid  Mtiteily  ram'to  the  g^imd 
by  titttsHie  Roma«  Geiietat,  inier  Domitiam/iii  the 
year^o,  and  is  n«w  avfry4f^^^M!derahlt^|ffBbB,  ahd 
on^  famoiit  for  what  k  has ' l^ri  S  ^  tMhfc  \t^ 
Oiri a  preached  the  Chriflian  rdieion,  k(»tf#afc'irhicl^ 
i€^  by  the  Jews  u^  Motinl  CSftvtoiry.  EaftitfiM^ 
in  the  )e#fer  Afta,  fitilout  for  tife'f(<*)|4e'  at  I^si^i, 
Which  Eroftratus  b«rtht)  in«Met  ttt  ittn^>^ 
memoiy/  Near  Jiemfaletii  h^kc  Ukt  Ajhikdttitn]  bx 
the  Dead  5e«,  being  the  place  Whete^bdmH  ttnd'€#- 
vorrah  ftobd.  Irt  l^ttfcMMitattiia,  betweon  libe  i^ 
l^hrtftes  and  the  TigHy,  it  ftlp{jb<ed  to  feiv«  been  the 
Garden  of  Eden.  There  are  f>4nfr  t>o  remaiht  of  the 
tower  of  BiAieU  <»r  the  city  of  ^ittfykM,  ^mtk  tht 
place  where  they  ftood  exa^ly  fcnOWi^.  OWI3  f}6«r 
dwell  there,  and  wild  beads  and  dragons  in  their  pleaf- 
ant  places  (Jfaiah  xiii.  2o,  ^c,)^  Nineveh  too,  O^cq 
the  capital  of  the  Aflyrian  empire,  is  now  known  bil- 
ly 1»y^Ul  tjiMi  ASIATICS 


♦  .| 


4. 


% 


»^ 


A5IATICK    ISLES, 

THE  Japan  Ifl«nds,  forming  an  empire  governed 
by  a  moil  deApoUck  King,  lie  abcvtit  I150  mttes 
eaft  of  China.  The  ipil  ana  produfiUons^nf  ^d«. 
iiiandtare  much  the  f»me  as  thoie  of  Chiniu  The 
Ji«panefe  are  the  grolTedidolaleiii,  and  irraooncileahlc 
to  ChriCkianity.  They  are  of  a  yellow  eog^iplexi^p^' 
narrow  eyea,  (hort  nofes,  black  hair«  .^•ItilMMiAr^f 
drefs prevails  thrpugh  tha  whole  enmre^'iKOiii  tlie 
£mpftrour  to  the  p«alant*  The>  firft .  4impUnl«nt  •£* 
lered  to^ailfaqgeria  their  honfiMi  i«  a4Mh  of  tea,  »iid 
a.pipe^jq|tobaca>.  Ohedifiace  toforenta,  and  rc^peft 
to  iup^rioarf,  charaA«aa«lhe  natioiu  Their  pjaiial 
laws  9re  very  fevers,  bu|  puniflimea|##^leIdoai  ioQi^ 
cd^  The  inhabit^nra  haiee  oMde  ^raai  progrtlit  im 
commerce  and  agricuUure.  ;  r}  i 

Ep'rmpf^  U  a,  fine  ^M  eaft  of.  Gbioat  ahoiwadtng 
m all  the ne^eCTarieSiOf  life.  r  ue.i^?4■ 

'^  iSW^PPfH?*!  MOO  m  nuiR^r,  lying  tpofmilet 
foutheaft  of  Chma,  ^>elonf ing  to  $p#««».ait>firtiitTu^ 
all  the  iieeeflariea  ^yLKI^wrbcau^ui  ;to  the  eye* 
Thev  are  hoWev^,  |A*^k#  <9  eiithq^lj^  thunoer 
and  lighiniiigy  venaauH^  ^cakHU  and  nqouous  her^ 
whofe  poifon  kills  kiiUpti^eoutty.  Th^  are  ^ulb}<#. . 
to  the  j^ahi^  govenuoent  lint  jSiilua  of  Miftdaw  » 
isa',Manoinetan. ;.,   ,■         <•-?,■    ,^:i  :  ..«;m>  .  .  v|.- 

fiarMpb8pomil«»I<mj{»and:'7oohfoad||  tatboa^  < 
10  MlWo  W9e(i  iilaiid  in  th^  ^nr^orld.^  It^Heaoi^Uia  „. 
equil^Md  is^mous  for  being^lhe  native  country^  i^* 
theClatipiKutanfl;i  which,  of  alt  in<ational  animal^  ^^ 
refembieftaman  themoft.  >       J*  : 

Sumatra,  welt  o|  Borneo,  pixxlaccs  fo  much  gol%,^ 
that  it  isthoy^t  tc^-faf  the  Ophir. mentioned  in  thf  ■■ 
Serif ture.i>  '.'$.'■ 

Ceylon  belonit  to  the  Uutch,  and  is  faid  tohe  hy^ 

nitore  the  richeft  and  ftoefttdand  in  ths  world.    Tho 

*^nadvescall  it,  wiih  fome  Oiewiof  rea(on,;the~  terreftriad 

jparadife.    Thsy  are  A  fober,  inoffbnfive  people ;  but 

idolaters.    This  ifland  is  noted  for  the  cinnamon  ti«e* 


f.i. 


•a.. 


4W' 


ICA. 


« 


i  **.-»- 


k 


-^^p 


C"^    * 


A     F     R     I     C     A. 


4if  lat 


mum 


I  |i|  I      > *      Mm 


FftICA  »4ituatadfouth  ef  £ui>«pei«ndfiirroi«^ 
_      «l(^n  41fi^le»by  itke  feiy^jccept  ««Mrrdw  iMck 
4if  laiMl4^beut  <emikt«ver,  ciille«.4be  (ft|MB|i8*df 
I  ^i«l', lliH^iahffi  iCt»  Aifiatt4h«|ifOMh.«nd  o^^^ 
^  Hjid  ^»    Afrioft  is  iib«iit  4900  imles  in  lengtfi,  «nd 

;  «ii4  li#6  elmiy  in  4be  torrid  «ofi^ 

'.  fii»nhig^nai||ii  thennkWlec^^       IIom 

ilf;WQ(Men  iof  Siiebai,  «k^,  'OH  fv^g  a 

%|IH^  lhe«}|^i£cctorKit^  Selemon,  «Aood  «n»aMd 

4i^l^«K'>i^d(M  j^  ^^^  ^l^6ty  ai  hisA«oi»rt.  Hole  vms 

'a  Barl)»ry^  €€tfiiepta»  f 

<|-1S«i#  nv  HieOdblti  7  The  aprican  HhMldK. 

ataWii.iiiii.  I  Bii  II 


')! 


..;5<J 


(.. '  t^'-. 


t4DBkzm>  61^  b)^  the  itca  i^j^nil ^IHiwiHi 
of  Suez;  We^»  by  Barcaj  Nonb*^  4faAl'le4t 

rfwiii'.ir:/.'' Jr.. .*#!#:  ■■■■.  u^"'  ;-J*?i^./f  .■   '  "" 

tiesn^bdM^crld,  and  a  place«if  ipeift  triitpniK:fiwpfi»» 
lli^rief  Cg)fpt  is  lor  1^  nodftntiveil^iMii  9lid 
*  "^eiMwc  i  i^^  iinl  n  exeoedisiriv  i#ititfiil,«»«# 
carioned%  the  antiuItovern6$1^g%f  m4^ 
^InMitt-fiitlefiiffig-aiBiebaliiod  k.    ?liofi^.  j^t^  uot 
•vierflov^dliy  tbe  NHt  aiie  wvcuHivaiod,  -fiiidy  end  ; 
barMR.-^  JEgypt  piodocet  eocn,  rice,  iugar,  fiax»Jli^i^^ 
fidt,  &l  <npaaooiadt,l»Haig,  and  various  ibrts  dFIHMM^ 
aad  'drugi.    ■ 


A. 


^, 


•flllTOUlld. 

t6wnoek 

ad  of  th^ 
igtfi,  «n4 
m'dxofi^ 
k.    Have 

anbtixeci 


■'    ^ 


ilk  4^  ($00 


JITP  P2ir. 


i«lf  not 

wdyj.imcl-'!, 


^gypt 


J^wMitr  Sim^AtJbm.- 


:k 


¥■  f 


** 


0     A     It 


K    V. 


a»* 


) .. 


tinople,  being  a  provinot  <^  tiwTiiirkiih  empire*  Th» 
ITurkvMMlf  Arab»  are  Mahonetansk  Mahometanifin 
w  the  eiUibl»(tied  Mltgi<Mn'of  Hgypt^,  bo^  theveare: 
hmh^  Cliri<|{an»  catted  €opt%  ahS  dU  Jews  are  very 
flKimcfOtif  # 

Egypt  it  fwa^m  far  Hf  pyHuniday  tfaofa  flopendoae' 
^vnirfci  <il  fe^;    The  Efa^int  wnerd  the  onCv*  p«aj(^le 
'vita  were  i«(]uaitttM^vrifliil»  9KtUewmnmngm 
pirefertin^  dead  betdiee^  fratv  pMfc^dMiii'   Uewia^ 
the>rivfR-  NIleHSAkstHalld  fbw  fm  i«rtilH|i%iMpKl«ttOfi% 
aiid fortiM  feitkri  vt»adow<a<MMiiile» vrhjfeh iuMUt 
its  ttumh    TM»ifrM thtf  lllcaiep  of  thoA^ilBiaikaUtti 
tniiil«^iiii«»M«hiiiiidceruprtlai  btxatiM  mA^^HfiSt" 

cffensetty^  t^fvanny  aCTd«)ppre<lien'4aiiif>iy»tfae»lifietelF 
ifrift  In  ttocoui^  of  their  400  yd^piOBdiipi  «»ilii^ 
ibgjrpiiMMi    KbiirMol0f0<caMPe»fe!0^ 
fa  md  itf  ^h^  If  tfte  atk^  aniewp  thorians  iia»  tfaa^liMa^ 

thif  gl^t  matt^  the  ]%ypiiaifb  weaeifflidedtifiiiitif iMAy^ 
'  Irtil^  plMiltti  A^tfH^  indtilbi'  tlM^ 

^  an^iiraalfpiM^liiidiy»lM#;  adlidf  tlMf'^lP)^*' 

ttane^ajLteniiMteif'niii^  ii»iib«^iefwMMM|lif  th«^»0u^'' 
4imii«i|^o^thcrWli^«^  J||»^  foeiiM^^o^^ 
Ktaelitttir  hteiiM»ni«r)i^^fiart4ftai«^t]kcdurii  d|»|l#(^ 
aMft^4^  Attibfa^Mora'^fiiitlMNi  t]lilM*f<3aMHii.i^ 


■^.^1 


.?t 


M 


tHe  Nlfediterraiiejmj  Wl^,  by  tfec  KUanl|fk  «^^ 

mefiiv  flHM^  imaef  tin  tfa#  ^MtblMWKi^i^ 
|Ma25r<dmomiriateriiflhe-Madenc#tfte«f<ni(K    Haeani 
iKieMpeaaieambgeneraliyikeahhibH    Tfab^foiklarSihv 
pmimmff  Jll/atm  oB  coim^  bna^  amib  paftuaen    Sm 

'  ■.-■  l^'-i.  ,  •  "■      ■  ibnie 


..^1 


yi^mi. 


4 


W»- 


m-. 


^S«ft        ZAARA,  •<  TBI  0ES£RT; 

Ibme  parts  are  faniiy  and  barreiii  and  othera  art  over* 
mn  with  woods  and  ntounUitnf*  i 

The  Moors,  who  are  the  original  inhabiianu  'of 
Barbaiy,  dwell  chiefly  in  MoroccOf  and  are  iaidlolM 
a  eovetous,  inho(jpitable,  treacherous  pe^fdc.  The 
Arabs,  who  are  di(periedr^  oyer  this  countiyf  follow 
tbeirconunotttnideofrdb^iii^trat'ellera*  ' 

The  women  of  Tuiiii  tie^ceflively  handibtne.tnfl 
..very  delicate.  They:im|^Mnrethe  bentty  of thetr  (|es, 
ihy  the  uTe  of  the  powder  of  dead  oie,  fupfiofod  16  \>emc 
i6ine|»giw|ot  thatjezebel  nade  life  of  (H.  KiiM^  iir.  ^od) 
'^to  paiat  her  ^eet  thewotds  in  the  original  l^itily'itii^ 
.that  (be  let  off Jier eyes  wiik  thepewikr  ^Tle^doi^ 

Mahcmetaaifmiio  liaivorllfflfntH  prevail!  threlidigli- 
cm  the  ftates  of  Baibaryw  The  fimj^itoitr  o^$tbroc- 
co  is  an  arbitrvy  Brince.  Algiers  is'  governed  by  » 
.Frla^,.i;aU«d;lfaejaey,  eleOcd  by  the  ann^;  The 
^PM#ffiiiM^of  Tnnieand  Tiipo)M|cslled  Beys^  are  not 
JllllQdependBiilaa  the  ibroMr^  .•Tbefe4hrc«'fiateiinriy 
be  IpolM^  MiMn  as  UpuMicfce-  ^f^fokliera  aSdef  Hihe 
proteaiMi  .pf  jQnt  Gnuid  Seignidtk  Algiers  Wkii^f^ 
to  the  Spaniards!. and  it  a  neft  of  )>iriteai  OVi' tKts 
liijpaft  ftqod  thtr  favous  city  of  Carthage,  which  %vai 
iml  Jby^ihe  ^Banana^  r  AmeiM|  the  i^t  min 
^  pf«duced^^are  iWtttllfaiPCypran^  Jolkt 
ius»  Arndgaus)  JjiaiDtit^tAt  Sli  Au^n,  m 
%  laf  ^f ich«rcb.  >l^>%^l«idiii^  erTwMb  ^Itl 
fcify^ai^uiifaiilaiiMifiiiM^'  A  (i^ 

ase  Terence  an4  Apideiua.  ^  ^Jy^ 


saefse 


Z A^AlRA,  joi^^  ME  mESEMT. 

,   .  .  J,  timiii— wiii  ,      e.  , 


i|rf>rt^<Qirtitrf  it  vcii|r.hot, 
t4:»lN^iip|^Vt  T}wiopi4tgeR«^  fimAfsltidifai^ii^u 
infonftilli  ftiat  ikt  ^afavam  eroding  iKie  cetiiihf  ^1(^ 
and  ffoa  N^ntotaaiid*  are  ofiett^stednci^  t#«i«lft««jir*'' 
isMtia.   T|<;iiibii«tlt|tfj<>f  lhit^<eiMitry  »f»  %«d" 
..   *|  «/  >'^        H    and   - 


<*•/ 


T?4 


NEGROLAND.-.KTHIOPIA.      31$ 

«Bd  igBMant«  TlMy  have .«  number  of  petty  Princei, 
but  for  the  moft  past  have  few  rigiiiot,ar^.go,vern- 
vent  at  all.  The  Mahomeun  relii^ioa  isprotefled 
throughout  the  country. 

N  E  GR  Q  L  A  N  D. 

'T7%1^S  c<MintKy  lies  (outh  of  Zaara  ;  esoo  .miles 
X  (ong»  and  700  bread.  The  air  is  very  hot,  but 
wholefome*  Thefoil  la  fertih),  efpeicially  near  the 
rivei',Nigeri  which  runs  through  ioe  country  from 
caft  to  wtfift,  .ami  overflows  at  a  certain  time  of  thf . 
jptar,  like  the  t4ile*  The  commodities  of  this  coun* 
tiy  a^>M|ldi  -  iOiaves*  elephants'  teeth,  bees  wax,  and 
ibme  dfl^  There  is  a  «^11  here,  '¥4iofe  water -is  as 
iwpet  as  ordinary  fugar*  The  idegroes  -are  an  Unci  v- 
ilized,  jjno^nuit,  crafty,  robuft  people.  Their  colour 
is  ddwlilai^kf  their  hair  fliort^  likewool^  flat  nofes, 
ihicli  lipsi  ihd  ^hias,  eveit  teethi  Th«  M^6es  ar# 
fioveroed  by  t  number  of  abfolute  Princes.  ^  'The  iih>' 
habitats  are  moftly  Paians  ami  Kiolaters. 

GoijasA  liei  iiauth  «t  Negroland)  1 800  miles  tong^ 
600  broad.  iWfeil  ia  pMwxableto  that  of'ffstto- 
Iand«  Th^  inhabitants  are  oone  couneous  and  fen- 
iible ;  i6  othtf  refpefta  tbe  difievenfic  is  immaterial; 
T|^>  gfipMir  pait  of.  the  poor  Nc|n>es  in  the«Weft 
todiea  asd  jthe  fouthon  .iUtep»  ^mrvrn  brought  fro^r; 
uefe  twaiPQuntriei. 


^ 


isss 


II   T   H  1   O   P   I  A. 

- "  ^  iiMMiiiiiii*<fc*-P~»" 


ITN  PER  the  gen^  nameof  Ellfopia  is  iacluddi 
/  all  the  remaining  part  of  Afiri^;coi:itaiiaing  aip^^ 
cxtei|tof  360Q  miles  ^rom  north  to  liMith,  «id  <eoo4'^ 
from jbiil  to  weft.  The  air  of  thil  country  is 'j^eneral? 
\y  exceffively  bet,  and  the  foil  barren,  though  6n  the 
bpnks ofthe  iiverait  is  fertiii  and  pitxiuces  rice,  ci^ 
irooe, kmoQSi  fii^  cane<^\?i^.  TheEthiopians  ar^'t 
.djll  ^oraati  uBciiolized,  (uperftitious  people.  'Thtitf 
-  fe"^  '  A*  jjovcmmqjt 


9H        ^TRICA^    XSLAI^^BS. 

<K(»t«fniiiM>t  ii  ibfokrte,  todied  m'llie4iand«-»f  ii;^  imt 
mttfter^frln^M,  thefilaiiVMiM«ie  tMMarft^tlm 
4(Mter.  lilt,  fiilihohlilte  wJ  >>gif  feligiumf rt»iH 
tn  Ethiopia. 

AFlll<?A»  JS4.AWDS. 

J^lanon  now  call 'SbciAfi,  Yilitt^fii'flSrtU  iloQi, 
•%yhid>  are  ^ttoemtd  thc'hblk  in  tBe  WoiVI. 

8aiUiis  4BifiiAHlo«pt]|W9i^  we  4k^iibc  {o  .iWI()a|id 

•  Ma^agaleirt  orLawr^nc*,  aboundii^  in 'cattlo  iail 

qoni,  and  moft  ofth^nwdlaritt  of  lifie,  tmt  noTiif- 

•liGliatoiffKlaBdise  t04a4uA9  'j&MVOpBsps  to  fiit||e  cqI* 

OMM ;  4l  kat  /eycralf  etty«fav^t§f  .Kip^s  cif 'Itti;  own* 

bfi^  Arabt-'amd  .  Hftfumof^  ^o.  n^l^ng  war  o^  ^^ch 

.4)«lRMrt  kHii  their -if^od^cs  for  |k>«^' to  t^  ^i^!9f 

<^|daiGb««UvlR«i,  takMlc  cJqOmi  VlfW  «Mi  Oth^  ^i^ 

;   ^:ettinni»m»nm>     ■  v^^  ■        ■  .-,»<-. 

'   ^'     Near  ita»-4iM.li»ilr^C4iaMttA«iaM,-iw4ic^ 

%ia|^«ie^rifcdlanhtolkfa»BOrliM^      andiOeirthtte 

ikv^lt  «reiKh  tflaiidGBiiiii^oa  $  «lid>i  HtHor^jdiMr 

liMfioc  4or,ed^tA>h^ikm  Dmitk,  filhonfifa  fbu^d 

^  Q^ttSftt  iKepftiiim  w«l!a  ^<f  the  InSt^^itnliFil^ 

^Uoticlc  ocean,  the  fiHl  idand  is  tH«^$firW 

~,  of%' CTCioiHi,  mv  wnicn  u«ai.e  ati^wiv  cnwHiiow  incm 

#;  4i!pr  ftopvto  jfet  #iteifi»id  ^i^rof||fonr^n  their 

way  home.    Near  this,  are  the^ul^  iilaiids»  St, 

M«tth««^  St,  Tbotnas^ant^dlfiers^  not  far  from  the 


Oitte'V^t^fliflAii'fe 

i^Nnlil^'liiiM'i'WtUi'iHt 


if- 


m  the  SpimMrfKAiii  vMc^^  6iA  CIWM  Cwur 
viine,  and  the  bciMil  OniKg  hirdii  caUf  4,  C»«a^ 
Birds.  Tho.ancicdii  CAlled.thiMii  t)iA  I^Qitiiimli  IQff» 
and  i^ced.therfi  tho^Ely fian  fifMi^  Th<rK  aw^ tf9.  c^r 
twcHjie  in  number,  the  chief  an  l^iMfiRtH<^0««Mi» 
FeiTo  andGfeatC«a«i)l«,  l^hafaraia  iOaiid»;Qf  Ma« 
deiiQlj^  ftillhigher.  north*  aodaf«i  f$Hkom.f^t  (h«Mt^ 
Aoqiachick.  viinu    They  heloiig  tattle, ^qiK 


T- 


— "»» 


GENEHAt  REMARKS; 


vH 


- « 


■0 


ti  npHE  v«yieti<bt  femong.  the  human  ractiihys  On 
X    Perciyali  enuii|praledvh^i<faifHn^f ij|  ftaffoor: 
are  fix.  Jp^  4(4j4.  f<)Ho4.vn4fr  thejnpiar  segiMl^ 
and  comprehen^^  thel^aplan4er^.  the  l^fq^fhitauK^  la^ 
dfans,  the  S)inid(^  Tanaiv,  th«  inhniHants  vC  Kov»- 
Zembla,  the  6orandtans,  the  GreenhindeN,  amHh«^ 
people  of  Kamichatka.    The  vifage  of  itoeii»  ^thefif. 
eduntries,  is  lan^aad  braad  rthe^npfii^flatlMmliilt^ 
.the  eyes  of  a  yflU»iNJQa?broi«n^  intMtiSm§  mW*(k^  h 
tt^e  cheek  bonfts:  qfCUeaatly  ^iah^i  thfl  a}i|;i|d|';4awf^  l|^ 
thfer       *•  •        •       •  '      •        *     ^"^* 

•nd 

^people  ,        w  i         ^      wi»,  

fbur,f«|i  high,  and  the  talleitnoCmore  thijA  wra.    If^* 
49«i;uie$  %ip>dti9^  «ii4i  fupccftitiioi}».  «si^  ^u^isM^: 


i' 


«hflifi^SUi^iV»;  q6  the  i«hahk$mt%.  off 

^he  Tasi»r  r^ce,  cbBiprehc: 
4|i#  Japaaafiii  fittrma  ^4^T<cob4( 
^Mciea.^   THewcQuriteasmeeaase, 
^tven  ittVQUfeh ;  ti^c  qdCbs  (h^ 
littlb,  fiiiScinthe  (b€keli,«M  fevecaliiilch^  afvmlm; 
%jHr  i^^^BO^  are  hi|h  ;  thftir.  taHh  ol  i  fau^^l&m 
•  •    'f*~ ..  ^  and 


h^oQaii. 
Hnl^Iec^ 


'*: 


f 


■«i* 


■■A'- 

If 


t^ 


^i&       GlSNERAi*  REMARK^. 

ftnd  feparate  from  eac^|tf^ier;j||ghr  complexion!  «re 
<kKire,  tnd  thi^ir  hair  bnKF  T^Bnationi ,  in  generdv 
have  no  religion,  no  ^ptd  n<^Bt  ^  mortlity,  an^ 
no  decency  of  behaviour.  Th^lre  chiefly  robben  | 
their  wealth  confifti  in  horfeti  and  their  (kill  in  the 
•lanagement  of  thetft^ 

The  third  varietyof  mankind  iff  that  of  the  fouth|n|r 

.  A4iatick«r  or  the  inhabitants  of  fndia.    Thefe  umSf  « 

Ifender  (hape,  have  long  ftraight  black  hair,  andgea«» 

inWy  Roman  noTes.    Thcfe  people  are  flothfiil,  luxtK 

i*iout,  lubmiflive,  cowardly  and  effeminate. 

..■■),.         •     >         ,    ■      .  . 

i*  ■  * »  ■  >   Tha  pateat  Sua  hiafetf 
Sctou  o'er  tU»  ««vM  o#  H^m  ta  tjrrannlaa  f 
And,  with  ofpMfflrc  njf  the  roftMe  hUoa  •  > 

'  Ofbetaty  Uaftinfcttvb  th«  gtoonly  htttf, 
''^^  And  featarei  froft  t  or  «rorft,^  ntthkfi  dbtd%  '^ 

,  ;  M^djcaioMr^,  hnadri||e»«n^r)d|nf^^ 

ThtitJbrvid  fifir^c  §(>•.    Love  jAartUi  aiK  ^^ 
The  foft  vegerdir  the  Midfnicfi  ef  Kfc, 
ffhc  hesK  iked  ttar^'th*  iaefebiedellfht'*' 
OfiiMiitheiinnity  <  thHe  cetttt  the  beam 
Of  mlfdte  eliinei  r  in  Mtth  flerce  d«firt«  " 

And'  tbc  wild  fury  of  Yol^ptaeof  fcaff »      ^ 
4jlj|^  tbtr»<»ft»   ^b*fwkr»rtt«ret«loa.t4era 
.»;;'. "  jllii*  f  ige  f  artalcci,  at*  h«r at  with  liorrM  im ,  ^^  , 

r .  Iflk^  Negroes  of  A  frica  conftitute  the  feuirt]fftriktri| 
INifkt^iia  the  human  (jpacies:  But  they  dfffief  wnleljr 
Irom  each  other  ;  tho^^af  Guinea,  for  itiJwice,  are 
4xtr^||i^ly  ug,Iy,  and  have  an  infupportably  ofknCivtt 
kmu^  white  niofedf  Mofambique  are  reckoned  tctti« 
tifuli  and  in  untiin«cd  with  wny  dilaf^kble  fmdl. 
The  hfcgroes  are,  in  general,  q|  a  MlltK  cdlckik*';  jpd^ 
Jhe  d^ny  ibfmeni  or  hair,  wliich  irowa  upon^e 
fliin,  |riyaaTe  fmoothrieft  ^  it,  lefembKng  ^at  of  Vel^ 
ier.  The  hair  of  their  heads  is  woolly,  fhort  an^ 
black }  butrthiir  beards  often  turn  f  rey^  and  foinetitiN^ 
ivhite*  Their  nofes  are  fla»^and  (kort,  their  lini  thieM% 
ind  tumid,  and  their  teeth  of  an  ivory  nrhittnifti 

Tke 


-»•• 


•Jfti- 


i 


<riVBlAL  RBMARK8*       jif. 

/  fhe  iiit«H«ftm)|  ifi  womI  jMvrmQrtlittt  wfttfi^  ^ 
•ll  pfopb  jUMuiwiiliBpted }  iiM  they  ww  fum*&  to  iM 
mofc  MrbaroiM  deTpabfrn*    The  f»v«gt  iytim^  wligk 
pU1«  ov«r  them*  dunbe  war  upon  Mck  "Otl^r  for  iUiiiaiir 
fiundttt  f  in4  ^^  wrdchsd  viAimijlNirtiml  fbr  tjpirit|i 
uo^  U<yKMtS|  tcb  lorn  frooi  their  fMiUieip  th«r  frien  jiv 
«nA^s  native  laiid>  ent^  c«nfig|ie<l  fi^rlifetb  mtTeiyt  « , 
tdiL  ib  bomlagt.  >  But  how  art)  1^  (Rocked  io  U%t«4/ 
iai%  |h|ir  thi*  ia{einat  «dmmci«e  !•  carriecl  on  4>y  m 
haniane,  the  naXifhed,  the  ehriftian  inhabitant*  of 
BaMMM  (  Tia3r  Wen  by  EnglUfamen,  wboCs'anceftort 
have  bled  in  the  caolif  of  1ibmy«  Und  wAcjIk  faireaftll 
ftili  glow  widrHie  fiihie  gc^i^oot  iame  1 1  cannot  u  vb 
ybu  a  more  ibfikin*  «rbof  of  ihA'Ideit  of  horrOur« 
Which  the  captivd  If^roet  entertain  of'  the  h^  of 
fervitude  the»  are  ,^6  Uiidergo,  thBnhy  retaM^DS  thelbli^ 
ldwingiebi<ldnel»a«ii  Ot&ldfmillif '         ^         ff* 
fAPuinea  0i&&iA  Waa,  %  dtftreOr  bl  WiM«wn 
driven  into  «  c«f^W1taHA»bir,'Wftll^lii|yg  of  fi^^^f 
flxves,  who  took  every  opf^ortunity  to  threw  them- 
Id ves  over  boardf  when  wought  upon  deck  fiSt  tl^ 
benefit  of  frefK  air.    The  Captain  perceivjp|^  ^maong  • 
ethers,  a  female  Save  attemptitig  ip  drown  hcrielf, 
pitched  upon  her  a»  «  propei  example  for  the  reft.    At 
he  fuppofed  that  theydid  hot  Icn6\^  the  terrtjluriJ^^ 
tending  death,  he  orcwred  the  WCitdan  to  Bib  tie4>wi|ir 
SI  rope  under  the  arm.  ^tt^HiTkl  let -down  into  mk  vt^  %j, 
ter* '  When  the  poor  creature  was  thus  plui%ii^  ^^ 
imd,  ahpMt  half  way  dQwn,  (he,  was  he;»H  lo  give  a  tenpi 
i;tfo)e^r«k»,which  at  firll  Mna'afcnbed  to  her  ^a|  of 
4i'0 wiling  i  bujt  foon  after,  the  water  app«aii4  re4  - 
around  her,  fl^e  w^a  drawn  up,  and  it  was  ibun^.tdlat^ 
a'fharkt  which  had  fi^lowcti  the  ihipi  had  bittet  hef ' 
off  from  the  mi(id^>'  "^ 

^  tlie  native  inhabitants  of  Amerlpi  make  a  fifth  racer ' 
Qoneo.  Th^  am  of  a  copper  coh>ur,  have  black» 
t^ick,  ftAighThair»  iUtooies^  high  check  bpnesymd' 
$aall  eyes.  They  paint  the  body  9nd  face  of  variout 
^ijqloprs,  and  eradicate  thehair  of  their  beards  and  other ' 
parts,  SMS  |i dtf^rmity.  Their  limbs  are.not  (u  large  ^M 
j^dm&i'M  Ihofe  of  the  £urope»ns*    T^ey  endure  hun«' 


'...^.  • 


"li'. 


ft|        GENERAL  REMARKS. 


ytithirft,  and  p^ia^MiU>'^fla■tfi^^lg€nnaefr«iliyl^ 
}Mimm%  and,  thQii|h  cffuel  to|h|«ir«mpufikt^4mr/aff 

The  £uro{HiM)t  tpaiy  teig:0iifiddecl>iii  the  taft  vari« 
fty  of  themiman^%incl.  They  enjoy  finnilar  ad^H^ 
tagea  from  the  fumefa  ol  their  oooiplextdnl.-  t^ 
lace  of  the  African  bkck,  dr  of  thcr  olive  oM^^ 
Afiaticky  ia-  sr  very  imperfe^  indtx  of  the  iliiM«  aifii^ 
preferyea  thefiioie  ifet(fe4  ibadcf  in  joy  and  ibtto#| 
eonfidcnce  and  iiam^  anger  acftl  defpair,  fibkiicifi^  aikd 
healths  The  EngUfb  afe  UkAwht  of  the  &ii«ft  of 
tiie  Europeam;  and  we  ii|r||^thc;iMore  prelbme,  that 
their  coiwtecaneea  heft  e»mff  «t}«l  virisitiona  bf  th% 
palfiont  and  ip^tflitudca  of  diftafti  -.  But  the  intellcft^ 
nal  and  moral  chapaflertftieka  (^  toe  different  kiM!ioni| 
irhich,compoi<i  this  quarter  of  |h4  globe,  areof  morjqr 
itiportance  tohe  kn^liriu  Theli^  lK>lli^ti^ 
gmdually  left  dticemible,  «•  Mhtoni  Icanxin^-  and> 


f.. 


:.i 


'.  ^ 


^iiJi 


•^' 


^RATIFICATIOH 


* « 


:%• 


.'-■'-■■■         •  '   .' 

CONCTltUtmN.  ^ 

'-  ~    JaMi«S|Va^i^uiMin!iiioufly, 


^tlnCarplffiai     Mai^-i^ 

VyrgMiia,  .^m»$K, 

Hejfir  York»  ,      »     ufy  «e^t>lT6ff .; 


M9  to  TSf     7^ 
to  40    ~  SIS' 
io.79t>Mi  to* 
go  to  25        ^ 


.-arrr 


l"!»l*     I'M 


1  1  ll  I  I 


XUA. 


mihA  ' 


FE  DERAIL     MONfiilS^ 

Virginia,  ''•"' 
North  C^^ina, 
South  Carolim,  1 . 


ii.^>.<^.»*' 


IN'  New  England  a 
^dollar  is 


I?: 


if. 


S/7 


Geoi;gisr| 


4/»' 


#■■■■ 


New  York, 
New  Jerfcy,  1 
Pennfylvania,  I 
.ptlaware,       i 
•  Maryland,      J 

In  1 786,  Congrefs  relblved  tHat'iliemeney  of  ae* 
llf  (B6unt  in  the  United  States  fbould  proceed  in  a  decimal: 

vattftj  as  fbllQws : 

.  loMiHs    \  3  rCent, 
fo  Cents    r  vrj  Dime, 
so  Dimes   f  2  VDoUar, 
10  Dollars  J  9  ^JSagle. 

P  Sothatinftead  of  reckoning  in  farthings,  pence, 
iiillin^s  and  pounds,  as  we  now  do,'  we  (hall,  whetr 
the  above  mentioned  i^efolution  is  earthed  intoeffcQi 
lecfcon  ia.BuUsy  cents,  dimes,  dollars  and'eag)es. 


^t 


lluicisft 


i' 


..:,  :» 


T 


•.i*. 


^^^IP^^K 


ii-i«ij 


THE  fdllowi^Kii^tcltof  tJie  number-  of  hbj|^^ 

ai»d  w}M  gpy*  ^M^^lpder  ^#m  «l|i^^if,^ 
populoMmi^t,^    Wh^il  MietPwi^r  of  mhab^iiiilf  to 

li«n, t# fo\Mt9 be neariy fl|fe[4»fC«ige nuinldilA    j   , 


i3- 


K-^* 


4  yM^ewbiirfp«rt, 

Newport^    : 

Hartlordi   >- 
Norwich) 
|ifew  London^  • 
^iddletown, 

aJ  f  New  Yoiii^ . 


m^ 


lilW 


'S^ 


1006' 


ff» 


^bfny,- 
Ifudfoti,' 


M49 


^,»?- 


^      iWlCi 

^,1  Trenton, ' 


ifia 


jB  |^BuriiR^<>^^,...  ^4s 


|JCtrK%, 
fi^i  Betblehem». 


€9 


A,i^j!?i,t*  i 


ri4-  'o  lA.. ;  ^5-  ^^' 


:^i3d  WA:> 


*  Tb«  Avdior  will  be  much  obliged  to  tny  Mntleiata  who  irill 
«H|il|il4ftff»»^alMiim«atMA. 


f-^ 


f/« 


>ti 


H 
X 


/C 


; 


t 


%v 


. 


I: 

r 


atif 


mmgt 
0bvbvt 
Niewr  C^t, 

Frederickftowtif 


■^-^■^. 


400 
too 

jj  WUliamfburg,  fppk, 

T>  P*tcrfburg  "ijbo 

f-,  »  i'.Mk,(  before  the  ^^  • 

'f  rNbwberh, 

f4  WitmingtoOy 
I  £cienton. 


''■<i«^«4(k.  a» 


^Aluiaiidriajt 
Kicnnaondf  , 
Fre4e|ickn»urg9 


W/  AJ^"- 


^  .  Edenton, 
g  tHmiborougli, 


4^ 

<£0 


«i80O 

s,8oo 
a,8d^ 

t,too 
»,4oo 
1,000 
t,ioo. 

6^000 

TOP 

t|8o6 
i,s$o 


■^mi\ 


I  Tcharlefton, 

.^f  Savannah, 
g'l^Sunbuiy, 


60  .  300 


Intereftinf  ChLCVLA'fipvB  itbon  the  Foi^u* 

XATIOM    of  tbi   VHlTtU'SXATRSt  atfJ  of 

.  Jbf  World.        ^:^,f  r     - 

AOMCrtiNG  the  jpfefsnt  popuhtfoh  of  tte^ 
i  United  States  to  be  four  millions,  which,  coihider- 
iQ§th«  inimigrations  fince  the  peace,  the  smieral  heil&, 
ll^lias  prevailed,  and  the  i«perfeidi<Mtorour^btautteSt . 
isrpi^ably  not  far  from  the. truth,. and  caleipn^  iHnr 
pipginflive  increafe  to  coiwdnue  doubling  onii^tft  |or#' 
yearii'M  hiislfitherta  beenthe  cafiei  ai;  the  end  oftjkf 


f^i 


y':''ji^-- 


■•*^ 


'H)-li^''^' 


m>^^: 


IJRBfir*  theif  wii|  be  i  88*min()Dns  of  fqutyiii  t^niH^'X- 
liC'  .A ;  whidlis  almoft  at  many  ar  thcfe  are  ^t  jireA 
€pp  in  all  £W^*  An4  yben  we  cofifi^r  theprob- 
al^acqtiiltt^  of  people  by  foreign  itnmigratilonf,  and 
that  the  ihterioii||no  unftHled  parts  of  Amerfta-  are 
mflgiy  fiifficien£^  prd^ti^  for  thtv  ti\MlibM>«L  ^  Pne* 
J|uDi|ioh  it  ftrong  tha^  tbif  eftimate  wSHi  nukd\Sbtr 
<»it£^tty'froiifthJe.eveciiii.  '  ^..-.-^-^^^ 

,   Xt  i#ipmputcd  that  .liCte  are,  it  l^efcnt*  in  t^ofoilr 
')(§Bmkn§  of  Ibe  globe,  9^-iiiUliont  of  i|ibabitjn}ti^.vi^». 

«^  In  America*,  150 
Europe^  .150 
Ana,         ,  5oo>  * 

I  ;   iRi|tta,95oi9auoijiift       // 

f    If  tb^we  reckon  tbfft  a  generation.  Ulfta,  tJ^ii^T^ 
ml   [Wfap»  wObat  fpace  s^  millioi*^^  'pc;a||}i|:  witt  t^ 

rllT     <##%  •  ^»o««»i  every  ^4>y  ;  a«^^«>;f(](r  Wf  1 1^ 
^  j  'Ctwy  a9tiiiier«>3doneitievciyfECOii^ 


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